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【基礎力量訓練的動作有哪些？】
在我的觀念裡，力量訓練可分為「基礎力量」和「專項力量」。前者是每一種運動項目都要練的，後者跟運動項目有關，例如游泳、自行車、足球和跑步的「專項力量」都會有差別。但「基礎力量」會大同小異，這個大同中就一定有蹲舉……等動作。但除了蹲舉還有哪些？《The System》這本談論基礎力量的專書已經明確回答了這個問題，下面引用原文書第34頁分享如下：
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#以下為譯文
帕列托法則（Pareto’s Principle），是一項著名的經濟學法則，又稱為「80/20法則」，它也適用於力量訓練動作的選擇。它所要表達的意思很簡單：把80%資源花在能產出最大效益的20%關鍵事情上，而這20%的關鍵又將為你帶來80%的效益。從訓練的目的來看，我們可以把這個法則的內容改寫成：從所有的力量動作中選出最關鍵的20%，而這關鍵的20%訓練動作將為運動員的力量與爆發力帶來80%的訓練效果。
這關鍵的20%訓練動作，作者選列如下：
●蹲舉及其變化式：背蹲舉、前蹲舉、單腿蹲
●爆發力動作：上膊、抓舉、挺舉、推舉
●推與拉：臥推、肩推、上膊與抓舉的拉槓動作、划船及其變化式
●下背與後側動力鏈：羅馬尼亞式硬舉 (RDL)、背挺舉、反向背挺舉、早安動作
以上這份清單很短，但這些動作就是我們認為基礎力量動作中關鍵的20%。雖然我們所設計的力量課表中，不會只有這些動作，但80%的訓練效果無疑都是由它們產生，在跟我們合作過的運動員中只要是認真熟練這幾個動作，進步的效果都很明顯。
簡而言之，把你的重心放在學習與優化這幾種動作的教學上，會比學習眾多「複雜的」和「全面式的」課表，更能有效幫助運動員提升力量和爆發力。
除了上述20%關鍵動作之外，任何其他的舉重與訓練動作都應當作輔助、平衡弱點或滿足專項運動需求的訓練手段。這些動作應只占總體訓練的一小段時間，只是在填補訓練空隙，換句話說，它們只是輔助。有很多教練在動作選擇上太過追求創造力，不斷地學習與搜集那些無法顯著提升力量的訓練動作。
運動的基礎元素是蹲、跳、跑、彎(腰)/屈(膝)、(旋)轉、推、拉。只要你在這些基礎元素中奠定良好的基礎，練就更好的動作品質、穩定度與力量，並逐步提升動作的速度，我們幾乎就能為每一種運動提供所需的專項力量。重要的事先做，把大量的時間反覆花在關鍵動作的技術優化與力量強化上。
#原文如下
We ascribe to the 80/20 rule—attributed as Pareto’s Principle, an economic principle. It states that for many events, 20 percent of the work yields 80 percent of the effects. Adapted for our purposes, 20 percent of all the exercise and movement choices yield 80 percent of the gains in strength and power development.
●SQUAT VARIATIONS—back squat, front squat, single-leg squat
●EXPLOSIVE MOVEMENTS—clean, snatch, jerk, push-press
●PUSHING AND PULLING—bench press, military press, pulls (clean and snatch), row variants
●LOW BACK AND POSTERIOR CHAIN—Romanian deadlift (RDL), hyperextension and reverse hyperextension, good morning
That very short list of fundamental lifts compromises our particular 20 percent. Although we dedicate much more than 20 percent of our programming to these basic lifts, there is no doubt that well over 80 percent of the results we have seen in our athletes can be attributed to mastering this handful of movements and lifts.
Made even simpler, placing the primary focus of your coaching on learning and refining your teaching of the fundamental lifts will yield far greater and more sustained gains in your athletes’ strength and power than many more complex and “comprehensive” programs.
Any additional lifts or movements should be considered assistance or accessory work, which serve to address specific needs or deficits. Those exercises make up just a fraction of our time, as they fill gaps, rather than form the base of training—in other words, to provide assistance. Too many coaches try to be creative in exercise selection and end up with a collection of movements and lifts that improve nothing to any significant level.
The fundamental movements of sport are squatting, jumping, running, bending, twisting, pushing, and pulling. By building proficiency in the quality, the stability and strength, and then the speed of those movements, we provide almost all of the sport specificity we need. This is how we put first things first, and spend the greatest amount of time and repetition on refining and strengthening movements.
(以上原文出自《The System》第34頁)
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若有發現翻譯不到位或有問題的地方，非常歡迎也希望各界指正！
【對跑者來說最大肌力愈大愈好？】
最近幾天Pose Method的教練社群裡在討論這個問題：「羅曼諾夫博士和我都認為『力量是為了輔助技術』，所以跑者不需要強調最大肌力的訓練；不過有些教練的想法是相反，認為『最大肌力是一切的基礎』，過於專注專項，會影響最大肌力發展。」我們在社群中有很棒的討論，這邊整理分享出我個人的想法。
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我以前也認為「最大肌力是一切的基礎」，但在跟羅曼諾夫博士學習幾年，再到翻譯《Ths System》這本專門談力量訓練的書之後，想法已大有轉變。《Ths System》的其中兩位作者所帶的大都是美式足球選手，照理說是最需要最大肌力訓練的，但其實書中「完全不強調」最大肌力。
作者群中的其中兩位，強尼帕克（Johnny Parker）與艾爾米勒（Al Miller） ，都是美國NFL中赫赫有名的力量與體能教練，精讀這本書後發現他們完全不提最大肌力，只是一直強調 「Explosive strength」、「Power」和「Speed」，書中所有的內容都是為這三種能力而寫。這在近年來興起的「速度依循訓練」（Velocity Based Training, VBT）也可看到「重視速度而非1RM」的相同發展軌跡。
所以看來不只是跑步，連美式足球這種需要大力量的專項也不會太強調最大肌力要練到多大。我們有教練反應「練了半年重訓（期間沒有跑步），之後重新開始練跑雖然腳變有力，卻發現步頻從每分鐘一八幾掉到一六幾。」
我的理解是，
跑者的步頻跟下肢的「剛性」與「彈性」有很大的關係，而剛性與彈性不全跟肌肉有關（需要肌肉沒錯，但跟非肌肉組織關係比較大），這點大家應該也看得出來，頂尖的中長距離跑者的肌肉並不特別發達，他們的蹲舉等三關節大範圍活動的肌力可能也不是很強，但觸地時間較短、步頻也較高 (180~190之間，菁英長跑者很少高於195)。
肌力當然需要，但跟觸地時間與步頻比較相關的是「非肌肉組織的力量」。我看《Ths System》所引用的一些文獻，其實國外不少教練已經看 Strength Training 不只在訓練 Muscular Strength ，也不再過份強調最大肌力的訓練了。
在羅曼諾夫博士的《Pose Method 游、騎、跑 三項運動技術》書中的第13章簡要地談了〈肌肉在跑步中所扮演的角色〉（頁87~92），若先能了解肌肉的本質與演化出來的功能，就比較能了解跑者需要肌力的目的；到了第14章接著談〈肌肉肌腱的彈力〉（頁94~96），博士在書中指稱的「彈性／彈力」的概念中就包含了「牽張-收縮循環」（SSC），也是力量訓練方法中「增強式訓練」的主要訓練機制。
我覺得博士在書中的這段說得很好：「彈力跟重力與地面反作用力一樣都被歸類在免費的外力。善用肌肉肌腱的彈性可以節省肌肉的力量。當跑者能妥善運用下肢的彈力之後，同一個配速下的耗氧量與肌肉力量都會下降，這代表跑者在比賽時能夠保留更多寶貴的能量。」
我的理解是「肌力是主動力」，而「彈力是被動力／免費的外力」，想要高效地運用免費的外力，就要發展本身的彈性結構。而發展彈性結構，跟肌力會有一定的衝突，因為肌肉的成長空間很大，沒重訓的人只要認真練兩個月肌力就會進步很多，若不小心一下子進步太多會影響彈性結構（我前述案例練半年重訓後跑步的步頻下降跟這個有關）。
我們在討論時有另一位教練分享：「如果肌力（主動力）太強則可能會干涉到關節活動度，讓原本可以被用動力的部分，反而要用主動力去提供。讓整體效能降低，也提高受傷風險。」
這位教練說得很好，我舉誇張一點的例子是「健美選手」，肌肉變大後，各關節的活動空間也變得相當小了。每一項運動都需要肌肉，但當肌肉量超過該項運動（或某項運動的位置）時反而就會形成限制。關於這點，在《Pose Method 游、騎、跑 三項運動技術》第14章（94頁）開頭引言中的一句話就很有啟發性：
「自然不做無用之事。」（ 亞里士多德）
就像家裡十年都沒用到的東西，通常都是多餘的一樣（該移除了）；多的肉（不只肥肉）包括肌肉，若該項運動用不到，也會形成身體的負擔與防礙動作的流暢度。
Pose Method 強調「好的跑步技術是去除『多餘的動作』，只留關鍵跑步三元素」。不足與多餘都是不好的，因此我的理解是：對跑者來說，多餘的肌力（肌力太強）與肌肉（肌肉太大），反而會造成阻礙（當然，肌力或肌肉量不足也不行）。
而且我覺得最大的問題是，目前最大肌力（1RM）的進步與否大都是蹲舉、硬舉、推舉、上膊、抓舉、挺舉，而這些動作都是下肢三關節活動範圍比較大的動作，那跟跑步支撐期有很大的差異（支撐期髖膝踝三關節活動範圍小很多），所以用這些動作的1RM進步與否來判斷跑者的力量也相對不合理，當然，對自行車專項或大部分球類運動就比較合理，因為這些運動的三關節活動範圍在支撐期時跟蹲舉與上膊等動作就接近多了。
以上是我個人針對「對跑者來說最大肌力愈大愈好？」這個問題的分析和思考，若有不恰當的地方也歡迎各界提出與指正。
15 year old Muay Thai prodigy Sailohit hits pads with his father, the legendary Fahsuchon Sit-O, as he stays ready for Muay Thai stadiums to reopen here in Thailand.
A very technical and explosive young fighter, Sailohit made his successful Bangkok stadium debut last December and we are very keen to see him back on the big shows soon!
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Post Covid: How to Get Back in Shape (4 Weeks Exercise Guide) | Joanna Soh
This video is meant to offer you a guideline on how you can get back into exercising after Covid-19, for those who have had mild to moderate symptoms. While exercise is important for your health and recovery journey, it is also essential to AVOID pushing yourself too far. Doing so could slow down your recovery or cause your symptoms to worsen by increasing the levels of inflammation in the body. So listen to your body, take it slow, and follow these 4 phrases by gradually reintroducing exercise into your routine.
If at all you have any concerns, ALWAYS refer to a health care professional for advice.
I’ve included 4 exercises for each week, a total of 4 weeks. Try to exercise at least 3 - 4 times weekly. All the workouts are home-based with minimal equipment.
Here's the playlist with all the workouts in order: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLyP8pbBMxcsgwc3-Bv3de2LOc-gQzmMMS
WEEK 1
15-Minute Gentle Morning Stretch: https://youtu.be/fTuEG7MYqbI
15-Minute Firm & Flat Abs: https://youtu.be/jEED_shbms4
15-Minute Standing Ab Exercises: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPNNA5IEKTk
Low Impact Knee Friendly Beginner Workout: https://youtu.be/DUSEIGMAQco
15 Minute Express Morning Workout to Boost Metabolism: https://youtu.be/hJDCqq7s7XA
WEEK 2
30-Minute Low Impact Bodyweight HIIT: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LI9yb8HRkRo
Fat Burning Walking Waistline Challenge: https://youtu.be/mLzCVfSsK9Q
Get Strong! No Weights Strength Training at Home: https://youtu.be/LhhWNixj5zE
30-Minute Toning Chair Workout: https://youtu.be/VmrjukolSAo
WEEK 3
35-Minute Total Body Strength Training with Dumbbells: https://youtu.be/9GASeOEr0Hk
3KM Fat Burning Indoor Walk (Burn up to 400 Calories!!*): https://youtu.be/vrfpqgev0ZE
40-Minute Total Body Strength Training (Low Impact): https://youtu.be/mwUcAe6ABI8
Low Impact CORE Functional Training (No Weights, No Jumping!): https://youtu.be/s4swVrc3fYA
WEEK 4
Intense Cardio & Core Kickboxing: https://youtu.be/035mDnFLvJ0
500 Plank & Crunch Challenge: https://youtu.be/r5QtfrmH4-Q
No Equipment Strength & Explosive Cardio (Burn & Build): https://youtu.be/7e37GVeWVss
30-Minute Strength & Sculpt Fat Burning Circuit (Burn 300Cals!) https://youtu.be/TfvZpZ8a5Zg
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Post Covid: How to Get Back in Shape (4 Weeks Exercise Guide) | Joanna Soh
Nếu các bạn đang chơi các môn contact sports như bóng rổ, bóng đá...thì có lẽ buổi tập plyometrics ngày hôm nay sẽ là thứ các bạn cần để trở nên explosive hơn. Buổi tập ngày hôm nay sẽ giúp các bạn tăng cường cũng như luyện tập sức bật và tốc độ của mình hay đơn giản để khoẻ và bền bỉ hơn thì cũng đừng bỏ qua video lần này nhé?
Ngoài ra trong video mình cũng đưa đôi giày Reebok Nano X1 mới của mình vào thử thách với các bài tập mạnh mẽ này, để xem nó có chịu được sức cày của mình không ?
⏱Timestamp
00:00 Intro
00:23 Các vđv tập như thế nào?
01:08 Getting ready & Warming up
02:05 Strength & Conditioning Workout
08:41 Review Reebok Nano X11
? Strength & Conditioning Workout
1. Kneeling to Jump Squat (x10)
2. Barbell Jump Squat (x10)
3. Box Squat (x7/each)
4. Split Squat Jump (x8/each)
5. Banded Box Step Up (x8/each)
6. Bulgarian Split Squat (x6/each)
7. Treadmill Running (15mins)
--- Repeat for 3 rounds ----
Giày Nano X1: https://bit.ly/3rVvh8h
Áo trong video: https://www.reebok.com.vn/lm-ls-tee-white-gn5976.html
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