【純學術討論】New York Fed 最新發表嘅研究報告指，上世紀嘅流感爆發同極端民族主義情緒甚至納粹奪權有莫大關聯。
https://www.newyorkfed.org/…/resea…/staff_reports/sr921.pdf…
//We show that the deaths brought about by the influenza pandemic of 1918-1920 profoundly shaped German society going forward.
Regional variation in influenza mortality was related to subsequent city spending on various amenities for its population. Cities that saw a greater share of their population die due to influenza spend less, per-capita, going forward.
We tie in to literature on the effects of austerity by showing that lower expenditures by local municipalities affect voting for more extremist parties.
However, we also show that influenza deaths themselves had a strong effect on the share of votes won by extremists, specifically the extremist national socialist party. This effect dominates many other effects and is persistent even when we control for the influences of local unemployment, city spending, population changes brought about by the war, and local demographics or when we instrument for influenza mortality.
The same patterns were not observable for the votes won by other extremist parties, such as the communists.
Our results are striking in part because they are robust to a large battery of alternate specifications despite being based on a relatively small sample.
We argue that our results are likely the consequence of changes in societal preferences following a pandemic. In particular, the fact that the pandemic affected predominantly one part of the demographic spectrum, in this case younger people, may have altered preferences in communities. It may also have spurred resentment of foreigners among the survivors (as has happened in past pandemics), driving voters towards parties whose platform matched such sentiments.
Given a number of econometric challenges, we are cautious about the interpretation of our results. Nevertheless, the study offers a novel contribution to the discussion surrounding the long-term effects of pandemics.//
as per our discussion 在 Re: [請益] Pre talk還是Per talk - 看板Eng-Class - 批踢踢實業坊 的推薦與評價
pretalk (n.)
在某種場合或儀式前的對話，類似精神喊話
as previous talk （如前所述）同義詞：
as per our conversation,
as mentioned before,
as discussed/agree,
like the time we spoke,
following our discussion/conversation, etc.
※ 引述《valentino78 (valentino)》之銘言：
: 請問如果要表達"如之前所談"於email的開頭
: 是pre talk還是per talk
: 情境大概是
: 雙方先透過面談或電話討論出共識
: 再將結論以email發出
: 最近有看到公司同仁發的email開頭是用pre talk
: 我還以為只是對方字打太快打錯
: 因為我以為應該是用per來表示：according to (根據)
: 但又想了一下，如果是要表達"如談"
: 使用previous是不是就等於他寫的pre talk
: 請問是否有pre talk這種用法?
: 或是pre talk其實是有其他意思？
: 謝謝
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