今早為Asian Medical Students Association Hong Kong (AMSAHK)的新一屆執行委員會就職典禮作致詞分享嘉賓,題目為「疫情中的健康不公平」。
感謝他們的熱情款待以及為整段致詞拍了影片。以下我附上致詞的英文原稿:
It's been my honor to be invited to give the closing remarks for the Inauguration Ceremony for the incoming executive committee of the Asian Medical Students' Association Hong Kong (AMSAHK) this morning. A video has been taken for the remarks I made regarding health inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic (big thanks to the student who withstood the soreness of her arm for holding the camera up for 15 minutes straight), and here's the transcript of the main body of the speech that goes with this video:
//The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, continues to be rampant around the world since early 2020, resulting in more than 55 million cases and 1.3 million deaths worldwide as of today. (So no! It’s not a hoax for those conspiracy theorists out there!) A higher rate of incidence and deaths, as well as worse health-related quality of life have been widely observed in the socially disadvantaged groups, including people of lower socioeconomic position, older persons, migrants, ethnic minority and communities of color, etc. While epidemiologists and scientists around the world are dedicated in gathering scientific evidence on the specific causes and determinants of the health inequalities observed in different countries and regions, we can apply the Social Determinants of Health Conceptual Framework developed by the World Health Organization team led by the eminent Prof Sir Michael Marmot, world’s leading social epidemiologist, to understand and delineate these social determinants of health inequalities related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
According to this framework, social determinants of health can be largely categorized into two types – 1) the lower stream, intermediary determinants, and 2) the upper stream, structural and macro-environmental determinants. For the COVID-19 pandemic, we realized that the lower stream factors may include material circumstances, such as people’s living and working conditions. For instance, the nature of the occupations of these people of lower socioeconomic position tends to require them to travel outside to work, i.e., they cannot work from home, which is a luxury for people who can afford to do it. This lack of choice in the location of occupation may expose them to greater risk of infection through more transportation and interactions with strangers. We have also seen infection clusters among crowded places like elderly homes, public housing estates, and boarding houses for foreign domestic helpers. Moreover, these socially disadvantaged people tend to have lower financial and social capital – it can be observed that they were more likely to be deprived of personal protective equipment like face masks and hand sanitizers, especially during the earlier days of the pandemic. On the other hand, the upper stream, structural determinants of health may include policies related to public health, education, macroeconomics, social protection and welfare, as well as our governance… and last, but not least, our culture and values. If the socioeconomic and political contexts are not favorable to the socially disadvantaged, their health and well-being will be disproportionately affected by the pandemic. Therefore, if we, as a society, espouse to address and reduce the problem of health inequalities, social determinants of health cannot be overlooked in devising and designing any public health-related strategies, measures and policies.
Although a higher rate of incidence and deaths have been widely observed in the socially disadvantaged groups, especially in countries with severe COVID-19 outbreaks, this phenomenon seems to be less discussed and less covered by media in Hong Kong, where the disease incidence is relatively low when compared with other countries around the world. Before the resurgence of local cases in early July, local spread of COVID-19 was sporadic and most cases were imported. In the earlier days of the pandemic, most cases were primarily imported by travelers and return-students studying overseas, leading to a minor surge between mid-March and mid-April of 874 new cases. Most of these cases during Spring were people who could afford to travel and study abroad, and thus tended to be more well-off. Therefore, some would say the expected social gradient in health impact did not seem to exist in Hong Kong, but may I remind you that, it is only the case when we focus on COVID-19-specific incidence and mortality alone. But can we really deduce from this that COVID-19-related health inequality does not exist in Hong Kong? According to the Social Determinants of Health Framework mentioned earlier, the obvious answer is “No, of course not.” And here’s why…
In addition to the direct disease burden, the COVID-19 outbreak and its associated containment measures (such as economic lockdown, mandatory social distancing, and change of work arrangements) could have unequal wider socioeconomic impacts on the general population, especially in regions with pervasive existing social inequalities. Given the limited resources and capacity of the socioeconomically disadvantaged to respond to emergency and adverse events, their general health and well-being are likely to be unduly and inordinately affected by the abrupt changes in their daily economic and social conditions, like job loss and insecurity, brought about by the COVID-19 outbreak and the corresponding containment and mitigation measures of which the main purpose was supposedly disease prevention and health protection at the first place. As such, focusing only on COVID-19 incidence or mortality as the outcomes of concern to address health inequalities may leave out important aspects of life that contributes significantly to people’s health. Recently, my research team and I collaborated with Sir Michael Marmot in a Hong Kong study, and found that the poor people in Hong Kong fared worse in every aspects of life than their richer counterparts in terms of economic activity, personal protective equipment, personal hygiene practice, as well as well-being and health after the COVID-19 outbreak. We also found that part of the observed health inequality can be attributed to the pandemic and its related containment measures via people’s concerns over their own and their families’ livelihood and economic activity. In other words, health inequalities were contributed by the pandemic even in a city where incidence is relatively low through other social determinants of health that directly concerned the livelihood and economic activity of the people. So in this study, we confirmed that focusing only on the incident and death cases as the outcomes of concern to address health inequalities is like a story half-told, and would severely truncate and distort the reality.
Truth be told, health inequality does not only appear after the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19, it is a pre-existing condition in countries and regions around the world, including Hong Kong. My research over the years have consistently shown that people in lower socioeconomic position tend to have worse physical and mental health status. Nevertheless, precisely because health inequality is nothing new, there are always voices in our society trying to dismiss the problem, arguing that it is only natural to have wealth inequality in any capitalistic society. However, in reckoning with health inequalities, we need to go beyond just figuring out the disparities or differences in health status between the poor and the rich, and we need to raise an ethically relevant question: are these inequalities, disparities and differences remediable? Can they be fixed? Can we do something about them? If they are remediable, and we can do something about them but we haven’t, then we’d say these inequalities are ultimately unjust and unfair. In other words, a society that prides itself in pursuing justice must, and I say must, strive to address and reduce these unfair health inequalities. Borrowing the words from famed sociologist Judith Butler, “the virus alone does not discriminate,” but “social and economic inequality will make sure that it does.” With COVID-19, we learn that it is not only the individuals who are sick, but our society. And it’s time we do something about it.
Thank you very much!//
Please join me in congratulating the incoming executive committee of AMSAHK and giving them the best wishes for their future endeavor!
Roger Chung, PhD
Assistant Professor, CUHK JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, @CUHK Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong 香港中文大學 - CUHK
Associate Director, CUHK Institute of Health Equity
covid 19 social phenomenon 在 ลงทุนแมน Facebook 的最讚貼文
กรณีศึกษา TikTok ใหญ่กว่า ปตท. 4 เท่า /โดย ลงทุนแมน
ถ้าพูดถึงแอปพลิเคชันบนโลกออนไลน์ที่หลายคนใช้งานเป็นประจำทุกวัน
คงจะเป็น Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube
นอกจากแอปพลิเคชันที่ว่ามา...
Continue ReadingTikTok case study is bigger than PTT 4 times / by Investing Man
If it comes to online apps that many people use daily.
Probably Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube
Apart from the application that comes.
Another hot platform that makes many people can't put their phones down.
I may not be able to escape ′′ TikTok ′′
The popular trend of this short video of platform.
Making TikTok's mother company called ByteDance
There is higher value than PTT. The largest company in Thailand has reached 4 times.
How did this happen
Investing man will tell you about it.
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′′ ByteDance ′′ is a Chinese nationality startup company founded in 2012
Who owns multiple social media platforms
For example.
Toutiao, news reading application and contention in China.
Helo, popular social media apps in India
And the most widely known popular app right now is TikTok
So what is TikTok?
TikTok is a platform for users to watch and publish mobile videos.
Creative short video from anyone and anywhere in the world
And there are exotic features to create works such as music, lip sync, filter, effects.
The beginning of TikTok must go back to 2016
ByteDance has launched an application for publishing a short video on mobile phone in China named Douyin.
Douyin got a great response in China
Within a few months, the application download has risen more than 100 million times.
And more than 1,000 million video views per day
When things are like this, Zhang Yiming, founder ByteDance, thought to make this application known and world famous.
So it's the same application as Douyin that opens outsiders China to use.
This application is called ′′ TikTok ′′
After only two years of debut
In 2018, TikTok reached 800 million applications downloads.
With fun features for many short video creations.
Make not only the average person get in.
TikTok is also widely popular in celebrities and famous people.
Both abroad and celebrities in Thailand
This phenomenon is magnetic. It attracts more people to use TikTok.
Moreover, COVID-19 outbreak from early 2020
It's a factor that gives more TikTok usage.
Just the first quarter of 2020 quarter.
TikTok has reached 315 million downloads
Until now, TikTok has more than 2,000 million downloads.
Another important interesting thing is
TikTok focuses on developing AI system.
In selecting the contents to match the user's preference.
To attract users as long as possible
Until now, TikTok has 800 million users per month.
And there is an average application time of up to 52 minutes per person per day.
Compared to other social media apps
I have to say TikTok is stepping up to challenge other platforms fiercely.
Facebook has around 2,500 million users per month.
YouTube has about 2,000 million users per month.
Instagram has around 1,000 million users per month.
TikTok has around 800 million users per month.
TikTok's popularity and rapid user base
Make Advertising and Selling Products within the application.
Like a coin or gift increases dramatically.
Revenue of company ByteDance, owner of TikTok.
Year 2018 ByteDance earn 229,000 million baht.
Year 2019 ByteDance earn 527,000 million baht.
ByteDance revenue grows to 130 % in one year.
In the first three months of 2020
ByteDance has made an income of around 173,600 million baht.
If it goes to target
ByteDance will earn in 2020 total 874,000 million baht.
When things are like this, it makes ByteDance the mother's company of TikTok.
Estimated value to around 4.6 trillion baht.
How much is this worth?
Let's compare to PTT. The largest company in the Stock Exchange of Thailand
Market value of PTT company. Public Company Limited is equal to 1.1 trillion Baht.
ByteDance estimates equivalent to 4.6 trillion baht.
I will see that investors value ByteDance higher than PTT. Up to 4 times
What is this story telling?
This story shows us how to create value for a company or what it does.
It doesn't have to live with lots of resources or take long.
The point is, we need to find the hidden value in the simple things of everyone's daily life.
As TikTok knows, people like to watch short videos and want space to publish their own containers.
I can't believe this simple idea.
Going back to meet the needs of people around the world and it's worth a lot.
So much so that we didn't think that apps like this would be worth losing to big companies in other industries..
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References
-https://www.bytedance.com/en/products
-https://www.tiktok.com/about
-https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-27/bytedance-is-said-to-hit-3-billion-in-profit-as-revenue-doubles?sref=Wmf2L5h5
-https://www.businessinsider.com/tiktok-bytedance-revenue-billions-first-quarter-results-growth-2020-2020-6
-https://wallaroomedia.com/blog/social-media/tiktok-statistics/#:~:text=Monthly%20Active%20Users%20%E2%80%93%20TikTok%20has,of%20now%20(June%202020).
-https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikevorhaus/2020/05/27/bytedance-chinese-digital-giant-and-owner-of-tiktok-reported-to-have-revenues-of-17-billion/#163b02b023de
-https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/
-https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/30/tiktok-owner-bytedances-first-half-revenue-better-than-expected-at-over-7-billion-sources.html
-https://www.set.or.th/set/factsheet.do?language=th&country=TH&symbol=PTTTranslated
covid 19 social phenomenon 在 ลงทุนแมน Facebook 的最佳貼文
สรุปเศรษฐกิจไทย ย้อนหลัง 35 ปี /โดย ลงทุนแมน
จริงๆ แล้ว ช่วงก่อนเกิด Covid-19 เศรษฐกิจไทยมีการเติบโตที่ชะลอตัวอยู่แล้ว
ซึ่งแน่นอนว่า การระบาดของ Covid-19 ก็ทำให้เศรษฐกิจของเรายิ่งย่ำแย่ลงไปอีก
ตอนนี้สงคราม Covid-19 ในประเทศไทยดูเหมือนจะใกล้จบลง...
Continue ReadingSummary of Thai economy 35 years back / by Investing Man.
In fact, before Covid-19, the Thai economy has slowed growth.
The Covid-19 outbreak certainly makes our economy worse.
Now the Covid-19 war in Thailand seems to be close to ending.
But the economic war we are facing seems to never end easily.
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One of the important beginnings that made Thailand's economy grow in the past. Happened in July. B.E. 1985
When the US that was a huge trade deficit, wanted to reduce USD in comparison to major currency such as Japanese yen and Western Germany's mark, that incident led to Plaza Accord deal.
Even Thailand doesn't directly contribute to such things, but the weakening of US dollars has greatly positively affected the economy of Thailand.
At that time, Thailand has a baht bankrupted with 10 currency basket of the world's main currency. But over 80 % is tied to the USD. This is why the export sector of Thailand has an anime. Let's go too.
Moreover, Japanese yen is heavier than it hits the country's export sector.
This makes the government and private sector of Japan need to look for potential manufacturing bases to do exports, especially in countries where there is no higher wage costs.
While the unrest is neat because the war between Vietnam and Cambodia has resulted in Thailand to become the top choice of Japan and many countries.
Foreign direct investment comes into Thailand to create a phenomenon called the decade of growth of Thailand.
Eastern Seaboard Development Area Development Project is also available for heavy industrial development to create economic value for Thailand in the long term.
This story is why during 1987-1996, the Thai economy grows on average 9.3 % per year, especially in 1988 that has reached 13.3 % level.
This story makes many people say that Thailand will become the 5th tiger of Asia or countries where the economy is rapidly evolving like Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. These 4 countries have become now developed countries.
But this kind of picture that many people hope to happen to Thailand again. It seems to be faded.
Because in the past 10 years, Thai economy has likely slowed down continuously.
Year 2010-2014 GDP Thailand grows on average 3.9 % per year.
Year 2015-2019 GDP Thailand grows on average 3.4 % per year.
The latest in 1 quarter, 2020 Thai economy is 1.8 % negative and it's quite certain that the 2th quarter is ending. Thai economy will be heavily negative because of losing tourists and social distances.
Year 2019 export sector worth 7.6 trillion baht or around 45 % of GDP value.
The income from foreign tourists is worth 1.9 trillion baht or around 11 % of GDP.
The competitiveness of these 2 industries is also based on the movement of Baht.
Now the baht is getting heavier again. Many people are concerned that it will affect future export and tourism income. Even Covid-19 situation in Thailand will look better.
Even the Bank of Thailand is trying to take care of the money from being too hard by selling Baht and buying US dollars.
The evidence is that the Bank of Thailand's international reserve capital has risen more than $ 10,000 million in March to May this year, but it seems that the baht continues to rise.
Of course, the hardness of the baht is both good and bad.
But for Thailand relying on exports and tourism in a greater proportion, it seems to be negatively affecting the Thai economy in the overview.
In the past, we often hear news that many companies gradually close business. Many companies reduce investment. Due to not being able to tolerate the economic downturn, we see increasing number of unemployed countries.
End of quarter 1/2019 There are 346,480 unemployed people in Thailand.
End of quarter 1/2020 There are 391,770 unemployed people in Thailand.
When combined with new graduates entering the labour market, around 400,000 people may increase the number of unemployed in the future.
Information from the industrial department indicates that the number of licensed and informed companies are likely to decrease.
First 4 months of 2019 number of 1,054 Factory
First 4 months of 2020 number of 876 Factory
Moreover, foreign direct investment, which is an investment in the real economic sector through bringing resources, manufacturing, labor and technology into destination countries. Most of which are long-term investments for Thailand are likely to slow down since 2018
Year 2018 Foreign direct investment equals 426,749 million Baht.
Year 2019 Foreign direct investment equals 196,350 million Baht.
Specifically, the investment from Japan in 2019 is reduced to just 79,264 million baht below the level of hundred thousand million baht for the first time since 2015
It seems that the situation of Thailand's Covid-19 is slowly getting better, but there are many things that are challenging the country's economy.
How do we get the country back to growth
How can we make our country move beyond developing countries into developed countries?
To make Thai people live better lives.
Which questions these questions.
It's a question that has been in the heart of many Thai people for long
And it should continue to be the question of our children's generation..
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References
-https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=TH
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_Ta_Phut_Industrial_Estate
-https://www.nesdc.go.th/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=10212&filename=QGDP_report
-http://tradereport.moc.go.th/Report/Default.aspx?Report=TradeBalanceMonthly&Lang=Th
-https://www.bot.or.th/App/BTWS_STAT/statistics/BOTWEBSTAT.aspx?reportID=80&language=TH
-https://www.diw.go.th/hawk/content.php?mode=spss63
-https://www.bot.or.th/App/BTWS_STAT/statistics/ReportPage.aspx?reportID=653&language=thTranslated