#微冷 當我們談論《#辛丑和約》時我們在談論什麼
日前中國外交部發言人華春瑩在記者會上提到:「他們(美國及其五眼聯盟的朋友)的嘴臉不禁讓人想起了當年的八國聯軍。」今年是辛丑年,剛好是八國聯軍後簽訂《辛丑和約》後又輪了兩個甲子,也就是過了 120 年。
過去歷史課本中在講述清末時,一定會提到義和團和八國聯軍,以及在那之後的《辛丑和約》。不過,不知道大家有沒有留意到:其實《辛丑和約》不是條約。
我們一般所謂的《辛丑和約》只是個議定書,它的正式名稱是《中國與十一國關於賠償 1900 年動亂的最後協定》。用英文名稱看也能看出端倪,"Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherland, Russia, Spain, United States and China — Final Protocol for the Settlement of the Disturbances of 1900";對比之下,南京條約的英文是 "Treaty of Nanking" ,馬關條約是 "Treaty of Shimonoseki",可以明顯看到主體是有所差異的。
義和團之亂時, 光緒皇帝曾在 1900 年 6 月 21 日發布《宣戰詔書》下詔宣戰。在武裝衝突結束以後,李鴻章奉命處理善後,前往北京和列國談判。不過,因為大清帝國的宣戰程序並不完備,《宣戰詔書》並沒有按照現代的外交慣例,交予各國使節。大清所謂的「宣戰詔書」只是號召全國軍民抵抗攻擊的動員令,而不是正式的宣戰書,因此從定義上來看,各國和大清並沒有進入戰爭狀態。
最後,幾經交涉,這件事被定調成外國派兵來華,協助剿平叛亂(義和團之亂),大清只有須要賠償軍費,但同時還是簽下了一些懲罰性的條文,包含了拆除砲台、允許外國駐軍等。
一言以蔽之,某種意義上來說,八國聯軍不是戰爭,《辛丑和約》不是條約。
同時也有10000部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過2,910的網紅コバにゃんチャンネル,也在其Youtube影片中提到,...
austria-hungary 在 Fan-Chiang Yi 范姜毅 Facebook 的最佳解答
🎵珍稀歷史錄音:黃金年代的波蘭鋼琴大師莫里茲‧羅森塔爾 (Moriz Rosenthal 1862-1946)演奏蕭邦的b小調馬厝卡舞曲,作品33之4
傳奇的李斯特學生、更曾是蕭邦著名學生米庫里(Karol Mikuli)的學生 - 黃金年代的波蘭鋼琴大師莫里茲‧羅森塔爾 (Moriz Rosenthal),與他同時代有密切交集的音樂家有例如布拉姆斯、約翰·史特勞斯、安東·魯賓斯坦、漢斯·馮·布羅、聖桑、馬斯奈和阿爾班尼士。
他一生跟在各個名鋼琴教育家下學習,1878年,在李斯特逝世前9年,他一直在李斯特指導下深造。他也是李斯特最得意的弟子。李斯特逝世後,他息影舞台並去維也納攻讀哲學。在六年後重返舞台,技藝有長足進步使人耳目一新,成為國際聞名「高貴氣質」的偉大鋼琴家之一。
羅森塔爾之所以出名,是因為他的技藝出彩輝煌,他對於音樂的平衡和分句非常敏感,他善於利用豐富的音色變化來保持住長的句子,即使在高音區,他也能以神奇的指觸發出優美豐滿的聲音。他創作了一些技巧非常難的鋼琴小品與改編曲,並與席勒合寫了《高級鋼琴彈奏法》。他的弟子包括了已故的鋼琴家波雷、羅森等。
Moriz Rosenthal (17 December 1862 – 3 September 1946) was a Polish pianist and composer. He was an outstanding pupil of Franz Liszt and a friend and colleague of some of the greatest musicians of his age, including Johannes Brahms, Johann Strauss, Anton Rubinstein, Hans von Bülow, Camille Saint-Saëns, Jules Massenet and Isaac Albéniz.
Rosenthal was born in Lemberg, Austria-Hungary (later Lwów, Poland, now Lviv, Ukraine) into a Jewish family, where his father was professor at the chief academy. At eight years of age he commenced his piano studies under Galoth (1869–1872).
In 1872, Rosenthal became a pupil of Karol Mikuli, Chopin's pupil and editor, who trained him along more academic lines at Lviv Conservatory. At the age of twelve he became a pupil of Rafael Joseffy in Vienna. His debut occurred in Vienna in 1876. He had immediate success and after a tour of Romania he was made Court Pianist of Romania when he was fourteen years of age. From 1878 to 1879 he studied with Liszt at Weimar and Rome. He was associated with the great Hungarian master until 1886, when Liszt died at Bayreuth. Having the conviction that a well-rounded classical education was necessary in his work as an interpreter, he studied at the Staats Gymnasium in Vienna and at the University, where he was a pupil in philosophy under Von Zimmerman and Brentano and in esthetics under Hanslick. His virtuosity guided by a probing intellect was nonpareil. In 1912 he was made Kammervirtuoso for the Emperor of Austria.
As Liszt's pupil, Rosenthal made appearances in St. Petersburg, Paris, and elsewhere. His general education, however, was not neglected, and in 1880 Rosenthal qualified to take the philosophical course at the University of Vienna. Six years later he resumed his career with the piano, achieving brilliant success in Leipzig, and in Boston, where he made his U.S. debut in 1888, and subsequently in England in 1895. He taught at the Curtis Institute of Music from 1926-1928. From 1939, he taught in his own piano school in New York City, where he died in 1946.
His pupils included Charles Rosen, Robert Goldsand, and Jorge Bolet. An anthology of Rosenthal's autobiographical writings was published as Moriz Rosenthal: In Word and Music (ed. Mark Mitchell, Allan Evans. Indiana University Press, 2006), which also contains a CD of representative and unpublished recordings.
工商時間:台灣絃樂團成立三十週年講座 - 留聲機黃金時代(1900-1940)小提琴名家演奏錄音
2020年適逢台灣絃樂團成立三十週年,古殿樂藏的殿主將前往舉辦一場講座作為慶祝。
https://youtu.be/RzYliE3x_Y0
當天將會播放以下這些歷史小提琴名家的原音蟲膠唱片:
Joseph Joachim(1831-1907),
Bronislaw Huberman(1882-1947),
Fritz Kreisler(1875-1962),
Eugen Ysaye(1885-1931),
George Enesco(1881-1955),
Carl Flesch(1873-1944),
Joseph Szigeti(1892-1973),
Ginette Neveu(1919-1949),
Micha Elman(1891-1967),
Jascha Heifetz(1901-1987),
Cioconda De Vito(1907-1994),
David Oistrakh(1908-1974),
Adolf Busch(1891-1952),
Jan Kubelik(1880-1940),
Toscha Seidel(1899-1962)
8/29(六)14:30
主講人:王信凱(古殿樂藏殿主)
主持人:陳昭佺
票價:300/人
地點:台灣絃樂團(台北市中正區臨沂街75巷4-1號B1)
報名表單:
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfcqd8seqydZIK78vxVTRLa_z3hMi0sAU5hvwni4ZH1rJwr0g/viewform?fbclid=IwAR1TRxEEsn9bc79x6UU9r6i7RsvsxnLEAv9UjcJo-YJFhRFfEpujTy9dPfA
austria-hungary 在 Pakar diari hati Facebook 的最佳解答
Dah jadi viral!!! Cantik sangat...Jom layan gambar!
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austria-hungary 在 大象中醫 Youtube 的最佳解答
austria-hungary 在 Austria-Hungary | History, Definition, Map, & Facts | Britannica 的相關結果
Austria -Hungary, the Hapsburg empire from 1867 until its collapse in 1918. The result of a constitutional compromise (Ausgleich) between ... ... <看更多>
austria-hungary 在 Austria-Hungary - 1914-1918-online. International ... 的相關結果
Since 1867 the Habsburg Monarchy had consisted of two independent states: Hungary, and a state to which I refer as “Austria.” Each had its own ... ... <看更多>
austria-hungary 在 Austria-Hungary - Wikipedia 的相關結果
Austria -Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe ... ... <看更多>