電子商務的策略終局
湯明哲教授解讀〈數位轉型,今天就要開始布局〉
湯明哲 Ming-Je Tang
2017年5月號(最佳執行長哪裡不一樣) | 2017/4/28
面對破壞性創新,實體起家的傳統企業通常只能提出防衛型創新設法對抗,但只有守勢的策略有明顯弱點,難以創造未來。
當企業面對重大變革,領導人眼中的「策略終局」將會影響企業面對未來的所有關鍵決策,並決定轉型最終成敗。而聯強國際集團總裁暨執行長杜書伍眼中的電子商務策略終局,與網路巨擘亞馬遜(Amazon)創辦人貝佐斯(Jeff Bezos)的策略終局顯然並不相同。
杜總裁認為,儘管電子商務發展尚未塵埃落定,但是隨著網際網路更為成熟,許多品牌與製造商最終會經營自己的網站,它們會跳過像是亞馬遜這類的大型線上平台市集,直接與消費者交易,而零售產業價值鏈會成為B2C,也就是製造/品牌商(Business)與終端客戶或消費者(Consumer)直接連結的型態。而由於國際運籌非常昂貴,這些製造商與品牌商不可能自建倉儲與物流系統,最終還是會需要像是聯強這樣的專業物流服務業者。
阿里巴巴創辦人馬雲也曾提出「新零售」這個概念。他認為,從消費體驗的角度來看,不管是純實體業者或是只有虛擬通路的電商,目前給客戶的消費經驗都不夠好,未來會逐漸失去吸引力。而能活下來的廠商,將擁有自身獨特線上線下通路結合模式,不一定非入駐阿里巴巴或是亞馬遜這類大型電商平台不可。
但是在貝佐斯的眼中,亞馬遜不僅不會解體,反而作為「市集」(marketplace)的功能將更為重要,因此他同時在線上線下資訊流、物流與金流建設進行全面基礎布局。如同《經濟學人》在〈亞馬遜帝國〉(Amazon's Empire)一文是這麼說的:亞馬遜以非比尋常的長期觀點,投入資源在電子商務和亞馬遜服務網絡(Amazon Web Service)兩大領域進行水平擴張,並大膽實驗將金流、物流與資訊流三者結合,一旦它成功,從運籌、到社會網絡、到搜尋引擎,再到零售業,各行各業都將為其穿透。
如果貝佐斯的想法成真,未來的零售價值鏈的結構將是「製造商(Business)連結亞馬遜這個大平台企業(Business),再將商品賣給消費者(Consumer)」,呈現B2B2C的結構。
誰的策略終局將成真?
誰的策略終局會成為未來市場主流?我傾向認為,亞馬遜創辦人貝佐斯的策略終局將會成真。的確,目前消費者在線上購物,除了大平台,還可以透過Google 去逐一搜尋比價,或是透過垂直比價平台找商品,也有些商品會在小型專業電商平台聚集,但是這些小業者很難對大型平台造成威脅。
理由有兩點:第一,消費者購物時需要包括商品訊息、品項選擇等比較空間,商品匯集對消費者有吸引力。另外,由於商品選擇很多,電商也有能力去做「搭配銷售」,也就是以「賣A商品,但是補貼B商品」,來吸引消費者,例如,亞馬遜對於繳交年費的忠誠客戶(prime customer)提供限時送貨、贈送免費電影或音樂、提供運費與支付手續費優惠等等。因而,大平台所形成的市集,有小電商網站難以競爭的優點。
第二,大型電商平台擁有與終端市場連結的大數據,以及結合人工智慧的預測能力,可以穿透整個價值鏈管理。舉例來說,阿里巴巴在2013年轉投資成立「菜島網絡」物流平台,計畫在五到八年內建立一個能夠支持日營業額超過人民幣300億元的智慧物流網絡。而阿里巴巴在初期,除了整合外部的運輸物流業者,還以旗下天貓的大數據進行預測分析,在消費者還沒有下訂單之前,就可以知道消費者會何時何地下單,預先將貨放進倉庫。等到顧客一下單,隨時可以啟動撿貨、包裝、出貨,貨物在倉儲停留時間可以縮短到24小時之內。這種以數據管理預測未來需求的物流管理方法,相較於傳統運籌業者,是在客服中心接到客戶訂單再快速補貨,顯然更有效率。而數據能力正是傳統業者難以跨越的競爭門檻。
亞馬遜市值突破歷史紀錄,並不全是金錢遊戲
近年,網路平台的股價屢創新高,像是亞馬遜的市值突破了四千億美元,幾近零售龍頭沃爾瑪兩倍;優步(Uber)市值超過BMW、特斯拉(Tesla)的市值勝過美國通用汽車(GM);而許多實體起家的台灣企業主,看到這許多平台業者在沒有明顯獲利模式情況下,往往覺得這是華爾街的金錢遊戲,並沒有基本面的支撐。
但在我看來,亞馬遜的股價並不全然是金錢遊戲。投資人是相信亞馬遜能夠實現它所描述的未來願景,而以年均營收成長率20%來推估它的未來價值,從這個角度來看,市值並未高估。
現在許多實體起家的企業主並不真正理解,下一波新科技推動的數位轉型,以及平台電商所帶來的競爭威脅,是怎麼一回事。面對市場變化,往往提出的轉型策略還是防衛性創新(Defensive Innovation),往往試圖在現有的商業模式上,再強化經營效率,再減下5%、10%的成本,認為足以應戰。但其實,由亞馬遜、Google、阿里巴巴、騰訊等大型電商平台所掀起的數位商務革命,現在不僅方興未艾,更將以破壞性創新吞食傳統企業,例如,美國和中國零售業倒閉潮正在發生中。希望企業主能意識到,防衛性創新頂多只能延續企業生命多活幾年,不足以因應商業典範移轉,帶領企業走向未來。(採訪整理:李郁怡)
資料來源:https://www.hbrtaiwan.com/article_content_AR0007022.html
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"If you are in the right sector at the right time, you can make a lot of money very fast." - Peter Lynch
類股輪動(sector rotation)的觀念, 我之前就知道了, 但是沒有像最近領悟地那麼深. Sector rotation, 不只是交易者(trader)可運用, 投資者(investor)若能掌握到訣竅, 像在最近這時候, 也能獲利. 在執行sector rotation, 不一定要買個股. 買ETF也行.
有興趣的朋友, 可以自行google "類股 輪動" 或是"sector rotation"做進一步的了解. 像現在, 進入牛市尾聲, 加上最近股市不好, 資金就流到了防禦性(defensive)類股, 如consumer staples民生消費用品等公司(General Mills, Kellogg's, Hormel, Campbell Soup, Clorox, etc.), 導致這些公司的股價創新高.
http://stockcharts.com/freecharts/candleglance.html?GIS,CPB,CL,CLX,K,HRL|C|0
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[BURSA REVERSED AND CLOSED OCTOBER STRONG, WALL STREET CLIMBED TO 1% OF RECORD HIGH, UPBEAT ECONOMIC AND CORPORATE DATA TO INSTILL MORE POSITIVE TONE]
Despite being overbought, we expect FBMKLCI to continue trending higher following a fresh wave of bullishness in the global equity markets (both MSCI All-World and FTSE All-World rose 1.8% and 1.7% w-o-w) as investors put aside recent uncertainties over the pace of global growth and the Federal Reserve’s intentions to end its asset purchase program. We note that global equity markets including Bursa closed October strong, after recovering from nine-week-poor-performance (with FBMKLCI finding support near 1760 level after dropping 130 points or 6.8%). Going forward, we expect local stocks to continue the solid rebound following USA economic optimism, bullish global economic (USA 3Q GDP growth/labour market/consumer confidence figures), China state enterprise reforms and Japanese liquidity pump priming which offset worries that the Federal Reserve could raise interest rate sooner than expected. End of year rotation and window dressing are also likely to push equities higher as mutual funds start selling losers and buying winners ahead of the traditionally bullish November-December-January festive seasons. Over the past week, we have seen the local stock market dip lower on profit-taking dragged by the cautious release of the latest US Federal Reserve hawkish meeting minutes and the IMF slower global growth forecast. Contrary to the earlier session sell -off, investors subsequently appeared to take a strong relief after the bullish Fed statement on USA economic strength. Positive tones can be seen in Asian region following China economic reforms despite talks of tough tightening to curb the flow of credit and burst the nation’s property bubble during the weekend’s meeting of China’s Communist party hierarchy. Meanwhile, stronger Japanese Nikkei supported by weaker yen and an optimistic tone from the Bank of Japan as well as talk that a major pension fund is looking to boost exposure into riskier assets should inspire a re-pricing of risk in the regional market and was seen as near term positive for Asian equity markets. There is a bullish report that Japan’s Government Pension Investment Fund, the second largest global pension fund, considered a bellwether for Asian institutional investors, will reduce holdings of bonds and add foreign equities. The S&P 500 rose 2.5% taking the equity benchmark to within 1% of September’s record closing high. The Dow Jones Industrial Average put in a stronger performance, rising 2.3%, as Nasdaq rose 3% sharply on the back of a strong earnings report. Bursa has rebounded 4.5% from 17th October low after correcting 6.8% since July all time high of 1896.23. Across the Atlantic, the FTSE Eurofirst 300 rose 2.1%, leaving it some 9% above a 13-month low struck two weeks ago with stocks in Milan rallying 2.3% as concerns about Italy’s banking system appeared to ease. In Asia, Hong Kong and Shanghai rallied 1.6% and 2.1% respectively amid talk of further reforms at Chinese state-owned enterprises. Finally, Brazilian stocks captured 50,000 psycho level and rebounded 3.1% in response to Dilma Rousseff’s presidential election victory. On the domestic front, Bursa and construction stocks are the strongest sector driven by Budget 2015, improved prospects for fiscal consolidation, public finance reform as well as continued order book. Although technology and construction stocks showed slow market leadership early this year, they remain the major driver of the latest reversal and have been outperforming after National Budget Day on the 10th October. Further, small cap stocks continue to show upside leadership (FBMSmallCap, FBMFledgling and FBMAce outperform FBMKLCI and remain within 2% of their record high), a sign that Chinese New Year rally is about to start and should prop risk-taking sentiment in December- January despite several snags spotted in the blue chips counters. Five major news that may catalyse Bursa includes the following (1) AirAsia Bhd to propose RM1 bil sukuk mudharabah programme to support its business expansion, administrative and operating expenses (2) Berjaya to mull IPO of Singapore unit to spur growth in its foreign business (3) TM Bhd to expand its broadband infrastructure network as part of its aggressive Johor expansion programme (4) Faber Group Bhd to become one of the largest asset development and management players in the Asean region after completing RM1.5b merger with Opus Group Bhd and Projek Penyelenggaraan Lebuhraya Bhd and finally (5) LPI Capital Bhd to sell 4 mil of its Public Bank shares. On the technical front, the latest gain for the FBMKLCI took it back above its 50-day moving average for the first time in nearly a month, and left it just 2% below a record closing high reached in the middle of September. Meanwhile, major oscillators are overbought with daily stochastics turning lower from upper line levels while MACD close to flash negative crossover reinforcing a downside break ahead especially if FBMKLCI find near term resistance at 1850 which is also the 200 day moving average. The market however could take on a defensive posture if FBMKLCI reverse down and violate 1830 support level. While there is a potential for a short term dip in the market to rebalance overbought technical conditions, the prevailing trend points up with immediate target at 1850 and 1880 level. One way to look for signs of market stress is to look at breadth figures which so far remain positive suggesting more stocks participating in the rally. Hence, we believe any weakness is just temporary and should not be construed as the start of a new crisis downleg. Given the improved market breadth (average daily trade increase to 1.8bn shares worth RM1.9bn), we expect the local market to sustain gains going forward with immediate resistance spotted at psycho resistance of 1,850, August high of 1,880 and all-time-high of 1,896 while immediate support is pegged at September low near 1,830 level followed by 1,800 and 1,770 levels to immediately cushion any deeper profit taking. Finally, for the weekly strategy, we are inclined towards buying Chinese New Year linked small cap stocks such as MyEG, Timecom, GHLSys, Hapseng, KSL, SMRT, Tekseng, IFCA, Carepls, Bornoil, Nihsin, Perstim, SHL, Luxchem. As for blue chips, traders should accumulate holiday-season-beneficiaries-stocks which do well near the festive year end such as Tenaga, TM, Digi, Axiata, Aeon, Gamuda, IJM, Bursa and KLCC.
Dato' Dr Nazri Khan
First Vice President/Head of Retail Strategy,
Affin Hwang Investment Bank
President, Malaysian Association of Technical Analyst (MATA)
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