What makes Hong Kong a Special Administrative Region, unlike other cities in China?
Chapter 1, Article 5 of the Hong Kong Basic Law, reads:
“The socialist system and policies shall not be practised in the HKSAR, and the previous capitalist system and way of life shall remain unchanged for 50 years.”
《基本法》第一章 第五例 ：「香港特別行政區不實行社會主義制度和政策，保持原有的資本主義制度和生活方式，五十年不變。 」
Hong Kong had been a British colony for more than 150 years before 1997.
The first Opium war ended in August 1842 with the signing of China’s first unequal treaty, the Treaty of Nanking 南京條約. The Qing government agreed to cede the HK island to Britain. The territory south of Boundary Street (界限街) in Kowloon was later ceded to Britain in 1860.
In June 1898, other parts of Hong Kong was leased to Britain for 99 years, expiring on June 30, 1997.
Under the British rule, Hong Kong began to have a very different system from that of other part of China. As the 99-year-lease approached, the government of China and Britain reached a deal and signed the “Sino-British Joint Declaration” (中英聯合聲明) in 1984 that would see Hong Kong return to China in 1997, under the principle of "one country, two systems" #一國兩制.
Hong Kong, being part of China, can retain the established system under a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs, for 50 years after reunification.
As a result, Hong Kong has its own legal system, borders, autonomy and rights, including the freedom of speech and assembly.
For instance, Hong Kong is a member of the WTO in its own right, being a full and separate member using the name "Hong Kong, China".
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