[時事英文] 蘭德智庫 (RAND): 美國的未來之戰
同學來參考一下蘭德智庫對於未來十年軍事發展的Q&A!
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🇺🇸 Let’s start with the big picture. Who are the main U.S. adversaries in 2030?
None of our main competitors—Russia, China, North Korea, Iran, and terrorist groups—are going away, and some of them will probably strengthen. China will become a more formidable threat as its economic and military influence increases. We're not going to have the same freedom of movement that we have with China now.
1. a more formidable threat 更為難纏的威脅
2. freedom of movement 行動自由
讓我們著眼大局。時至2030年,誰是美國的主要對手?
我們的主要競爭者——俄羅斯、中國、北韓、伊朗以及恐怖組織——都沒有消失,其中有些國家或組織可能會愈發強大。隨著經濟與軍事影響力的增長,中國將成為更加難纏的威脅。屆時面對中國的我們,將不再擁有今日的行動自由。
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🇺🇸 How do you see the global economic picture changing?
The United States and its allies are going to lose some of their share of global economic output. China is growing, and growing at the expense of our allies, particularly the Europeans. If you think about economics as the underlying bedrock that allows you to produce military capabilities, that trend is the opposite of what you want to see.
3. global economic output 全球經濟產出
4. at the expense of 以……為代價
5. the underlying bedrock 潛在的基石
6. military capabilities 軍事能力
如何看待全球經濟情勢的轉變?
美國與盟邦將喪失其於全球經濟產出的部分份額。中國正以犧牲我們盟邦——尤其是歐洲——的方式成長。若你將經濟視為提升軍事能力的基礎,那麼此一趨勢與你所見者恰好相反。
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🇺🇸 How will environmental change play into this?
First, it will have an effect on where we can base. Some of our installations around the world are in places that will be threatened by climate change—they're in low-lying areas or flood plains, for example. But second, it also will have a destabilizing effect. Some of the places that will be hardest hit by droughts or rising sea levels tend to have weaker governments. That could increase domestic instability, and more domestic instability can lead to terrorism and civil war, the kind of sub-state conflict that we've been dealing with for the last decade or so.
7. base (v.) 以某處作為主要地點;將某地設為總部
8. installation (尤指用於軍事目的的)設施
9. low-lying areas 低窪地區
10. flood plains 洪泛平原;泛濫平原;澇原
11. a destabilizing effect 一個不穩定的因素
12. be hard hit by… 受到……的重創
13. increase domestic instability 增加國內動盪
14. lead to 導致
15. sub-state conflict 次國家衝突
環境變遷將如何產生影響?
首先,它將影響我們基地的選址。我們遍布全球的某些設施處於受氣候變遷威脅的地方——位於低窪地區或澇原。但第二,氣候變遷也會造成不穩定的因素。在一些受嚴重乾旱或海平面上升衝擊的地方,其政府通常較為軟弱。這可能會加劇國內動盪,而更多的國內動盪會導致恐怖主義與內戰,此類次國家衝突是我們近十年來一直在處理的問題。
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🇺🇸 What role will domestic politics in the United States play?
We've seen a steady trend over the last several decades toward increasing polarization among the U.S. electorate. That creates some significant constraints. Just to get the defense bill passed requires a bipartisan consensus, and that will face increasing pressure in the years to come. We're also seeing a second major trend, which is a growing push to retrench, to pull the U.S. back from a global posture.
16. a steady trend 一個穩定的趨勢
17. increasing polarization 日益加劇的兩極化
18. the U.S. electorate 美國選民
19. a bipartisan consensus 兩黨的共識
20. retrenchment strategy 緊縮策略
美國的國內政治將扮演什麼角色?
在過去的幾十年裡,我們看到一個穩定的趨勢——美國選民的兩極化日益加劇。這形成了一些重要的約束。為使國防法案通過,便需兩黨的共識,而在未來的幾年中,其所面臨的壓力將愈發龐大。我們還看見了第二個重要趨勢,即緊縮的聲音持續增長,要求美國自全球態勢中抽身。
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🇺🇸 What should the United States be doing to prepare for 2030?
We probably need more longer-range platforms, for example, but there's really no silver bullet. The bigger finding is that the United States is going to increasingly face a grand-strategic choice. It can double down on its role for the last three decades as the world's leading superpower, in which case it needs to spend more on defense and defense capabilities than it has.
21. longer-range platforms 更長程載臺
22. face a grand-strategic choice 面對巨大的戰略選擇
23. double down on sth 加倍努力;決心完成
24. the world's leading superpower 世界領先的超級大國
25. defense capabilities 防衛能力
美國應為2030年做怎樣的準備?
舉例來說,我們可能需要更多更長程的載臺,惟確無萬靈丹。更大的發現是,美國所面臨的巨大戰略選擇將愈發增加。美國可以加倍努力,扮演好自己在過去三十年裡,領導世界的超級大國角色。如此,美國便需要在國防與防衛能力上投入更多的資金。
《RAND》完整內容:https://bit.ly/33Nb7mX
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同時也有4部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過12萬的網紅一二三渡辺,也在其Youtube影片中提到,It was established by Arthur and Walter's Dabiddoson brother and William Sylvester Harleys in 1903. The motorcycle manufacturer in the United State...
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- 關於environmental movement in the united states 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的精選貼文
- 關於environmental movement in the united states 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最讚貼文
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environmental movement in the united states 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最佳貼文
It was established by Arthur and Walter's Dabiddoson brother and William Sylvester Harleys in 1903.
The motorcycle manufacturer in the United States existed in the past and time only of one
company of Harley Davidson existed, too.
An actual pronunciation is near "Hurley Davissn" though an official name in Japan is "Harley
Davidson".
Feature
The feature of the maximum motorcycle made by the Harley Davidson company is a peculiar pulse feeling, externals that large displacement air cooling OHV and V type twin engine bring, and has a lot of charm fans in this. The drive is a belt drive that is converted the crank movement into the belt by the chain in a primary case and told the rear wheel. Most of the category that is called "American" of the domestic production manufacturer is OHC, V type twin engine, and the style that mimics features other than the drive. Blustan CEO of an American headquarters and chairman shows the idea, "Aim at the Harley that everyone can get on from a high-level Harley to a popular Harley" in 2001.
The shift started, twin cam 88B(balancer) was piled up from evolution 1340cc to present engine and twin cam 88.1450cc by the Softal system in 2000 in 1999, and those engines were improved to 1584cc in the boa in 2007(stroke). It is appearance of twin cam 96(cubic inch). The agreement of exhaust emissions regulations became a problem along with the large exhaust. The catalyst technology is introduced into the muffler in 2001, and all models to whom a new car is sold are made an injection in 2007. However, because the feeling etc. of the engine are different along with make to the injection from the one of a past carburetor specification (A peculiar feeling heavy to the cab was canceled), the deep-rooted popularitys are collected in the model of the cab specification. A present system is completed very much and has finished very much high about reliability though keeps sending the fuel even if the distortion occurs in the piston for the injection in 2003, and is reported on the case where Baspakkin of the cylinder mount is burnt.
Moreover, the motorcycle equipped with the first, water-cooled DOHC V twin engine (Revolution engine) was born ..this company in 2002.., too. (Refer to the page of VRSC for details. )
The model where the profit cannot be taken by the competition with the motorcycle manufacturer in Japan reduces the scale as abolition etc. , and the designed model ..straightening now "Run in the long distance with the United States freeway".. is centered though a small scooter etc. also were manufacturing the Harley company before. Therefore, the ability cannot be demonstrated in the mountainous district and the circuit. It was used in the United States for the police traffic management (Recently, a foreign car such as Kawasaki and BMWs is used).
The home manufacturer was acquired in the inside and 2001 when the entire two-wheel market reduced and the large-sized car share head position of more suppression 750cc was acquired in a Japanese market. It is assumed to two person in the expressway getting on opening of an automatic two-wheeled vehicle by the Road Traffic Law revision in the license acquisition system establishment in the car driving school by the large-scale automatic operation two-wheeled vehicle license foundation in 1996 and 2005 that a foreign manufacturer such as Harleys demanded in the background strong.
The Harley was a vehicle that enjoyed the sound and the pulse. Environmental protection..viewpoint..twin..cam..balanc er..engine..appearance..catalyst..techno logy..introduction..sound..pulse..model. .suppress.
The installation of an illegal muffler was controlled voluntarily by the notice of Harley Davidson Japan that was the sole agency by Japan in around 2003. The agreement of the installation self-imposed control of an illegal muffler was made also between the agency and the sales network in each administrative divisions. This is a meaning that prevents differences from being in the shop that installs it and the shop that doesn't obtain the defense of the notice in numbers of sales.
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/NSd-aKlDnRk/hqdefault.jpg)
environmental movement in the united states 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的精選貼文
It was established by Arthur and Walter's Dabiddoson brother and William Sylvester Harleys in 1903.
The motorcycle manufacturer in the United States existed in the past and time only of one
company of Harley Davidson existed, too.
An actual pronunciation is near "Hurley Davissn" though an official name in Japan is "Harley
Davidson".
Feature
The feature of the maximum motorcycle made by the Harley Davidson company is a peculiar pulse feeling, externals that large displacement air cooling OHV and V type twin engine bring, and has a lot of charm fans in this. The drive is a belt drive that is converted the crank movement into the belt by the chain in a primary case and told the rear wheel. Most of the category that is called "American" of the domestic production manufacturer is OHC, V type twin engine, and the style that mimics features other than the drive. Blustan CEO of an American headquarters and chairman shows the idea, "Aim at the Harley that everyone can get on from a high-level Harley to a popular Harley" in 2001.
The shift started, twin cam 88B(balancer) was piled up from evolution 1340cc to present engine and twin cam 88.1450cc by the Softal system in 2000 in 1999, and those engines were improved to 1584cc in the boa in 2007(stroke). It is appearance of twin cam 96(cubic inch). The agreement of exhaust emissions regulations became a problem along with the large exhaust. The catalyst technology is introduced into the muffler in 2001, and all models to whom a new car is sold are made an injection in 2007. However, because the feeling etc. of the engine are different along with make to the injection from the one of a past carburetor specification (A peculiar feeling heavy to the cab was canceled), the deep-rooted popularitys are collected in the model of the cab specification. A present system is completed very much and has finished very much high about reliability though keeps sending the fuel even if the distortion occurs in the piston for the injection in 2003, and is reported on the case where Baspakkin of the cylinder mount is burnt.
Moreover, the motorcycle equipped with the first, water-cooled DOHC V twin engine (Revolution engine) was born ..this company in 2002.., too. (Refer to the page of VRSC for details. )
The model where the profit cannot be taken by the competition with the motorcycle manufacturer in Japan reduces the scale as abolition etc. , and the designed model ..straightening now "Run in the long distance with the United States freeway".. is centered though a small scooter etc. also were manufacturing the Harley company before. Therefore, the ability cannot be demonstrated in the mountainous district and the circuit. It was used in the United States for the police traffic management (Recently, a foreign car such as Kawasaki and BMWs is used).
The home manufacturer was acquired in the inside and 2001 when the entire two-wheel market reduced and the large-sized car share head position of more suppression 750cc was acquired in a Japanese market. It is assumed to two person in the expressway getting on opening of an automatic two-wheeled vehicle by the Road Traffic Law revision in the license acquisition system establishment in the car driving school by the large-scale automatic operation two-wheeled vehicle license foundation in 1996 and 2005 that a foreign manufacturer such as Harleys demanded in the background strong.
The Harley was a vehicle that enjoyed the sound and the pulse. Environmental protection..viewpoint..twin..cam..balanc er..engine..appearance..catalyst..techno logy..introduction..sound..pulse..model. .suppress.
The installation of an illegal muffler was controlled voluntarily by the notice of Harley Davidson Japan that was the sole agency by Japan in around 2003. The agreement of the installation self-imposed control of an illegal muffler was made also between the agency and the sales network in each administrative divisions. This is a meaning that prevents differences from being in the shop that installs it and the shop that doesn't obtain the defense of the notice in numbers of sales.
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/4S9YmPIKCEM/hqdefault.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEbCKgBEF5IVfKriqkDDggBFQAAiEIYAXABwAEG&rs=AOn4CLDNXEiNvXcsbBaxNTc9PO3x5HRJJw)
environmental movement in the united states 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最讚貼文
It was established by Arthur and Walter's Dabiddoson brother and William Sylvester Harleys in 1903.
The motorcycle manufacturer in the United States existed in the past and time only of one
company of Harley Davidson existed, too.
An actual pronunciation is near "Hurley Davissn" though an official name in Japan is "Harley
Davidson".
Feature
The feature of the maximum motorcycle made by the Harley Davidson company is a peculiar pulse feeling, externals that large displacement air cooling OHV and V type twin engine bring, and has a lot of charm fans in this. The drive is a belt drive that is converted the crank movement into the belt by the chain in a primary case and told the rear wheel. Most of the category that is called "American" of the domestic production manufacturer is OHC, V type twin engine, and the style that mimics features other than the drive. Blustan CEO of an American headquarters and chairman shows the idea, "Aim at the Harley that everyone can get on from a high-level Harley to a popular Harley" in 2001.
The shift started, twin cam 88B(balancer) was piled up from evolution 1340cc to present engine and twin cam 88.1450cc by the Softal system in 2000 in 1999, and those engines were improved to 1584cc in the boa in 2007(stroke). It is appearance of twin cam 96(cubic inch). The agreement of exhaust emissions regulations became a problem along with the large exhaust. The catalyst technology is introduced into the muffler in 2001, and all models to whom a new car is sold are made an injection in 2007. However, because the feeling etc. of the engine are different along with make to the injection from the one of a past carburetor specification (A peculiar feeling heavy to the cab was canceled), the deep-rooted popularitys are collected in the model of the cab specification. A present system is completed very much and has finished very much high about reliability though keeps sending the fuel even if the distortion occurs in the piston for the injection in 2003, and is reported on the case where Baspakkin of the cylinder mount is burnt.
Moreover, the motorcycle equipped with the first, water-cooled DOHC V twin engine (Revolution engine) was born ..this company in 2002.., too. (Refer to the page of VRSC for details. )
The model where the profit cannot be taken by the competition with the motorcycle manufacturer in Japan reduces the scale as abolition etc. , and the designed model ..straightening now "Run in the long distance with the United States freeway".. is centered though a small scooter etc. also were manufacturing the Harley company before. Therefore, the ability cannot be demonstrated in the mountainous district and the circuit. It was used in the United States for the police traffic management (Recently, a foreign car such as Kawasaki and BMWs is used).
The home manufacturer was acquired in the inside and 2001 when the entire two-wheel market reduced and the large-sized car share head position of more suppression 750cc was acquired in a Japanese market. It is assumed to two person in the expressway getting on opening of an automatic two-wheeled vehicle by the Road Traffic Law revision in the license acquisition system establishment in the car driving school by the large-scale automatic operation two-wheeled vehicle license foundation in 1996 and 2005 that a foreign manufacturer such as Harleys demanded in the background strong.
The Harley was a vehicle that enjoyed the sound and the pulse. Environmental protection..viewpoint..twin..cam..balanc er..engine..appearance..catalyst..techno logy..introduction..sound..pulse..model. .suppress.
The installation of an illegal muffler was controlled voluntarily by the notice of Harley Davidson Japan that was the sole agency by Japan in around 2003. The agreement of the installation self-imposed control of an illegal muffler was made also between the agency and the sales network in each administrative divisions. This is a meaning that prevents differences from being in the shop that installs it and the shop that doesn't obtain the defense of the notice in numbers of sales.
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/NhP1L7vbJ0U/hqdefault.jpg)
environmental movement in the united states 在 The Origins of Environmentalism in the USA - YouTube 的推薦與評價
... environmentalism became a mass movement in the United States. ... here: https://massolit.io/courses/ us - history -the- environment -and- ... ... <看更多>