【近日股市資金行情之我見】
這兩個月忙著跨海搬家,沒太多時間寫長文。這篇文章從今年1月斷斷續續寫到現在,主要嘗試回答兩個問題:
1. 2021年初是否存在市場過熱現象?
2. 美國政府2020年的瘋狂印鈔行為(參見下圖)是否會引發嚴重通貨膨脹?投資人應該如何因應?

首先關於第一個問題,在今年2月份我們看到美國股市的option契約數量大增,從19M/每日增加至30M/每日;SPACs形式2020年增加200件,募資$74B;GME軋空炒作行情。
這樣是否存在擦鞋童現象?
這部分我想先回顧17世紀荷蘭鬱金香投機事件。
傳說當年荷蘭鬱金香莖球被瘋狂炒作,價格上漲幾百倍,荷蘭舉國人民紛紛陷入投機熱潮,甚至20世紀德國知名投資客柯斯多蘭尼稱當年有駝背侏儒光是出租其後背供投資客們寫上最金莖球價格,然後穿梭人群中賺了一小筆。
隨後鬱金香莖球炒作泡沫破裂,荷蘭國家經濟受到重創,進而影響當年曾是海上商業王國的地位。
然而史實是如此嗎?
美國經濟學家Peter Garber專門研究此一投機炒作的經濟史,並寫下幾篇著名論文。而依據其著作"Famous First Bubbles The Fundamentals of Early Manias" 一書,我整理幾個重點:
1. 實際上鬱金香熱潮時間相當短,價格明顯彈升發生在1636年11月~1637年1月份。
2. 參與人數總共約350人,全是職業商人;真正支付高價(超過300荷蘭盾)者約莫10人,多數人其實是透過遠期合約的方式進行炒作,而最後多以違約拒絕真實支付現金,直到荷蘭當地鬱金香相關商會與政府出面介入,才以履約價格的10%甚至5%方式解除合約。
3. 非常昂貴的品種,如Semper Augustus 的真實漲幅只有5倍(從原本的1千出頭荷蘭盾漲至5千多),並非都市傳說中幾百倍的漲幅。
漲幅較大的主要是那些本來就平價的品種,例如Gouda buds,起漲價格約2荷蘭盾,最高價50多荷蘭頓。即便存在瘋漲,但至多也是一、二十倍,這即便放在現代農產品供需失調時的價格軌跡來比較,也並不離奇。例如台灣颱風後的香菜價格漲幅。
這邊可以題外話說明為何Semper Augustus這品種售價昂貴。因為這特殊品種本不存在於大自然,而是農夫必須將快開花的鬱金香球莖人工嫁接罹患某種病毒的鬱金香,才能開出特殊花色。而這種嫁接病毒的球莖將會死亡,不再具備繁衍後代的能力。此外,嫁接後的成功率在當年也並不高,不保證存活也不保證開出特殊花色。
物以稀為貴下使得Semper Augustus這品種本來售價就高昂,是一般品種的百倍。
讀者可參見以下幾張當年不同品種的價格走勢圖:

4. 也因為這個事件的範圍與熱潮都比傳說中小得多,因此並未對實質荷蘭資本市場或經濟體造成多少負面影響。
荷蘭鬱金香泡沫事件有三點啟示:
a. 即便在當年差不多時期的著作、媒體都有對其瘋狂投機炒作的描述,但實證來看誇大成分居多。很可能受到作家喜歡站在道德高點批判投機行為的習慣影響,但做為投資人或經濟史研究者在考據曾經的泡沫事件,始終必須以事實為依歸。
b. 小範圍小規模的投機炒作,無論價格哄抬得多麼高聳入天,事實是「毀約」始終是一種選項,有行無市的價格不存在經濟學意義。
c. 同樣地,小範圍小規模的投機炒作,無論價格哄抬得多麼高聳入天,對整體經濟乃至於資本市場的影響同樣不會太大。這意味著我們雖然應該警醒擦鞋童現象,但也無需杯弓蛇影。
如同我在去年幾篇文章中談到的,我認為Covid-19疫情本身造成的經濟損害遠不如人為的隔離措施所造成。目前看到的全世界生產力衰退,人禍成分高過天災。但與2009年不同之處在於:
「Personal savings soared as high as 33.7% in April following the Cares Act and were still a healthy 13.7% in December before Congress passed another $900 billion in Covid aid. This means that, unlike during the 2009 recession, households aren’t weighed down by debt.
Personal bankruptcies, home foreclosures and loan delinquencies last fall were the lowest since at least 2003. The mortgage delinquency rate was 0.7% in the third quarter of 2020 compared to 7% in the first quarter of 2009. ...」
出自Wrong Stimulus, Wrong Time - WSJ ( Feb. 5, 2021)報導。
因此在我看來,此文撰寫的時間點,雖然多多少少某些類股上存在擦鞋童現象,投資人不必過度擔憂。投資人真正該做好未雨綢繆準備的,是美國瘋狂印鈔下必然到來的嚴重通貨膨脹。
問題二:通貨膨脹下股票標的如何選擇?
高資產或高負債的公司在嚴重通膨時期的股價表現優於高現金部位的公司。在經濟學大師Armen A. Alchian 1965年的論文 "Effects of Inflation Upon Stock Prices "中,特別指出傳統經濟學如凱因斯、費雪等著名學者之見認為銀行身為典型債務人,在通貨膨脹環境下應該有較好的股價表現。而Alchian則點出這些學者大老忽略銀行雖然集債務於一身(大眾存款之於銀行就是債務),然而銀行受限於法規與現實,其資產多是「現金資產(money-type assets)」,故在嚴重通貨膨脹影響下,銀行實際經濟損失大過通膨泡沫所得,股價表現當然好不到哪去。
Alchian此文對我的啟發甚大,揭櫫面對貨幣因素影響甚大時的投資方向。
但我們要知道Armen Alchian的論文寫作時期與如今的投資環境又有幾個重大侷限條件之不同,因此我們不能生吞活剝地硬套Alchian的觀點,而是必須真實理解背後隱含的正確經濟學邏輯,並依據當今侷限條件之不同而修改並應用。
引入費雪的利息理論與張五常的財富倉庫概念,現今世界何謂資產、何謂債權債務、何謂現金?我們必須要能超脫會計學、法學的思維侷限,而從真正在投資決策上有效益的經濟學角度切入。
一個我認為值得投資人注意的重點是:投資人對於高商譽(goodwill)的公司能否有正確地、在經濟學層面的深度理解與評價機制。
這點同樣也適用在面對新科技寵兒如電動車之流之正確價格評估。
以長期投資角度看,如果以夠低的成本入手高資產或高品牌價值公司,本身部位又很大,則隨後的股市大幅修正甚至崩盤基本可以無視
如果部位不大,則可以視隨後散戶瘋狂狀況逐漸增加現金部位。
回到現實面,我認為通膨現象確實在發生,有兩個現象值得注意:
a. 機構法人買入加密貨幣的金流增加
「...JPMorgan, said the size of the bitcoin market had grown to equal about a fifth of gold held for investment and trading purposes, with a market capitalisation for the cryptocurrency of $750bn at its peak earlier this year, meaning it “is far from a niche asset class”. 」
「...Analysts at Canadian insurance company Manulife said in late January that the expansion in central banks’ balance sheets and rising public debt would push investors further into alternative asset classes ...」
「...Xangle showing that investors have lost more than $16bn to fraud since 2012 ...」
b. 近日美國美國前25大銀行對私人之貸款佔總資產比例從去年54.1%下降之45.7%,且放在Fed reserve account總金額達$3.15兆美元。
(The 25 largest U.S. banks currently hold 45.7% of their assets in loans and leases, according to Fed data released Friday, down from 54.1% this time last year. .. reserve balances in their Federal Reserve depository accounts at sky-high levels, $3.15 trillion at present
)
通膨現象將會更嚴重,因為「...According to a recent House Budget Committee estimate, $1 trillion from last year’s bills hasn’t been spent—including $59 billion for schools, $239 billion for health care and $452 billion in small business loans. State and local governments added 67,000 jobs in January. They don’t need more federal cash. ...」
WSJ "wrong-stimulus-wrong-time " Feb. 5, 2021
如同我在「論比特幣」一文中闡述過:比特幣顯然不是被當作交易貨幣而是某種無根財富倉庫,因此其價格之暴漲暴跌均同時具備「合理與不合理」之雙面性。因為不存在適當的評價方式去推估其價格之合理性。
但在此文我想進一步指出,從另一層面來看,這種無根倉庫的價格變動本身卻可提供我們對於貨幣因素下真實通貨膨脹的現狀診斷。這好比我們切脈在左關中層把得一數滑脈,搭配右關心位或肝位的脈相,或胃經、肝經或經外奇穴的壓痛診斷,或舌診眼診等等訊息,我們可以推知患者是肝臟、胰臟有惡性腫瘤亦或慢性胃潰瘍。
比特幣的暴漲本身也是一個類似性質的市場訊號。
換言之,當我們把貨幣看做經濟體的血液/體液時,投資人懂不懂得把經濟的脈?是否可以從貨幣的脈相得知經濟血液/體液的品質、健康度、病理變異方向程度與進程...等等。當我們脈診上發現血液/體液堆積於某經絡時,我們看到某類型資產價格飛漲甚至軋空時,診斷者有沒有能力正確推測隨後的、不同時間點地病程發展與相對應的症狀發作?
中美貿易戰框架與因應Covid-19疫情的政府舉措則是結構性地在解剖學層面改變經濟體本身,所需要的制度經濟學知識又是否足夠投資人能趨吉避凶甚或從中獲利?
這些都是參與投資市場者必須時時捫心自問的問題。
我文末再強調一次:美國主要銀行減少對私人企業放款而增加手中政府債券這現象。
參考:
Financial Times "Bitcoin boom backstopped by central banks’ easy-money policies" 2021/2/4
Financial Times "US mortgage executives forecast a $3tn year in 2021 " 2021/01/08
WSJ "For One GameStop Trader, the Wild Ride Was Almost as Good as the Enormous Payoff " 2021/02/03
Armen A. Alchian, "Effects of Inflation Upon Stock Prices" (1965)
Peter M. Garber, Famous First Bubbles The Fundamentals of Early Manias (2000)
WSJ, "Fed Policy Is Smothering Private Lending" (2021/03/08)
文章連結:
https://ppt.cc/f7YCNx
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過12萬的網紅一二三渡辺,也在其Youtube影片中提到,) is ..Tsutenkaku (.. belvedere that builts in the center part in the vicinity of the new world in Osaka Prefecture Osaka City Naniwa Ward. Registerin...
forecast meaning 在 Focus Taiwan Facebook 的最佳貼文
The Central #Weather Bureau has forecast that Taiwan can expect normal or slightly lower than normal levels of rainfall in the coming two months, meaning that water shortages in central and southern Taiwan will likely persist.
https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202102230010
forecast meaning 在 李卓人 Lee Cheuk Yan Facebook 的精選貼文
📌📍《5月35日》「庚子版」 眾籌活動
集結力量 網上演出 六四前夕 全球直播
"May 35th" Gengzi Edition - Crowd Funding
Join Forces for Global Live Online Performance on the night before June 4th.
🔇🔇「以現在的社會狀況,我們的政治氣候,我擔心這個戲未必有機會再上演﹗」導演陳曙曦說。
🔊🔊"With the forecast of the political climate now, I am very worried that this play will not be any chance to put on stage again" said Chan Chu-hei, the director.
🚨🕯️我們希望集結公民力量,
令全球所有人都可以在「六四」免費網上觀賞《5月35日》,
讓這個故事遍地開花,
讓更多人了解真相、追求公義。
🚨🕯️We target to join the force of citizen
to let us share this Online LIVE theatre production
“May 35th”globally, make this story worldwide,
and let the truth speak for itself, justice be sought after.
‼️➡️眾籌支持方法 Way of Crowdfunding:
1) 請即登入網上平台:https://goget.fund/2Wz5kO9
(暫不能用PayPal 戶口,請用"Visa/ Master" 捐款
Please DO NOT use PayPal Account, but click the icon "Visa / Master")
2) 支票捐款- 抬頭寫「六四舞台」,郵寄到
九龍旺角彌敦道618號好望角大廈8字樓(六四舞台)
By Cheque - Please make the cheque payable to "Stage 64", and mail to 8/F, Good Hope Building, 618 Nathan Road, KLN. (Stage 64)
************************************************
2019年六月,是「六四」的三十周年,六四舞台邀請了著名編劇莊梅岩創作《5月35日》。首演5場及加開的6場門票均全部售罄,一致好評,更獲本屆舞台劇獎六大提名,包括最佳劇本!經歷了大半年的社會運動,面對過暴政與暴力,「六四」對香港人多了另一重意義,在謊言與假新聞氾濫的社會,《5月35日》為悼念亦為警世!
🧐🧐為了蒐集資料,編劇莊梅岩曾到訪內地訪問當年「難屬」,亦因此被神秘人「探訪」和「關注」,令她質疑香港的創作自由可能已經岌岌可危。
🤐🤐眼下的暴政和警暴,「廿三條立法」如箭在弦,六四舞台在香港再有生存的空間嗎?
🤬🤬當網絡上充斥假新聞,官方又不斷篡改歷史事件,究竟「六四屠城」和「反送中運動」在不久的將來會變成什麼樣的故事呢?
我們不知道答案,但只要有機會,我們仍然要演下去﹗因此當社會運動仍在激烈抗爭之際,六四舞台就馬上籌組了《5月35日》(庚子版)。
📆根據中國歷法,2020年是庚子年;翻開中國歷史,庚子年往往是浩劫之年。香港經歷多個月的社會運動,「六四」對步入庚子年的香港人有何意義?六四舞台今年誠邀著名導演陳曙曦,連同全新班底,重新創作《5月35日》 的「庚子版」。
😷😷鑑於疫情持續,政府下令關閉全港劇院,令原訂5月在香港藝術中心的舞台演出被迫取消,劇團為堅守信念,破天荒決定把這個震撼人心的六四故事以網上直播形式,於2020年六四前夕向全球人士同步免費播放(粵語演出,附中英文字幕),並於6月4日全日24小時在網上分享。其錄像版本亦將會製作成電影影片,把演出搬上大銀幕,讓更多人了解真相、追求公義。🖐️🖐️🖐️🖐️🖐️
June 2019 marked the 30th anniversary of the “June Fourth Incident”. Local art group Stage 64 joined hands with renowned playwright Candace Chong Mui-ngam to create May 35th. The first 5 premieres as well as the 6 additional shows were all sold out with great acclaims, followed by 6 nominations in the subsequent Hong Kong Drama Awards, including Best Script!
The social movement in the past 6 months has made Hong Kongers no strangers to tyranny and brutality, and has transcended the meaning of "June Fourth" within us. Especially when we are living in a world full of lies and fake news, the play "May 35th" is for mourning and also a warning!
🧐🧐Candance Chong Mui-ngam has visited the Mainland for screenplay research. There she met up with some interviewees, whose family members were June Fourth Massacre victims. It turned out some mysterious figures paid her a "visit" in return with "unexpected concern". She couldn't help but worrying: Is the creative freedom deprived even in Hong Kong?
🤐🤐Witnessing the escalating brutality against protestors, the eagerness of enacting Basic Law Article 23, how much longer can a play like "May 35th" be staged in Hong Kong?
🤬🤬Worse still are the tremendous fake news on the Internet and the tampering with history. Can you imagine how "June Fourth Incident" and "Anti-Extradition Bill Protest" will be interpreted in the near future?
We have no clue, but! As long as we have this opportunity to express, we will go on. Even when the protest across the city was still intense, Stage 64 started to plan for another "May 35th" , the Gengzi Edition.
📆In the Lunar calender, 2020 is called the year of the Gengzi. Historically speaking, the year of the Gengzi were always catastrophic. After months of social unrest, Stage 64 invited prominent director Chan Chu-hei, to re-create "May 35th" into Gengzi Edition with new cast and crew.
😷😷Then comes the Coronavirus pandemic and the compulsory closure of theatres by the Government. That left us no choice but to cancel the "May 35th" performance, which was originally scheduled to stage at Arts Centre in May. But what if we adhere to our beliefs? Here comes the bold decision-\-\to live stream this astonishing show, globally and for free on the night before June 4th, 2020 (Presented in Cantonese, with Chinese and English subtitles). The live version will then be shared online throughout the day on June 4th. What’s more? The performance will be filmed separately and released in cinemas. Let the truth speak for itself, justice be sought after. 🖐️🖐️🖐️🖐️✋
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
💰籌款目標💰
35萬,但50萬能讓我們做得更多
Crowding Funding Goal
HK$350,000, but we can go further if we get HK$500,000.
🆘製作一齣舞台劇的基本成本相當高,一般要靠數千張數百元的門票收入才能維持收支平衡。在疫情下失去劇院,沒有門票收入,加上題材敏感,《5月35日》要獲得商業贊助機會是「零」。因此,我們只能靠公民發揮力量,解囊相助,協助我們把舞台劇作全球網上直播及製成影片,把故事帶到更遠。
🆘A stage production costs a lot. Generally we need to sell several thousands of tickets to break-even. Considering the circumstances of coronavirus pandemic, we can no longer perform in theatres and therefore no income from box office. In addition, due to the sensitivity of the theme / topic, in spite of our best endeavours, it is impossible for May 35th (Gengzi Edition) to receive any commercial sponsorship. What we need now is everyone exert their power and generosity, elevating May 35th (Gengzi Edition) to online streaming platform and even to cinemas, bringing the story to the rest of the world.
forecast meaning 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最讚貼文
) is ..Tsutenkaku (.. belvedere that builts in the center part in the vicinity of the new world in Osaka Prefecture Osaka City Naniwa Ward. Registering material cultural asset in country. It is familiar as one of the symbols of Osaka, and famous as the tourist spot.
Design and structure
* Main body: Iron frame make (a part of iron frame ferroconcrete make)
o ..tower.. height: 100m on the ground
o Width: 24m
o Between legs: 24m.
* Observatory: Iron frame reinforced concrete Concut make (two surrounding
glass -lined stories)
o Height: Even 84m and the second floor floor are 87.5m even in the
first floor floor.
* Supplementary building: Iron frame ferroconcrete make
* The performance: The earthquake of the Great Kanto Earthquake class and
the strong wind of 70 meters in the velocity of the wind can be stood.
Outline
Present Tsutenkaku was completed by the second generation in 1956(1956). Sightseeing..Ltd...Ltd.. It is managed. Height including the lightning rod is 103m(The height of the tower is 100m). The designer is Naito multi relations that handle the Nagoya television tower and Tokyo Tower, etc. almost made a simultaneous period. It is Okumura Construction that constructed construction.
It is a Confucianism person, and Fujisawa south Gaku that named, "Tsutenkaku" in the meaning "High
building that runs to the heaven" at the beginning of the Meiji era.
Hitachi Ltd. of the total electric machine enterprise has published an ad to the side in the tower since 1957 a finished year of Yoc (1957). It is assumed that it is a start that the speculation of sightseeing in Tsutenkaku to look for the major company that can publish an ad by extending over a long period of time for Hitachi and the funding to have tried to advance to Osaka in rivalry with the major electric machine enterprise (Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., SANYO Electric, and Sharp, etc.) in local at that time agreed with coming put on the advertisement by Hitachi. Detaching (Refer to the Cda article) and the citizens who felt the sense of incompatibility for the signboard without the mark at that time were not few in 2001 when Hitachi had discontinued it before though "Child mark of the turtle" that was the company pin of Hitachi had been put on the upper part of the advertisement either.
It interrupted, the environmental pollution etc. such as the urban ozones became factors, too and one million people were decreased sharply to about 200,000 people in 1975 in 1965 in 1956 when Ta was gotten in the second generation Tsutenkaku though the visitor had been exceeding 1.55 million people during year. The recovery tendency was gradually shown afterwards, there were a television program that made Tsutenkaku a stage and a rise among which the spit cutlet was popular, too and it recovered by one million people or more in 900,000 people and fiscal year 2007 in 2006. As for attendance figures increase in Tsutenkaku, sightseeing in Tsutenkaku is one to comment, "A young person might be requesting the emotion that seems to be Osaka from the new world".
It shines when 0 minutes per hour have passed in addition since the entire tower was colored because of the light of the neon based on the golden color and white at nighttime by the gradation with a vivid face of a large clock on the tower east side side. Neon is remodeled every about five years, and the present one is the 12th generation. Moreover, the neon light that shows next day's weather forecast by combining four colors lights to the tower top (fine = white and cloudy weather = bitter orange and rain = blue and snow = pink). The device of this neon light is connected with Osaka District Meteorological Observatories by the lease line, and is the one that the mechanism that forecast is displayed based on information from there it, was produced by Hitachi Ltd. in 1979(1979), and set up.
It was removed when the neon of this age was renewed, and the belt in three main lines in side was installed afterwards though it hung under the view room out the chapter of the monogram company of Hitachi Ltd. in 2001.
It was updated made in Hitachi in 2001 though an elevator at that time at the time of completed the second generation was made of the Orient Ortis elevator (present and Japanese Ortis elevator).
When the 50th rebuilding anniversary came in 2006, repair work was done. The color of neon was changed besides the shape of a large clock was changed to the octagon by Maru, and it came to stand out more.

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