關於 how many university in the usa ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

ทำไม เยอรมนี จึงเป็นประเทศแห่ง วิศวกรรม? / โดย ลงทุนแมน
“เยอรมนี” ประเทศที่เป็นสุดยอดแห่งความก้าวหน้าทางวิศวกรรม
ตั้งแต่เครื่องใช้ไฟฟ้า เครื่องจักร ยานยนต์ ไปจนถึงระบบอาณัติสัญญาณรถไฟฟ้า

เครื่องมือเครื่องใช้สัญชาติเยอรมันถึงแม้จะมีราคาสูง...
Continue ReadingWhy is Germany a country of engineering? / By Investing Man
′′ Germany ′′ the top country of engineering advancement
From electrical appliances, automotive to mandatory system, electric car signals.

German Citizenship Tools Even With High Prices
But it comes with more performance, durability and innovation than anyone.

Many companies that are even over 100 years old.
But these German brands still guarantee their unmatched quality and expertise.

And where does Germany's engineering progress come from?

Welcome to the article series ′′ Branding the Nation ′′ branding instead of country.
Episode why is Germany a country of engineering?
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Investman wants to take everyone back to the 19th century industrial revolution era.

As many people already know that
Britain is the first country in the world to have an industrial revolution since July. B.E. 1780
Followed by Belgium and France

While the economy of other countries in Europe is turning through to progress.
Germany just reunited countries by land which is now Germany. Just completely united for the first time on July. Year 1871 which is the same as the reign of King Rama 5 of the Kingdom of Siam.

From the gathering of German tribes led by the Northern Prussian Kingdom.
With little and big south under the lead of Emperor Wilhelm 1
And Prime Minister Ottoffon Bi Mark

The industrial revolution later made Germans not want to waste their time. Try wrong, try right.
To develop the country to thrive.

The important thing in this regard is to put the process of education and research systematically, therefore, the government puts ′′ education reform ′′ first.

Even many European countries have founded the university since medieval times.
But Europe's academics won't be much involved in the business and industry.

Academics are posing as ′′ gentlemen ′′ not doing business and not messing with industrial sector.
The mechanics, technicians, or anyone involved in the industrial sector will be seen as lower than academics.

But German education doesn't look that way..

With Germany's absence of colony and its revolutionizing industrial slower than many countries.
The only thing that could make the Empire that was recently advanced further than others.
It's scientific advancement, especially in ′′ applied science

Under the lead of Bismarck, huge educational budgeting occurred.
Educational welfare is founded in technical college.
Educational emphasis on Technician and Engineering Career Specifically

Berlin's Technical College of Berlin was established in Year B.E. 1879
Developed from the college of mining that was founded in kho. B.E. 1770
This place is currently the Technical University of Berlin (Technische Universität Berlin)

Apart from Berlin
Technical universities are also established at other states around the country during the evacuation time.
Technical University of Darmstutt, established in July. B.E. 1877
Hannopher Technical University established in July B.E. 1879

Having a unique university in Technician and Engineering
Make a lot of workforce and technicians
When these workers graduate, they can enter into industrial sector immediately.

Government also supports universities to cooperate with industrial sector.
There is a collaborative research between academics and businessmen in industry circles.

Engineering research is easily implemented in the business world.
When businesses can make profit, they give money back to support research.
Later on, many big companies start having their own research and development institutions.

Germany's engineering development is growing in a leap.
Especially in the steel industry.

The German Empire Steel Industry Center is located around the Roore River Valley.
Aka Ruhrgebiet (Ruhrgebiet) which is west of the country.
This area is a major source of iron and coal mineral, with an epicenter in Esseen.

But originally, most steel industries use mild steel, these iron are fragile.
Make it not yet applied for much use.

For steel to be stronger and more durable, it is necessary to transform the chemical structure of steel by fusing and filling the mineral into steel.

But ironing requires a very high temperature at the moment, no effective and cost effective stove for production.

How to produce Siemens-Martin Steel
Which was invented in July. 1865 by 2 researchers
One of them is German named Sir Carl Wilhelm Siemens
Created an accelerated steel squid oven that can heat up to 1,500 degrees Celsius.
It's called a pan stove or open hearth furnace.

With education system that strongly connects research and industrial sector.
Not long ago, German steel company brought a new refiner.
xỳāng rwdrĕw application in the steel industry

Led by steel company called ′′ Krupp ′′

Krupp company founded by the Krupp family has a history back to mid 16th century.
There is an office located in Esseen during which German railway expands rapidly.
Esen City becomes the center of the steel industry.
Krupp company also leads to manufacturing metal-based products such as railroad tracks and locomotives.

Alfred Krupp has funded research to find out how to produce steel.
Scholarship to the scholars when a new refiner comes out successfully.
Krupp company has become a leader in global export steel production.
From railroad tracks, development to machinery and factories.

Not long ago, Germany was on board, Europe's major steel manufacturer overtakes England.

Krupp company currently has merged with Thyssen steel company.
Became a ′′ Thyssenkrupp ′′ company.

Even the steel industry is going to lower the role.
But Thyssenkrupp has continued to be a leader in engine parts.
Aircraft, elevator and escalator components.

Apart from the steel industry, another industry in which German engineering knowledge has advanced over many countries during the same time is the electrical industry.
Led by a company called ′′ Siemens ′′

Founder of this company is Werner von Siemens Berlin electric engineer
This is the real brother of Sir Carl Wilhelm Siemens who invented steel production methods.

Werner von Siemens has automatically invented a typed telegram system.
Instead of knocking, using Morse code, then founded Siemens company in July. B.E. 1847

Siemens company has expanded its business across Europe and USA.

Werner von Siemens also the world's first electric elevator developer in July. B.E. 1880
The inventor of mechanical dynamo that transforms mechanical energy into electric energy.
And build an electric bus or Trolley Bus in July. B.E. 1882

Siemens are currently the world's leading electrical engineering company.
There are a variety of products from electronics, electric car, medical tools.
Electric train signal system to wind turbine technology

In addition to Thyssenkrupp and Siemens, the brand is under 100 years old.
Germany also has many engineering companies that all have the same age.

The whole Leica company founded in July. B.E. 1869
Expert in the production of eyelet lenses, medical devices and cameras.

AEG company founded in July. 1883 Manufacturer of large generator and tram system

Osram company separated from Siemens in July. Prof. 1909 is a leader in light bulb technology.

Dedication to developing applied science education and connecting to the business sector, opens new advancements in engineering.
And bring Germany to step up, standing in the front line of the world's leading industrial countries.

But not only the advancements in the steel and electrical industry.

Founded Technical University will produce important people in the science industry.
To take Germany to open the world into a new industry.

Industry that will forever change people's lifestyle
′′ The chemical industry "..

Prepare to meet the article series ′′ Branding the Nation ′′ to build brand instead of country.
In the next episode coming soon..
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Love this article. Must read this book.
′′ 1,000 year world economy ′′
If you want to know the possibilities of the world economy, you need to understand

1,000 year world economy, 6th print.

This book will talk about the history of the world economy since Fri 1100 Keep going until 1100 B.E. 2019

Lazada: https://www.lazada.co.th/products/1000-i714570154-s1368712682.html

Shopee: https://shopee.co.th/product/116732911/6716121161
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References
- Robert C. Allen, World Economic History
- Chattip Nak Supha, History of Comparative Industrial Revolution
-.. .. Chachphon Kolkathada, a war that never won.
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_hearth_furnace
-https://www.thyssenkrupp.com/en/productsTranslated

กรณีศึกษา การใช้ SOFT POWER ของจีนในยุค COVID-19 /โดย ลงทุนแมน
ถ้าพูดถึงประเทศที่ใช้ Soft Power ได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ
เราอาจนึกถึง ประเทศที่ประสบความสำเร็จในการส่งออกทางวัฒนธรรม อย่างเกาหลีใต้หรือญี่ปุ่น
แต่จริงๆ แล้ว Soft Power ไม่ได้มีแค่เรื่องที่เกี่ยวกับวัฒนธรรมเพียงอย่างเดียว
โดยเฉพาะในสถานการณ์ตอนนี้ ที่มีการระบาดอย่างหนักของ COVID-19
จีน กลับเป็นหนึ่งในประเทศที่มีบทบาทโดดเด่นสุด ตอนนี้

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ก่อนอื่นเรามาเริ่มจากการทำความเข้าใจกับคำว่า “Soft Power”

Soft Power มาจากแนวคิดของศาสตราจารย์มหาวิทยาลัยฮาร์วาร์ด ชื่อ Joseph Nye
เป็นการขยายอิทธิพล หรือทำให้ผู้อื่นคล้อยตาม โดยไม่ใช้วิธีการบังคับ
ซึ่ง Soft Power จะเกิดขึ้นจาก 3 ปัจจัยหลัก ได้แก่ วัฒนธรรม ค่านิยม และนโยบายต่างประเทศ

ตัวอย่างประเทศ ที่ประสบความสำเร็จจากการใช้ Soft Power

ฝรั่งเศส ขึ้นชื่อเรื่องอาหาร โดยถือเป็นประเทศที่ได้มิชลินสตาร์มากสุดในโลก
มีสถานที่ท่องเที่ยวที่มีชื่อเสียงหลายแห่ง เช่น หอไอเฟล พิพิธภัณฑ์ลูฟวร์
ทำให้เป็นประเทศที่มีนักท่องเที่ยวต่างชาติเดินทางไปเยือนมากสุดในโลก
คิดเป็นจำนวนเกือบ 90 ล้านคน ในปี 2018

สหราชอาณาจักร มีสื่อที่ได้รับการยอมรับ อย่าง BBC
ซึ่งนับเป็นหนึ่งในสื่อทรงอิทธิพล ที่มีคนดูมากที่สุดในโลก
นอกจากนั้นยังมี Premier League ที่เป็นการแข่งขันฟุตบอลที่ได้รับความนิยมไปทั่วโลก

สหรัฐอเมริกา เรียกได้ว่าเป็นอีกประเทศที่ประสบความสำเร็จในการเผยแพร่วัฒนธรรม
ผ่านอุตสาหกรรมภาพยนตร์ เพลง รวมถึงแบรนด์ที่เราใช้กันในชีวิตประจำวัน
ด้านการศึกษา สหรัฐอเมริกา ถือเป็นประเทศที่มีมหาวิทยาลัยระดับโลกมากสุดในโลก
รวมถึงด้านเทคโนโลยี ก็เป็นต้นกำเนิดของบริษัทอย่าง เฟซบุ๊ก แอปเปิล กูเกิล ไมโครซอฟต์

และอย่างที่รู้กันว่า คู่แข่งที่สำคัญของสหรัฐอเมริกา ก็คือ “จีน”

โดยเฉพาะ เมื่อเกิดเหตุการณ์ที่คาดไม่ถึงอย่าง COVID-19
ซึ่งกลายมาเป็นปัจจัยสำคัญ ในการแข่งขันทางขั้วอิทธิพลระหว่าง 2 ประเทศนี้
และก็ดูเหมือนว่าจีน กำลังทำคะแนนในด้านนี้ได้อย่างโดดเด่น

เพราะแม้ว่าจีน จะเป็นศูนย์กลางการระบาดแห่งแรกๆ
แต่ก็เป็นประเทศที่สามารถจัดการกับ COVID-19 ได้เป็นแห่งแรกๆ เช่นกัน

ซึ่งเมื่อการระบาดแพร่กระจายไปยังประเทศอื่น
จีน ก็ใช้โอกาสนี้ ในการส่งความช่วยเหลือไปให้ทั่วโลก

โดยรัฐบาลจีน ได้มีการส่งอุปกรณ์ที่จำเป็น ไม่ว่าจะเป็นหน้ากากอนามัย ชุดป้องกันเชื้อโรค ชุดตรวจโรค รวมถึงทีมแพทย์ ไปให้กว่า 120 ประเทศ

มีการเผยแพร่ข้อมูลที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการตรวจหาโรค การรักษาโรค และการป้องกันโรค โดยอ้างอิงจากประสบการณ์ที่จีนได้รับมาก่อน

นอกจากนั้น ยังมีการอนุมัติวงเงินกู้ดอกเบี้ยต่ำ และโครงการพักชำระหนี้
ให้กับประเทศซึ่งอยู่ภายใต้โครงการ Belt and Road ที่ได้รับผลกระทบจาก COVID-19

ในส่วนภาคเอกชนของจีนเอง ก็ให้ความร่วมมือและช่วยเหลือในวิกฤติ COVID-19 นี้ไม่แพ้กัน

โดยเฉพาะธุรกิจที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการผลิตอุปกรณ์การแพทย์ การเงิน และการขนส่ง มีการบริจาคอุปกรณ์การแพทย์ ไปยังประเทศต่างๆ

นอกจากนั้นยังมีมูลนิธิของ Alibaba และ Jack Ma ซึ่งบริจาคหน้ากากอนามัยให้เกือบ 100 ประเทศ

มีการเผยแพร่สื่อที่เกี่ยวกับวิธีการรักษาโรคใน 8 ภาษา ลงบนโลกออนไลน์
รวมถึงสร้างแพลตฟอร์มแลกเปลี่ยนข้อมูลแบบเรียลไทม์ที่ชื่อว่า
Global MediXchange for Combating COVID-19 หรือ GMCC

ซึ่งในขณะที่จีนกำลังทำทุกอย่างนี้ สหรัฐอเมริกาที่เป็นพี่ใหญ่ของโลก กลับยังไม่สามารถควบคุมสถานการณ์การระบาดของ COVID-19 ในประเทศได้

ดังนั้น COVID-19 จึงเปรียบเหมือนโอกาสของจีน
ในการสั่นคลอนอิทธิพลของสหรัฐอเมริกา โดยใช้ Soft Power เป็นทรัพยากรที่มีอยู่ในมือ

และถ้าจีน สามารถผลิตวัคซีนได้สำเร็จเป็นประเทศแรก
ก็น่าสนใจไม่น้อยว่า สมดุลขั้วอำนาจระหว่างจีน และสหรัฐอเมริกาจะเปลี่ยนไปอย่างไร

จริงๆ แล้ว ก่อนหน้า COVID-19 จีนได้เริ่มมีการใช้ Soft Power มาสักระยะหนึ่งแล้ว

ในด้านวัฒนธรรม เราจะเห็นได้ว่าทั้งวงการบันเทิง สถานที่ท่องเที่ยว และภาษาจีนที่เริ่มเป็นที่นิยมมากขึ้น ผ่านซีรีส์ ภาพยนตร์ เพลง รวมถึงการให้ทุนการศึกษาจำนวนมากแก่นักเรียนต่างประเทศ

ในด้านการต่างประเทศ ก็มีโครงการ Belt and Road ที่เข้าไปช่วยพัฒนาโครงสร้างพื้นฐานในกว่า 60 ประเทศ

ซึ่งเมื่อมองย้อนกลับมาที่ไทย เราเองก็เป็นประเทศที่มีเอกลักษณ์โดดเด่น

เรามีวัฒนธรรม มวยไทย อาหารไทย ที่ขึ้นชื่อ
เรามีภาพยนตร์ ละคร ศิลปิน ที่เริ่มเป็นที่รู้จักในต่างประเทศ
เรามีสถานที่ท่องเที่ยว ที่ได้รับความนิยมเป็นอันดับต้นๆ ของโลก

และไทยยังได้รับการจัดอันดับว่ามีความมั่นคงทางสุขภาพเป็นอันดับที่ 6 ของโลก

แปลว่าจริงๆ ถ้าเราสามารถวางกลยุทธ์เพื่อบริหารจัดการจุดเด่นเหล่านี้ได้
ประเทศไทยเรา ก็มีศักยภาพในการใช้ Soft Power ได้ไม่แพ้ใครเช่นกัน..
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References
-https://softpower30.com
-https://www.statista.com/…/countries-ranked-by-number-of-i…/
-https://www.weforum.org/…/how-china-s-covid-19-recovery-co…/
-https://www.politico.eu/…/coronavirus-china-winning-propag…/
-https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/…/china-development-bank-…/
A case study of Chinese SOFT POWER in COVID-19 era / by investing manly.
Speaking of countries that use Soft Power effectively
We may think of a country that succeeds in cultural exports like South Korea or Japan.
But really, Soft Power isn't just a cultural thing.
Especially in this situation where COVID-19 outbreak is now.
China is one of the most iconic countries now.

How interesting is this? Investing man will tell you about it.
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First of all, let's start by understanding the word ′′ Soft Power ′′

Soft Power comes from the concept of Harvard University professor named Joseph Nye
Expanding influences or making others follow without a force.
Soft Power will occur from 3 main factors include culture, values and foreign policy.

Examples of successful countries by using Soft Power

France is famous for food. It is the most Michelin star country in the world.
There are many famous attractions such as the Eiffel Tower, Louvre Museum.
Make it the country with foreign tourists to visit the world's most.
As many as 90 million people as 2018

The UK has BBC recognized media
Which is one of the most viewed influential media in the world.
In addition, Premier League is a popular football match all over the world.

USA is called another successful country to publish culture.
Through the film industry, music including brands we use in everyday life.
U.S. education is the country with the world's most universities.
Including technology is the origin of companies like Facebook, Apple, Google, Microsoft.

And as you know, a major U.S. rival is ′′ China

Especially when unexpected events like COVID-19
Which became an important factor in the influential competition between these 2 countries.
And it looks like China is scoring this side outstandingly.

Because although China is the center of the first outbreak.
But it's also a country that can handle COVID-19 as well.

When the outbreak spread to other countries
China also uses this opportunity to send help to the world.

Chinese government has been sent necessary equipment, hygienic mask, anti-germs, examination kit, including medical team to over 120 countries.

Information related to disease detection, treatment and prevention of disease based on the experience China has obtained before.

In addition, low interest loan band approved and debt break project.
To the country under the Belt and Road project affected by COVID-19

In China's private sector, we are cooperating and helping with this COVID-19 crisis.

Specifically, businesses involved in the production of medical equipment, finance and transportation. Medical supplies are donated to different countries.

In addition, Alibaba and Jack Ma's foundation donated almost 100 countries of hygienic masks.

Media has been published on how to cure 8 languages online.
Including creating a real-time data exchange platform called
Global MediXchange for Combating COVID-19 หรือ GMCC

While China is doing everything, the world's big brother USA can't control the COVID-19 outbreak situation in the country.

Therefore, COVID-19 is like China's opportunity.
To shake U.S. influence using Soft Power as a resource on hand.

And if China can successfully produce vaccines first country.
Interesting how the power balance between China and USA will change.

In fact, COVID-19 China has started using Soft Power for a while.

In the culture, we can see that the entertainment industry, attractions and Chinese are becoming more popular through film series, music including scholarships. cuddle students abroad.

In foreign countries, there are Belt and Road projects that help develop infrastructure in over 60 countries.

When I look back at Thailand, I am a unique country.

We have a Thai boxing culture, famous Thai food.
We have a drama film, an artist that started to be known abroad.
We have the world's top popular attractions.

And Thai is also ranked as the world's number 6 health stability.

Really means if we can strategize to manage these highlights.
Thailand, we also have the potential to use Soft Power, not allergic to anyone..
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References
-https://softpower30.com
-https://www.statista.com/statistics/261726/countries-ranked-by-number-of-international-tourist-arrivals/
-https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/how-china-s-covid-19-recovery-could-bolster-its-global-influence/
-https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-china-winning-propaganda-war/
-https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2020/03/27/china-development-bank-provide-financial-support-belt-road-projects-affected-covid-19/Translated

[The Evolution of Religions in India]

In the early days, India had a great civilization. From 3000-2000 BC, Harappa and Mohenjodaro were the great civilizations there. The actual occupants of India who lived there were the Dravidia race. The Dravidia were the indigenous people who have lived in Harrapa which was located in Punjab and North Karachi around 3000-2000 BC [1].

Dravidia was known to believe in politheist that is believing in multiple Gods. This can be segregated into many for instance, God in fertility and God in prosperity [2]. According to Ernest Mackay in his book titled Early Indus Civilizations, most of the Indus worshipped animals such as crocodiles and elephants and trees like peepal [3]. Moreover, rituals such as slaughtering animals were held to be presented in front oftheir Gods. Apart from that, they found a man-made pool where a ritual called “Great Bath” was performed. The “Great Bath” was the holy bath ritual and this was found in Mohenjodaro. The purpose of this worship and ritual was to show their gratitude towards the Gods to receive blessing and prosperity upon them [4].

There is a famous theory interpreted as the change of the India social life structure in those days. This theory relates to Arya entering India. Around 1800-1000 BC, the Arya which was originated from Iran entered India. The word Arya means noble and they were noble race. Their facial features were fair skin with pointed nose and were famous for their art of war. The Dravidia were not good in war and therefore they were defeated by the Arya. Hence, the Dravidia people migrated to the South part of India [5]. The evidence of this war was proven by the archaeologist who performed the excavation in Harappa. They found lots of dead human skeleton which proves that the war happened between Arya and Dravidia and Arya defeated Dravidia. Apart from that, the Harappa city was demolished [6].

Introduction of Monotheism By Arya to India
In India, the structure of the religion was influenced by the Arya until Brahma was introduced or also known as Hindu today. Way before Arya entered India, they had their own belief and it was called Arya Dharma [7]. Dharma means ‘Way of Life’ and therefore Arya Dharma means ‘Arya Way of Life’[8]. The concept of Arya Dharma is that they believe in one God and this is referring to the monotheism [9]. Most of the westerner researchers claimed that Arya Dharma was influenced by the Zoroaster religion which was originated from Iran. This is because there are similarities in the Book of Veda and the Holy Book of Zoroaster that is the Gathas according to Mary Boyce in her research from the Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices.

Another source claims that Arya Dharma was influenced by the Abraham or Ibrahim from Mesopotamia. Prof Uthaya Naidu mentioned in his book titled “Bible of Aryan Invasions: Aryan Invasions & Genocide of Negroes, Semites & Mongols The Bible of Aryan Invasions” that in between 1500 BC and 800 BC there were 4 attacks following by the Aryan entering India. The 4 attacks were called:
1. Arya Rigvedic (1500 BC)
2. Aryan II (1400 BC)
3. Ras Arya Krishnaite (1200 BC)
4. Ras Arya Mahabharata (900-800 BC)

The first invasion which is known as Arya Rigvedic was the major attack caused by Arya to India and fought with Dravidia which was the first people to attack the civilization in Indus river. It resulted in Dravidia was defeated and were expelled to South India. In the following century which was known as the second entry of Arya to India it was known as Indo-Arya civilization. The Arya conquered two main parts in India: Punjab and Doab [10]. After the entrance of Aryan II to India, the Book of Veda was written in Sanskrit as the main language. This is because the Aryan II spread their belief and religion to India. The belief and religion that was brought to India by Arya was influenced by monotheism.
They worshipped a God named Brahman. Apart from that, they also believed in multiple Gods that represents world such as Pretivi as the God of Earth, Surya as the God of Sun, Vayu as the God of Wind, Varuna as the God of Ocean and Agni as the God of Fire [11]. Although the names of the Gods had only existed after the writing of Book of Veda, the spiritual belief towards the Gods were there way before that [12].

Vedic Era
When Aryan started to migrate to India, the mixture of the culture and religion occurred and therefore this was how the Book of Veda was written around 1400 to 1000 BC. It was known as the Vedic Era [13]. The Book of Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Athraya Veda were written based on the mixture of Arya theology and Dravidia. Moreover, they had also written another Holy book which was called Upanishads. The content of Books of Veda and Upanishads were combined and called as the Holy Book of Sruti was revealed [14].

Veda was originally called as Brahma religion and the language of this religion was called the Sanskrit. The believers mastered this language [15]. Originally, the Sanskrit was mastered by the Aryan only. But after mastering the language, the people were slowly not interested to master the language anymore. Hence, the mixture of the Sanskrit language with the language used by Dravidia, came in the new languages such as the Kannada, Telugu and Malayali. These new languages were originated from the ancient language of Proto Dravida which was mixed from the halt of the usage of the Sanskrit by the Brahmin [16].

This is because the Brahmin or the priests of the Brahmin were originally from the Arya clan and therefore, they were responsible to teach the Indians in Sanskrit language [17].

The Birth of Non-Caste Religion in India
In the 7th Century BC, the Brahmin had introduced the caste system that is the hierarchical system [18]. This hierarchical system consisting of religionist, rulers (government), companies and those people who followed the religion. In 600 BC, a ruler for the Jainism religion came into picture and was known as Vardhmana or Mahavira. This religion did not practice the caste system like the Brahma did. The language used in Jainism was Prakrit but this religion was only practiced inside India. No sign of development of this religion outside India.

After a few years later, around 563 BC, the Siddharta Gautama Buddha was born. He introduced his religion which was called Buddha without the caste system. He used Pali as the langugage to convey the religion. He had so many students under him and this made the Buddhism to be spread world wide. When these two religions (Jainism and Buddhism) were developing, the Vedic or the Brahma was slowly degenerating.

The Introduction to the writing of Holy Book of Smriti
As the time, culture and geography changed, the Sanskrit language had diminished. But the effort was still there to make sure that the Sanskrit language preserved. Wendy Doniger mentioned in her book titled The Hindus: An Alternative History that a new wave existed which had historical and saga elements and these books are Mahabhrata and Ramayana. The writing of these scriptures started in 300 BC-200 C and some historians claimed that the writing of the two books started in 400 BC [19].

This time around was known as the Wiracarita where a big epic war occurred between Arjuna, Krishna (Mahabhrata) and Sri Rama (Ramayana). In Mahabhrata, it consists of stories that relates to the existence of multiple Gods that led to the development of the Book of Purana [20]. The writing and the development of this Book was meant to maintain the usage of Sanskrit language among the Aryan people in India.
During 300 BC till 500 C was the time of new development in Brahma. It was known as Puranic time where the writing of the other scriptures began besides the Book of Sruti (Veda and Upanishads) in order to be used in Brahma [21]. The writing of the other Holy Book besides Sruti was known as the writing of Smriti. Among the Holy Books that were written during this time comprising Books of Sutra Dharma, Shastras, Mahabhrata, Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita, Pura and others.

During Puranic time, the construction of the statue of Greece or Hellenism had started to enter India and influenced the Brahma. Apart from that, Dravidia was the main religion that introduced polytheism and it also reflect in the writings of the holy books and Purana story-line. In the early history, the Brahma was not known as worshipperof multiple Gods (polytheism). They only believed in one God. Around 1500 BC to 300 BC (Vedic), no signs of holy statues found and worshipped by the people during that time.

Why the era of Vedic do not have statue?
In the era of vedic (1500 SM- 500 SM), there were no idol or image of God worshipped by the people during that time. It is due to the law which forbid to create idols in the image of God as stated in the book of Veda and Upanishads (Sruti). Furthermore, the book Veda and Upanishads should be their reference. Following verse shows the prohibition of worshipping idols:
1) “na tasya pratima asti
“God do not have any image.” (Yajurveda 32:3)

2) “shudhama poapvidham”
“God do not have established body and it is pure.” (Yajurveda 40:8)

3) “Andhatama pravishanti ye asambhuti mupaste”
“Those worshipper of nature (air, water, fire or soil) will enter darkness and even goes in deeper for those who worship idols.(Yajurveda 40:9)

Even during this era, the characteristics of monotheism of God was emphasized in the Rig Veda and Upanishads.
1) “Ekam sadvipra bahudhaavadanti
“God is one and intelligent people praise God with various name” ( Rigveda book 1: hymn 164 verse 46)

2) “Ekam eva advityam Brahman”[22]
“God is one, there is no two” (Chandogya Upanishad chapter 6 hymn 2 verse 1)
Moreover, there are many verses similar to it but the religion started to grow with the additional Holy Book in year of 300 SM. It is known as the wave writing of the Smriti Book which gave an impact towards Brahma religion till the story of God’s and King’s that rapidly persuaded by own verse interpretations. It can be seen in the book of Mahabhrata and the book of Purana. The book of Purana contained many parts which well known as Mahapurana which divided into 18 books such as;
a) Brahmapurana, b) Padmapurana, c) Visnupurana, d) Bhagavatapurana, e) Naradapurana, f) Markandeypurana, g) Agnipurana, h) Bhavisyapurana, i) Brahmavaiavartapurana, j) Lingapurana, k) Varahapurana, l) Skandapurana, m) Kurmapurana, n) Matsyapurana, o) Garudapurana, dan p) Brahmandapurana.
This book was gathered within a long duration and known as the written period of Puranic. [23] There were mixed and additional information with regards to the question of God in Brahma religion happened in this era. It started from this era which the doctrine of pantheism and polytheism started to expand and grow within the Brahma adherent. The doctrine which believed that everything are able to provide benefits which constituted the elements of God (pantheism), worshipping idols and make God more than one which align with the incarnation of God. It undergo through creature body with various types (avatar) and henotheism.

New command of inventing Idols
The book Purana encourage the Hindu adherent to invent idols. There are text in the book Matsya Purana which explained about it and located under the topic of Arsetektur (base on the reference of I Wayan Maswinara.

“There are idols that must be placed inside the temple. The idol of God Visnu need to be designed with four hands and eight hands. If the design consist of 8 hands, the hand, we must hold the Sankha (Skin of a shell), gada, arrow and lotus. Left hand need to hold the arc, Padma, and a cakra. If they invent only four hands, gada and Padma consist in my right hand while cakra and sankha will be on left hand. Visnu will be pictured by standing on the early. Garuda the king of bird will move around it. Then, Garuda will be at the right leg of Visnu. Idols of Laksmi Goddess will be on the left side of Visnu idols and Laksmi idols need to hold the Lotus flower. The good idols will be created by gold, silver, copper, jewelry, stone, wood and a mix of metal. The size of Gods and Goddess has to be true.”[25]

Same goes to other Gods. Purana has outlined the picture and image of their God until the idols needs to be created. For example, the face and structure of Siva has been outlined in the Purana:
”Idol of Lord Siva need to be created using a loose long hair and need to put a moon on the forehead. The idols need to describe Siva at the age of 16 years old. Siva need to wear clothes which created by animal fur and has snake necklace on his neck. The ear will be attach with peacock fur. If the stick need to be attached, it has to be on the left side. Furthermore, Siva ride on a cow which the idols have two hands and if the idols of Siva is made in situation of dancing, the idols need to consist of 10 hands. Moreover, if the idols is meant to show Lord Siva destroying the Tripura, the idols need to have 16 hands.”[26]
The book of Purana explained the story about the requirement of designing the Idols. It shows the development which do not belongs to the actual teaching of Veda. Even Siva did not mention in the earliest book such as Veda and Upanishads. [27] In the Era in which is the rising of second Hindu religion which there were many additional doctrine of the Veda teaching.
In the era of Puranic, the religion of Hindu was influenced by polytheism. Besides, the development and expanding of worshipping the idols at temples happened. After that, the religion of Brahma started to extinct. During the rulings time of Asoka in India, under the empire of Maurya. King Asoka declared the Buddhism as their official religion. In year 269-232 SM. King Asoka emphasized on the language usage of Pali in order to spread the religion of Buddha. [28]

At the ruling time of Asoka, the development and preaching of Hinduism in India was stunted due to expanding of Buddhism religion rapidly towards the east. After a while, Brahma religion gain new opportunity when the empire of Gupta took over the ruling dominantly in India.

During this era, the usage of Sanskrit language was revived and indicates Hinduism religion as an official religion. Moreover, during the rising of Gupta empire (320 M- 500 M) shows the development of Hinduism traditions which is to create few flow that focuses towards the Lords inside the community. For example, Vaishnavisme ( focused on Vishnu), Shaivisme ( focused on Siva ) and Shaktisme ( focused on head of Goddess). That’s the reason why the Hindu temple was influenced by God from Siva, Vishnu and Devi family. There was no temples focus on Brahma result to different types of Brahma which rarely spoken by the Hindu followers.[29]

Based on Wendy Doniger books entitle The Hindus, the written of Smriti book was successfully completed and gathered during the Gupta empire and was made as reference for Hindu followers. The books of Purana was made as an important reference of the infrastructure of idols inside the temples. The image of Gods inside the temples was majoritydesigned according to the book of Purana.[30] Therefore, the practice of Hinduism in this era are mostly influenced with the development of Puranic and Gupta empire.

Discussion about the Hinduism name.
The word Hindu or Hinduism was not found in any holy book of Hinduism even the word was been newly introduced.[31] Based on Pundit Jawahar LaI Nehru inside the book, Discovery of India, the word Hindu was firstly used by the Persian which refers to the Indus River. They called it as Hindus.[32]

After that, the word Hindu was used by an author from British in the year of 1830. It refers to the teachings and religion professed by the community overthere. Polemic occurred among the scholars in India towards the name of religion professed by the Hindu follower. They embraced the Veda scriptures. They enjoyed with the name Vedanta which means a person who followed the Veda scripture. There is also other name such as Sanatana Dharma which means the eternal truth (natural law). They are also synonym with Brahma religion while the word Hindu do not agree whole among their scholar. Moreover, the word was expand and become a specific name towards the religion embraced by a group of people who follow the Veda scriptures and culture of India.

Conclusion
The original teaching of Veda and Upanishads is emphasized on the concept of monotheism. The concept of God and Goddess was changed whilst entering the era when smriti is written. After that, it developed and expanded through the introduction of types of worshipping according to the classes of their Gods such as Siva, Vishnu and Dewi. It continued till the era which the Hinduism owns the history and faced the up and down phased in a long duration. It also includes the Modern era which consist of few figures such as Ram Mohan Roy, Sri Ramakrishna, Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi and many more that contribute the innovation of ideas towards this teaching.

Key Note:
__________________________________
[1] Before the existent of Dravidia group, theearliest group are as such Negrito and Ausroloid. Dravidia group is a group that developed the big civilization in India and they ruled the place before the coming of Arya group.
[2]Ibid,pg45
[3] Refer to Ernest Mackay, (1948). Early Indus Civilizations, Luzac & Company LTD, London,hlm52-76
[4] Refer to Esa Khalid & Mohd Azhar Abd Hamid, (2005). Beberapa Aspek Tamadun Melayu, India, China dan Jepun, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor,pg 341/ Refer Professor Gavin Flood, (2009). History of Hindusim - www.bbc.co.uk-religions Hinduism- Discussion about the Gods of Hindu also got controversy which is discovering the Proto Siva idols which worshipped by the Dravidia people. The polemic still discussed among the teologent.
[5] That’s the reason why North of India and South of India have significant differences. They were known as Tamil community in South of India and were known as Hindustan community in North of India. The differences not only the face and genetics but the differences in terms of speech, thinking and beliefs.
[6] Refer to Rasamandala Das, (-). The Illustrated Encylopedia of Hinduism, Lorenz Books, Armadillo, page 20-21 / Refer Sihombing,(1962). India: Sejarah dan kebudayaan, Bandung: SumurBandung,no.12.
[7] Flood, Gavin D. (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, pg 3
[8] Refer to Hiltebeitel, Alf (2007). artikel Hinduism. Edited by Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture, RoutledgeCurzon Tylor & Francis Group,London, pg3-6
[9] Mohd Rosmizi Abd Rahman dan rakan-rakan, (2012). Agama-Agama Di Dunia, USIM,NegeriSembilan, pg 37
[10] Refer to Drs. I Ketut Wiana, M. Ag, (2013). Pokok-Pokok Ajaran Hindu, PT Paramita Surabaya, pg 6
[11] Refer to Muhammad Alexander, (2011). Yakjuj & Makjuj 5 Gelombang Pembawa Bencana, PTS, Selangor, pg 311
[12] Interesting discussion by Prof. Uthaya Naidu have a view which the Gods inside Veda was the name of the leaders of Arya Nation when they entered India. One of it is Indra which was known as Lord of Wind. Refer to text Veda which are Rig Veda VIII, 87: 6, Rig Veda IX 73: 5, Rig Veda VI 130: 8, Rig Veda VII 12: 4, it is a text indicates the story of Indra fighting against the black community or known as Dravidia and Koloria during the conquer of India. [13] Refer to Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, pg 185/ Refer Drs. I Ketut Wiana, M. Ag, (2002). Pokok-Pokok Ajaran Hindu, Penerbitan Paramita Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia, pg 6-7/ Refer Abu Su’ud, (1988). Memahami Sejarah Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Selatan, Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Derektorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, no 46
[14] Lihat Rasamandala Das, (-). The Illustrated Encylopedia of Hinduism, Lorenz Books, Armadillo, pg 23.
[15] It is a need to emphasis that Arya Nation did not embraced Hinduism but they brought a new teaching gained by Indo-Arya, according to Prof, Norman Brown inside the Book, Pakistan and Western Asia. The culture of Arya was closer to Zoroaster Avesta holy scriptures which teach oneness of God. Meanwhile Hinduism is a result of syncretism with the culture of others after long time they stayed till the existent of Hinduism today.
[16] Refer to Soegiri DS, (2008). Arus Filsafat, PT Ultimus, Bandung, Indonesia, hlm 244, It is due to the group of Aryan that wants the community to use the Sanskrit language as their medium communication while in earliest phase they used Sanskrit language as a foreign language which do not used by the Dravidia tribes.
[17] Refer to Arnold Toynbee (2004). Sejarah Umat Manusia, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta, pg 189-192.
[18] Eventhough the arguments that Kasta or Varna was introduced in Rig Veda books: 90: 11-12 but the meaning does not refer to some part of the community which built one body. The complicated Kast system was covered with religion which started to develop in the era of 8 SM.
[19] Refer Wendy Doniger, (2009). The Hindus: An Alternative History, Penguin Books, USA, pg 214-230. There are few opinions was written in the year 400 SM such as Molloy, Michael (2008). Experiencing the World's Religions. pg 87 dan Brockington, J. (1998). The Sanskrit Epics, Leiden pg 26 and Van Buitenen; The Mahabharata, Jilid. 1; The Book of the Beginning. Introduction.
[20] Refer Ananda K. Coomarasmawy & Sister Nivedita, (2016). Myths Of The Hindus And Buddhists, Dover Publications, New York, pg 4-10.
[21] Furthermore, they faced downturn era in between the duration of Puranic.
[22] Max Muller translated: “In the beginning,’my dear,’ my dear,’there was that only which is (τὸ ὄν), one only, without a second. Others say, in the beginning there was that only which is not (τὸ μὴ ὄν), one only, without a second; and from that which is not, that which is was born.”
[23] Differences occurred among the Indologist regards to the date of Purana firstly written. Based on Wendy Doniger also did research about the age of the Purana scriptures written and they identified it was around 250 M-1000 M. It started with Matsya Purana and Markandey Purana around 250 M and end with Linga Purana around 1000 M.
[24] Avatar was an incarnation or the birth of God in a form of human such as Lord Visnu. Lord Visnu came down to the earth through incarnation and become Sri Rama, Krishna and Buddha.
[25] Refer to I Wayan Maswinara, (2002). Matsya Purana, PT Paramita, Surabaya, pg 88-89.
[26] Ibid pg 89
[27] Siva’s name was not found in the Veda and Upanishads scriptures. It was introduced in the era of Puranic. Their scholars have an opinion about the character of Siva inside the Veda which is Rudra. Refer to Stephen Knapp (2010). Avatars, Gods and Goddesses of Vedic Culture,hlm4.
[28] Refer to Azharudin Mohd Dali, (2004). Tamadun India, Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka, KualaLumpur,hlm93-94
[29] Refer to Professor Gavin Flood, (2009). History of Hindusim - www.bbc.co.uk-religions Hinduism: Safe to say that there wasn’t a Brahma Temple
[30] Refer to Wendy Doniger, (2009). The Hindus: An Alternative History, Penguin Books, USA, pg 370-405
[31] Refer to James Hansting and others (-) Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Jilid 6 pg 699
[32] Inside Zend Avesta scriptures, the usage word of Hapta-Hendu refers to India. Refer to Zend Avesta, Vendidad: Fargard 1. 8

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