【#TheDiplomat: 沈旭暉隨緣家書英文版🇭🇰】很久沒有向國際關係評論網 The Diplomat 供稿,但國際線十分重要,不應放棄。這次他們希望分享23條、國安法、反恐法風雨欲來的「新香港」前瞻,願國際社會能多了解快將出現的危機:
While the world is preoccupied with a fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, Beijing has been tightening its political grip on all aspects of Hong Kong’s civil society. Rumor has it that Beijing will push through legislating national security laws under Article 23 of Hong Kong’s Basic Law by unconventional means, such as massively disqualifying pro-democratic legislators or even directly applying a national law, widely argued as a major step to destroy the rights and freedom of Hong Kongers, and bring Chinese authoritarianism to Hong Kong.
After the 2019 protests, the administration of Carrie Lam, who theoretically is still leading the special administrative region of China, has little political capital at stake, with its legitimacy reaching rock bottom. The pro-government camp has dwindling prospects for the city’s upcoming Legislative Council election. The government‘s ”nothing to lose“ mentality is apparent from its recent blatant reinterpretation of the Basic Law’s Article 22 (another article that limits the influence of China’s offices in Hong Kong’s internal affairs). The debate is nothing new, but the pressure this time is quite different.
This article highlights the different strategies Beijing could adopt to enact Article 23 insidiously or under disguise to avoid backlash from the international community, while continuing to reap benefits from the city’s globally recognized special status. This seems to be part of Beijing’s brinkmanship to bring Hong Kong protesters and their supporters to their knees and move the city closer to authoritarianism. To counter these moves, Hong Kongers must define the boundaries beyond which Hong Kong falls into authoritarian rule and make a case as to why the city’s downfall is detrimental to the international community‘s interest.
The Long-Term Controversy Over National Security Laws
Back in 2003, the implementation of Article 23 was thwarted by the moderate pro-establishment politician James Tien. In face of overwhelming public disapproval of the law, he withdrew support and votes from his Liberal Party. However, 17 years later, it is hard to imagine Beijing following the old legislative playbook: start with a public consultation, followed by public discourse and political debate, and end with the majority rule. This playbook only works in peaceful societies ruled by a trustworthy government with integrity.
The aftermath of 2003, as well as the 2019 protests, should have taught Beijing and the Hong Kong government a lesson: pushing through national security legislation in a flawed parliament controlled by the minority pro-government camp would inevitably set off another full city-scale protest — and undoubtedly more fierce and focused this time. Given the current government’s numerous displays of dishonesty, it is conceivable that they will embark on a less-traveled path to implement Article 23.
Strategy One: “Anti-Terrorism”
In principle, one possible strategy could be to directly enact Chinese national law across Hong Kong, which can be achieved by declaring a state of emergency in the city. However, this is risky business as it would tarnish the integrity of “one country two systems” and subsequently Hong Kong’s international standing. Beijing, a risk-averse regime, is also unwilling to see Hong Kong’s status as a middleman for laundering money disappear into thin air.
Instead, Beijing could be concocting a narrative that would see Chinese national law applied to Hong Kong while not damaging Hong Kong’s international standing and Beijing’s own interests. The key word in this script is “anti-terrorism.” As early as 2014, pro-Beijing scholars have been claiming the emergence of “local terrorist ideology” on Hong Kong soil. Since the anti-extradition bill protests last year, government rhetoric frequently described the protests, which caused no deaths at all in the entire year, with phrases like “inclination to terrorist ideology.” That was a signal to the world that Hong Kong’s internal conflicts had ballooned into a national security issue. This gives the government the legitimacy to justify the implementation of Chinese national laws across the highly autonomous region to counter terrorism. The Chinese government knows that if it can persuade the world that terrorism exists in Hong Kong, and that it is as severe as the terror threat facing many other nations today, the international community will be less critical of Beijing’s actions in Hong Kong. Enacting Chinese laws directly is a convenient path that will save Beijing from having to tackle Hong Kong’s internal conflicts, basically turning the Hong Kong issue into a nonissue.
Strategy Two: Stacking the Legislature by Disqualifying Candidates
An even bolder strategy was probably foretold by a recent incident where the Hong Kong government and Beijing’s agencies for Hong Kong affairs (HKMAO and the Liaison Office) jointly criticized lawmaker Dennis Kwok for filibustering, framing it as “misconduct in public office” and “violating his oath.” It is incomprehensible to claim that filibustering goes against a lawmaker’s main duty; rather, it is common understanding that legislative work includes debating the law and representing public opinion against unreasonable laws. In a parliament controlled by the minority, pro-democratic members representing the majority of Hong Kongers are forced to express their objections using means like filibustering. Wouldn’t a lack of different political opinions turn the legislative branch into a rubber-stamp institution?
The above allegation has set a dangerous precedent for twisting the logic behind a certain provision in the Basic Law to target opposing lawmakers. In other words, to fulfill Beijing’s interpretation of the principal requirement for holding public office in Hong Kong, one could be required to take a meticulously legalistic approach to uphold the Basic Law down to its every single wording. A public official, by this new definition, not only needs to support “one country, two systems” or object Hong Kong independence, but also must abide by every single provision in the Basic Law. Worst of all, based on the previous cases, whether an official’s words or actions oversteps a provision is up to Beijing’s interpretation of his/her “intent.”
If this approach is applied, in the next election, there might be additional official questions for screening candidates like the following: “The Basic Law states that the enactment of Article 23 is a constitutional duty. Failing to support Article 23 legislation violates the Basic Law. Do you support it?” This question would suffice to disqualify even moderate or even pro-establishment candidates like James Tien. Even if any pro-democratic candidates were elected, once Article 23 re-enters the legislative process, they could risk ouster by raising objections.
Despite the absurdity of this tactic, the Chinese regime may just be tempted enough if such a strategy could resolve two of China’s current nuisances — voices of dissent in the Legislative Council and the previous failure to implement Article 23.
Strategy Three: The “Boiling Frog Effect”
Article 23 is not yet implemented, but the dystopian world that the protesters pictured in 2003 is already becoming reality. Regular citizens have been persecuted for “sedition” for sharing their views on social media or participating in legal protests; workers face retaliation for taking part in strikes; corporations are pressured to publicly side with the government’s stance; employees who have the “wrong” political views are fired; schools have been closely monitored for teaching material; protest-supporting fundraisers were framed for money laundering; a retweet or like may lead to persecution, under a colonial-era law. Only now have Hong Kongers woken up to their new reality — although the Basic Law technically protects citizens’ rights to speak, rally, march, demonstrate, and go on strike, the government could enfeeble civil rights by bending antiquated laws and legal provisions. The frequent abuse of law enforcement power on a small scale, such as improper arrests and police violence, is desensitizing the public and the international community. In a few years, Hong Kong will become unrecognizable. This is indeed a clever play on Beijing’s part to slowly strip away Hong Kong’s autonomy and freedom, without causing much international attention.
Counter-Strategies Against Beijing’s Brinkmanship
Beijing’s overarching goal is to hollow out Hong Kong but, at the same time, avoid major backlash from the international community, which could spell the end of the privileged global status of Hong Kong not granted to other Chinese cities. Beijing also aims at preventing single incidents that could cascade down into mass protests as seen in 2003, 2014, and 2019; and eliminating any resistance forces from within Hong Kong’s legislature. The tactics outlined above are typical in a game of brinkmanship.
In response, Hong Kongers in Hong Kong and on the so-called “international frontline” must know their strengths and bargaining chips on this negotiating table with Beijing.
Unlike Xinjiang and Tibet, Hong Kong is a city with transparency and free flow of information. Hong Kongers need to make a case to the world that the protests are not acts of terrorism. Some suggestions include comparing the Hong Kong protests to similar struggles in 20 or so other counties in the world at the present time, none of which were classified as terrorism; collecting a large amount of concrete evidence of the disproportionate use of force by the Hong Kong police; and showing how enacting Chinese national laws in Hong Kong will end the city’s autonomy and spell disaster for international community‘s interests.
The Legislative Council is the institution that can counteract Beijing’s “boiling frog” strategy and to keep Hong Kongers’ hope alive in the system. Those who plan to run for legislative office must be prepared to be disqualified from running. If only individuals are banned, there need to be alternative candidates as back-up plans. However, if and when the disqualification process is applied broadly to entire camps of candidates (for example, all who object to Article 23), the pro-democracy camp must make a strong case to the Hong Kong and global public that this is the endgame for Hong Kong democracy. Then the incumbent popularly elected legislators will hold the internationally recognized mandate from the public and serve as the last resistance.
These recommendations delineates how the slogan “if we burn, you burn with us,” often seen in the protests, may play out in the game of international relations. If the national security laws are “passed” by a legislature that is jury-rigged in this manner, or if related national laws are directly implemented in Hong Kong, Hong Kongers should signal clearly to the world that it goes way beyond the promised “one country, two systems.” Crossing this red line by Beijing should be seen by the world as a blunt violation of its promised autonomy to Hong Kongers. At that time, if the international community led by the United States and the United Kingdom decided to revoke the “non-sovereignty entity” status of Hong Kong and regard the SAR as an ordinary Chinese city, it shouldn’t come as a surprise.
Dr. Simon Shen is the Founding Chairman of GLOs (Glocal Learning Offices), an international relations start-up company. He also serves as an adjunct associate professor in the University of Hong Kong, Chinese University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and associate director of the Master of Global Political Economy Programme of the CUHK. The author acknowledges Jean Lin, Coco Ho, Chris Wong, Michelle King, and Alex Yap for their assistance in this piece.
▶️ 高度自治 vs 全面管治
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwt8wZl8jHQ
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過3萬的網紅Eric's English Lounge,也在其Youtube影片中提到,為何英文能力無法提升? 學生的語言能力可分成兩種,一種是基本人際交談能力(Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills丶BICS),另一種則是認知和學術的語言能力(Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency丶CALP) ,意指...
「how to set long-term goal」的推薦目錄:
how to set long-term goal 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的精選貼文
[教育時評] 成長心態的十大必知 10 Must-Knows for a Growth Mindset
透過持續的完成人生的短期與長期目標,我們在探索和反省中逐漸了解自我,從而找到人生目標。擁有人生目標便可有效制定更明確的長短期目標,從而有規劃的活出自己想要的人生。
然而人生目標形成與達成皆需要經歷許多人生的歷練,制定相關的精準目標有需經歷探索,那年輕的同學到底要如何在尚未明確的現階段來設定目標?
每一個人完成探索目標的時間當然不同,過程中我們的目標也會不停的變動,甚至許多人可能一輩子也未必能覺察自己的人生目標。然而透過一個彈性的成長心態 (a flexible growth mindset)和他人指導,我們可以更有效率輔助自己建立和完成目標。
以下是我透過自身經驗,並參考近代教育理論與心理學,幫同學寫的「成長心態的10個必知 / 10 Must Knows」,以便更進一步的探討如何建立和達成自己的目標:
★★★★★★★★★★★★
1. Know what you want in life. While short-term goals may be ever-changing, you can start by having an overall sense of purpose or change that you want to make. For me, it was initially to have financial stability but eventually transformed to contributing to educational leadership. Having an overall purpose can help you align your short-term objectives with long-term goals, making accomplishing them far more efficient and motivating.
知道自己的目的。儘管短期目標可能會發生變化,但你應該對目標或要做出的改變有全面的認知。 對我來說,最初的目標是財務穩定,但最終轉變為對教育領導的貢獻。有一個總體目標可以幫助自己保持短期目標與長期目標的一致,從而更有效、更有動力地實現這些目標。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
2. Know that you can solve your problems and make changes in your life. While we all have different problems, and there is no guarantee we can resolve all issues, working towards a positive change will benefit you regardless of the outcome. You must know that you have the capacity for positive change.
知道自己有能力解決問題,儘管並不是所有的問題都能自己解決。每個問題都是成長和學習的機會。首先寫下問題,然後積極面對,並在有需要時尋求他人協助。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
3. Know that you can develop the skills and abilities you need to make changes through consistent effort and the development of your unique strengths. Everyone is talented in different ways but persistence is what develops talents into invaluable skills you can use to empower yourself and achieve your goals. We do not all need to be as talented as Olympic athletes to achieve the success we need in life.
知道自己可以通過持續不斷的努力和個體優勢的發展來獲得所需的能力。每個人擅長的事物皆有所不同,通過經年累月的工作和學習將自己的才能進一步發展為寶貴的技能。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
4. Know that consistently meeting small and realistic objectives that align with your bigger goals and purpose is the most efficient way to achievement. Do not try to accomplish too many things at once or your might not accomplish anything at all in the end. Set realistic goals that you can adjust and achieve a step at a time.
知道實現與長期目標相符的短期目標是達成人生目標最有效的方法。確定目標實現的優先順序,不要試圖一次完成太多的事情,否則最終可能徒勞無功。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
5. Know that achieving your goals take time and consistent effort. You must make plans and keep schedules to keep yourself from procrastinating. Do not think you can reach your end goal in a week and then be disappointed by your failure. Taking a small step each day will enable you to make great strides in life. You must also prioritize which objectives to meet first and have a plan for doing so. Consult your mentors, parents, and peers, have a discussion, and come up with your own plan.
知道實現目標需要時間和持續不斷的努力。制定計劃並表操課以免拖延。不要期待自己會在一周內達到最終目標,然後對失敗感到失望。每天走一小步就能使生活大步向前。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
6. Know that you may fail along the way, but every failure can bring you closer to achievement. However, know that failing only brings growth when you self-reflect and make changes. Do not just keep repeating mistakes.
知道自己可能會失敗,但是每一次失敗都會更接近成就。然而,只有自省並做出改變,失敗才會帶來成長。不要只是重複之前的錯誤。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
7. Know that role models, mentors, and teachers can take you to the next level. Actively seek out your role models and mentors and learn from your competitors and peers. Actively seek out talented and experienced individuals to guide you and work to earn their trust and guidance. Do not expect everyone to come to you and help you for no reason. Why should they? Be humble and be grateful.
知道榜樣、指導者甚至競爭對手都可以將自己帶到全新的高度。積極尋找榜樣和指導者,並向競爭對手學習。積極尋求有才華與經驗豐富的人的協助,並努力贏得他們的信任和指導。不要指望每個人都會無緣無故地幫忙。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
8. Know that collaboration will enable you to accomplish success on a much larger scale. Every successful person has a partner or a team behind them. There is only so much you can learn and do on your own, and you must work with talented and trustworthy people from every domain.
知道協作能使自己更大程度地取得成功。每個成功的人都有一個團隊。每個人精力有限,你需要與各領域的強者一起工作。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
9. Know that opportunities are created, not given. By actively seeking, learning, planning, and pursuing ways to accomplish your goals, you are creating new opportunities every day. Listen to advice but do not be limited by boundaries set by others. Take calculated risks and walk your own unique path.
知道主動創造機會,而不是被動等待。通過積極尋求、學習、規劃與追求實現目標,每天為自己創造新的機會。聽取建議,但不受限於他人所設的障礙。走自己的獨特道路。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
10. Know that helping others help yourself. When we aid those less disadvantaged, we are building a more inclusive, equitable, and prosperous community. Such a supportive community leads to the exchange of diverse ideas, collaboration, innovation and positive changes, all of which will help yourself. Medical studies have also revealed that helping others enhances our own emotional-well beings. By helping others, you are helping yourself.
知道助人者自助。雖然從不同的角度出發,但我們都能以自己獨特的方式對周圍的人產生積極影響,並實現自己的人生目標。
Educational Equity (教育公平): http://bit.ly/2NvyQR3
Eric's English Lounge 的宗旨與目標: https://goo.gl/fFUBWe
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Motivation to Learn 學習的動力: http://bit.ly/2RjscPb
How to Set & Achieve Goals 如何制定短期目標: http://bit.ly/2Rdi0aU
Growth mindset poster: https://www.openrecruitmentlimited.co.uk/fixed-mindset-v-gr…
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Sources
http://exploresel.gse.harvard.edu/terms/530
https://www.psychologytoday.com/…/in-helping-others-you-hel…
https://www.theatlantic.com/…/how-kids-really-succe…/480744/
https://www.scientificamerican.com/…/debate-arises-over-te…/
https://www.npr.org/…/angela-duckworth-responds-to-a-new-cr…
https://www.washingtonpost.com/…/the-problem-w…/&prev=search
Image source: https://www.openrecruitmentlimited.co.uk/fixed-mindset-v-gr…
★★★★★★★★★★★★
喜歡我這一系列的文章, 也麻煩按個讚留言「 I want to have a growth mindset!」越多分享我就越有motivation寫下一篇文章!
對Growth Mindset有興趣的同學也可以參考Alexander Wang 王梓沅英文的粉絲團喔!
★★★★★★★★★★★★
教育時評: http://bit.ly/39ABON9
how to set long-term goal 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最讚貼文
[教育時評] 成長心態的十大必知 10 Must-Knows for a Growth Mindset
透過持續的完成人生的短期與長期目標,我們在探索和反省中逐漸了解自我,從而找到人生目標。擁有人生目標便可有效制定更明確的長短期目標,從而有規劃的活出自己想要的人生。
然而人生目標形成與達成皆需要經歷許多人生的歷練,制定相關的精準目標有需經歷探索,那年輕的同學到底要如何在尚未明確的現階段來設定目標?
每一個人完成探索目標的時間當然不同,過程中我們的目標也會不停的變動,甚至許多人可能一輩子也未必能覺察自己的人生目標。然而透過一個彈性的成長心態 (a flexible growth mindset)和他人指導,我們可以更有效率輔助自己建立和完成目標。
以下是我透過自身經驗,並參考近代教育理論與心理學,幫同學寫的「成長心態的10個必知 / 10 Must Knows」,以便更進一步的探討如何建立和達成自己的目標:
★★★★★★★★★★★★
1. Know what you want in life. While short-term goals may be ever-changing, you can start by having an overall sense of purpose or change that you want to make. For me, it was initially to have financial stability but eventually transformed to contributing to educational leadership. Having an overall purpose can help you align your short-term objectives with long-term goals, making accomplishing them far more efficient and motivating.
知道自己的目的。儘管短期目標可能會發生變化,但你應該對目標或要做出的改變有全面的認知。 對我來說,最初的目標是財務穩定,但最終轉變為對教育領導的貢獻。有一個總體目標可以幫助自己保持短期目標與長期目標的一致,從而更有效、更有動力地實現這些目標。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
2. Know that you can solve your problems and make changes in your life. While we all have different problems, and there is no guarantee we can resolve all issues, working towards a positive change will benefit you regardless of the outcome. You must know that you have the capacity for positive change.
知道自己有能力解決問題,儘管並不是所有的問題都能自己解決。每個問題都是成長和學習的機會。首先寫下問題,然後積極面對,並在有需要時尋求他人協助。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
3. Know that you can develop the skills and abilities you need to make changes through consistent effort and the development of your unique strengths. Everyone is talented in different ways but persistence is what develops talents into invaluable skills you can use to empower yourself and achieve your goals. We do not all need to be as talented as Olympic athletes to achieve the success we need in life.
知道自己可以通過持續不斷的努力和個體優勢的發展來獲得所需的能力。每個人擅長的事物皆有所不同,通過經年累月的工作和學習將自己的才能進一步發展為寶貴的技能。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
4. Know that consistently meeting small and realistic objectives that align with your bigger goals and purpose is the most efficient way to achievement. Do not try to accomplish too many things at once or your might not accomplish anything at all in the end. Set realistic goals that you can adjust and achieve a step at a time.
知道實現與長期目標相符的短期目標是達成人生目標最有效的方法。確定目標實現的優先順序,不要試圖一次完成太多的事情,否則最終可能徒勞無功。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
5. Know that achieving your goals take time and consistent effort. You must make plans and keep schedules to keep yourself from procrastinating. Do not think you can reach your end goal in a week and then be disappointed by your failure. Taking a small step each day will enable you to make great strides in life. You must also prioritize which objectives to meet first and have a plan for doing so. Consult your mentors, parents, and peers, have a discussion, and come up with your own plan.
知道實現目標需要時間和持續不斷的努力。制定計劃並表操課以免拖延。不要期待自己會在一周內達到最終目標,然後對失敗感到失望。每天走一小步就能使生活大步向前。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
6. Know that you may fail along the way, but every failure can bring you closer to achievement. However, know that failing only brings growth when you self-reflect and make changes. Do not just keep repeating mistakes.
知道自己可能會失敗,但是每一次失敗都會更接近成就。然而,只有自省並做出改變,失敗才會帶來成長。不要只是重複之前的錯誤。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
7. Know that role models, mentors, and teachers can take you to the next level. Actively seek out your role models and mentors and learn from your competitors and peers. Actively seek out talented and experienced individuals to guide you and work to earn their trust and guidance. Do not expect everyone to come to you and help you for no reason. Why should they? Be humble and be grateful.
知道榜樣、指導者甚至競爭對手都可以將自己帶到全新的高度。積極尋找榜樣和指導者,並向競爭對手學習。積極尋求有才華與經驗豐富的人的協助,並努力贏得他們的信任和指導。不要指望每個人都會無緣無故地幫忙。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
8. Know that collaboration will enable you to accomplish success on a much larger scale. Every successful person has a partner or a team behind them. There is only so much you can learn and do on your own, and you must work with talented and trustworthy people from every domain.
知道協作能使自己更大程度地取得成功。每個成功的人都有一個團隊。每個人精力有限,你需要與各領域的強者一起工作。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
9. Know that opportunities are created, not given. By actively seeking, learning, planning, and pursuing ways to accomplish your goals, you are creating new opportunities every day. Listen to advice but do not be limited by boundaries set by others. Take calculated risks and walk your own unique path.
知道主動創造機會,而不是被動等待。通過積極尋求、學習、規劃與追求實現目標,每天為自己創造新的機會。聽取建議,但不受限於他人所設的障礙。走自己的獨特道路。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
10. Know that helping others help yourself. When we aid those who are disadvantaged, we are building a more inclusive, equitable, and prosperous community. Such a supportive community leads to the exchange of diverse ideas, collaboration, innovation and positive changes, all of which will help yourself. Medical studies have also revealed that helping others enhances our own emotional-well beings. By helping others, you are helping yourself.
知道助人者自助。雖然從不同的角度出發,但我們都能以自己獨特的方式對周圍的人產生積極影響,並實現自己的人生目標。
Educational Equity (教育公平): http://bit.ly/2NvyQR3
Eric's English Lounge 的宗旨與目標: https://goo.gl/fFUBWe
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Motivation to Learn 學習的動力: http://bit.ly/2RjscPb
How to Set & Achieve Goals 如何制定短期目標: http://bit.ly/2Rdi0aU
Growth mindset poster: https://www.openrecruitmentlimited.co.uk/fixed-mindset-v-growth-mindset
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Sources
http://exploresel.gse.harvard.edu/terms/530
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/between-cultures/201805/in-helping-others-you-help-yourself
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/06/how-kids-really-succeed/480744/
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/debate-arises-over-teaching-growth-mindsets-to-motivate-students/
https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/05/25/479172868/angela-duckworth-responds-to-a-new-critique-of-grit
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2016/05/10/the-problem-with-teaching-grit-to-poor-kids-they-already-have-it-heres-what-they-really-need/&prev=search
Image source: https://www.openrecruitmentlimited.co.uk/fixed-mindset-v-growth-mindset
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喜歡我這一系列的文章, 也麻煩按個讚留言「 I want to have a growth mindset!」越多分享我就越有motivation寫下一篇文章!
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教育時評: http://bit.ly/39ABON9
how to set long-term goal 在 Eric's English Lounge Youtube 的最佳貼文
為何英文能力無法提升?
學生的語言能力可分成兩種,一種是基本人際交談能力(Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills丶BICS),另一種則是認知和學術的語言能力(Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency丶CALP) ,意指學生所需擁有的較高層次語言以完成學校的課業,、或是在以學科內容為基礎的環境下,透過較複雜的口語或寫作來傳達對某學科的資訊、概念、分析及論點。
BICS會話語言的學習並不太困難。對學生來說,難點在於CALP學術語言的使用,學生一般要求更長時間才能把握學術語言。會話語言十分依賴說話的語境,依賴語境的語言使用方式傾向於把世界建構成變動不居、正在發生的「事」,讓人參與、互動,建構切身的經驗;學術語言盡量獨立於特定的語境,把世界建構成存在的、凝定下來的「物」,讓人能夠超越個人經驗,整體把握或層分細析。無疑,沒人可以否認切身體驗是學習知識的一個極重要途徑,但個人化的經驗只能提供較狹隘的世界知識,而且往往不夠典型而富誤導性。通過學術語言,人接觸到紛紜的世界知識,這是難以由其他途徑獲得的,因而具學術語言能力的人較能超越語境地思考,給人提供了獨特的機會掌握陳述知識。忽略學術語言能力的訓練,對學生的語文能力發展是一個災難。
資料來自「說話能力架構芻議」:
林偉業、羅燕琴和潘溫文:〈說話能力架構芻議〉,2014 年9月 14 日
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如何牢記和應用剛學到的英文單詞?
https://goo.gl/Z5nyVm
「心智圖詞彙攻略」課程連結: https://bit.ly/2teELDq
★★★★★★★★★★★★
如何加強自己的CALP/How to Improve CALP:
• Hold book reviews and analyze different viewpoints
• Hold formal discussions and debates
• Do group writing for academic essays
• Teach others academic topics
• Always read, analyze, and write academic articles
加強自己英文的步驟/How to Improve Your English:
1. Have a long-term learning goal and short-term objectives
2. You can choose to take a standardized assessment to determine your starting point
3. Find an experienced teacher to help you set up a study plan
4. Learn, practice, and use all four domains of English (Speaking, Listening, Reading, and Writing)
5. Study by yourself and with others
6. Always seek help and ask for feedback
7. Periodically assess your progress
8. Adjust your study plan according to your assessments and feedback from teachers
提升英文口說能力的五大關鍵: https://goo.gl/usRqGd
資料來源:
http://www.cavesbooks.com.tw/CET/ArtContent_tw.aspx?CDE=ART20130815104035RP5
林偉業、羅燕琴和潘溫文:〈說話能力架構芻議〉,2014 年9月 14 日
音樂來源:
https://www.bensound.com
為何英文能力無法提升?
學生的語言能力可分成兩種,一種是基本人際交談能力(Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills丶BICS),另一種則是認知和學術的語言能力(Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency丶CALP) ,意指學生所需擁有的較高層次語言以完成學校的課業,、或是在以學科內容為基礎的環境下,透過較複雜的口語或寫作來傳達對某學科的資訊、概念、分析及論點。
BICS會話語言的學習並不太困難。對學生來說,難點在於CALP學術語言的使用,學生一般要求更長時間才能把握學術語言。會話語言十分依賴說話的語境,依賴語境的語言使用方式傾向於把世界建構成變動不居、正在發生的「事」,讓人參與、互動,建構切身的經驗;學術語言盡量獨立於特定的語境,把世界建構成存在的、凝定下來的「物」,讓人能夠超越個人經驗,整體把握或層分細析。無疑,沒人可以否認切身體驗是學習知識的一個極重要途徑,但個人化的經驗只能提供較狹隘的世界知識,而且往往不夠典型而富誤導性。通過學術語言,人接觸到紛紜的世界知識,這是難以由其他途徑獲得的,因而具學術語言能力的人較能超越語境地思考,給人提供了獨特的機會掌握陳述知識。忽略學術語言能力的訓練,對學生的語文能力發展是一個災難。
資料來自「說話能力架構芻議」:
林偉業、羅燕琴和潘溫文:〈說話能力架構芻議〉,2014 年9月 14 日
★★★★★★★★★★★★
「心智圖詞彙攻略」線上課程: https://bit.ly/2teELDq
「心智圖詞彙攻略」Q&A: https://wp.me/p44l9b-1Wt
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/u0yqyaxaQps/hqdefault.jpg)