關於 it related article ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

台灣創新的基礎仍待國會多多支持

由這幾天的趨勢，看起來台灣的疫情在指揮中心拼命防堵之下，只要大家維持社交好習慣的配合，應該有機會控制下來。真的是天佑台灣，在如此險峻條件下，我們守起來了！台灣屢屢展現在一堆人士的唱衰中，堅挺屹立，實在要更有信心面對艱困的未來以及不斷地挑戰。

當然，光是信心並不夠，面對未知的將來，還是要有更多準備才行。我們都習慣講見賢思齊，讓我們來看看科技的強權，美國，最近做了什麼？

上個月初（六月八日），在台灣正為疫情及疫苗之亂所困之際，美國國會通過了非常重要的《美國創新與競爭法案》。這個法案也號稱是拜登政府上任最重要政策之一。當時，因為台灣疫情緊繃，似乎沒有多少人特別關注，頂多是講一下說，美國發現半導體很重要，特別訂定專法及經費要加強推動等等。事實上，這是一個非常關鍵且重要的科學基礎紮根計畫，大體而言，這個法案有數個特點：

ㄧ、將大家熟知的美國國家科學委員會（National Science Foundation)改為國家科學及技術委員會(National Science and Technology Foundation)，兩位副主委，一管科學，一管技術。法案中甚至特別強調出，技術副主委的重要職責之一是，Increasing federally-funded research and development to achieve national goals related to economic competitiveness, domestic manufacturing, national security, shared prosperity, energy and the environment, health, education and workforce development, and transportation。這與我離職前向蔡總統建議的，將科技部改制為國家科學與技術委員會，走向完全一致。科技不能只是自己專注研發，必須前接人才教育，後接經濟發展能力，這是科技時代的必要趨勢。

二、未來五年內（2022-2026)，選定十項科學與技術項目（如附資料），預定至少投入1100億美元以上，交由新的ＮＳＴＦ用於協助高教及研發機構，針對選定項目做基礎及前瞻研究。展現美國面對未來科技的謹慎和視野，唯有回到基礎的科學根本，才能帶領人類向前跳躍，找到更多創新機會。

三、再度強化STEM教育的重要，未來五年提撥至少五十億美元，用於強化人才培育的STEM教育。STEM教育這幾年在教育界也是很響亮的口號， STEM指的分別是，Science(科學）、Technology（技術）、Engineering(工程）、Mathematics(數學），正是為來人才走近高科技的必備基礎訓練。但在台灣，STEM 不只在國教中被弱化，更在未來高教的選材上被邊緣化，據說，未來甚至於，大學端的理工生醫等重要學科的入學考試中，根本被放生！台灣十年、二十年後，高科技的人才來源岌岌可危！

對國家長程的未來那麼重要的法案，在拜登政府和國會成員上任短短不到一年內完成立法程序！當然，這也可以看成是美國全民的鼎力支持，才能讓法案順利通過。

台灣的國會、台灣的政府，我們的國會、我們的政府當然也應該做得到，也應該看得到。這不是一兩年內會有大變化、或大政績的工作，但是不做，台灣在未來的競爭力將逐年慢慢減弱。但是，無論是政府、國會，他們的力量還是來自全民的支持，唯有台灣能有一股力量支持，督促政府、國會去思考這些長程競爭力的必要工作，政府、國會才能從每天焦頭爛額
的政治爭執中跳脫出來。

美國選定的十大重點項目：

The United States Innovation and Competition Act of 2021 (USICA), formerly known as the Endless Frontier Act, passed into law on 8 June 2021. It authorizes $110 Billion for basic and advanced technology research over a five year period. It includes investment in:

1. Artificial intelligence and machine learning
2. High performance computing, semiconductors, and advanced computer hardware
3. Quantum computing and information systems
4. Robotics, automation, and advanced manufacturing
5. Natural or anthropogenic disaster prevention
6. Advanced communications technology
7. Biotechnology, genomics, and synthetic biology
8. Advanced energy technology
9. Cybersecurity, data storage, and data management technologies
10. Materials science, engineering, and exploration relevant to the other focus areas

https://www.inside.com.tw/article/23806-usa-semiconductor-investment-contend-china

📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth

✍️ 田少谷 Shao

📥 歡迎投稿： https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium

Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Outline

0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion

0. Intro

The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥

While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.

Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅

Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊

If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏

There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!

1. Uniswap & AMM recap

Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.

Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.

Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:

AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.

Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².

Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.

In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP

¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity

² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative

³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage

2. Tick

The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.

For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:

Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp

By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:

The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.

Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.

Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.

With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯

So, how is the price range of a tick decided?

This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.

The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.

Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.

However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.

This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:

Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf

With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.

As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.

For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.

p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001

See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?

Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052

But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?

Price range: max & min

To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.

Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf

The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.

24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:

1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341

1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943

I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌

⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.

How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?

Tick index from price

The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:

Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php

Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.

Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm

Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!

⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.

3. Concentrated liquidity

Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.

Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.

As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!

Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂

Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].

If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.

The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.

However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).

We can observe the following two points from the above example:

Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.

√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.

What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!

Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵

⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.

4. Range orders: reversible limit orders

As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:

current price < the targeted price range

current price > the targeted price range

current price belongs to the targeted price range

The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.

The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).

There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!

In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.

Range orders

To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.

The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.

For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.

With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!

Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).

The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.

The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.

If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.

Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.

What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].

This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.

…wut? 🤔

Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!

What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.

The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.

To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:

Only one token is required for range orders.

Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯

I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.

⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.

Reversible limit orders

As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.

We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].

Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.

The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.

As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:

When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸

When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸

A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!

⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.

5. Impacts of v3

Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:

Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.

The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.

LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏

In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.

After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔

Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!

6. Conclusion

That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂

There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅

If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!

Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟

Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌

目前新冠肺炎疫苗在全球的施打已經超過一億劑，我們期待新冠肺炎病毒感染的速率持續的緩和，能讓世界各地的生活盡快恢復正常，然而國外也陸續傳來施打疫苗後產生不良反應的案例，針對接種疫苗的利弊風險，各國的政府和專案也開始有許多討論。

在台灣，AZ疫苗已經開打幾週了，在這段期間有很多病人問我能不能去接種AZ 疫苗，我想從一位婦產科醫師的角度出發，跟大家分享自己的觀點，讓大家在跟醫師們討論需不需要接種時，能先有初步的觀念。

AZ疫苗可能造成的不良反應

目前國際上接種AZ 疫苗後出現嚴重不良反應的案例有兩種最受矚目：一種是嚴重的過敏反應；另外一種則是凝血過多或不足的反應。

這兩種不良反應的發生率都小於10萬分之一，很難在疫苗臨床試驗階段被發掘出來，因此只能在疫苗流通到市場後，依靠健全的通報系統蒐集更完整的數據，才有機會分析疫苗與不良反應之間的關聯。

以嚴重過敏反應來說，任何疫苗都可能因為載體的關係產生嚴重的過敏反應，所以病人在施打疫苗過後的30分鐘內，一定要留在施打的醫療院所接受觀察。AZ疫苗中使用的為Polysorbate80 或類似的分子，如果你之前曾經因為接種疫苗而有過敏反應，應該要在接種前詢問醫師AZ疫苗的載體與該次引起過敏的疫苗載體是否相同，以利避免風險。

另外一種不良反應與與血液相關，這一點比較受爭議。在2500多萬個施打的個案中，出現86 個血液異常的不良反應，大部份的這些個案都是女性而且發生在施打的頭2個禮拜。德國、法國和義大利等20幾個國家因此一度暫停施打AZ疫苗，雖然機率不大，但誰都不想冒這個險。但有些歐洲國家和澳洲最近又恢復施打，但建議50歲以下接種其他疫苗 (也有國家說30歲以下) 原因是不同專家對於這些異常凝血的不良反應與AZ疫苗的相關性有不同的見解。

婦女接種AZ疫苗前宜停看聽

對於目前正在服用避孕藥或女性荷爾蒙的女性來說，施打AZ疫苗會不會增加血栓的風險呢? 坦白說，目前資訊還不是非常完整，所以我暫時無法評論，但後續會密切注意最新的研究報告，有進一步消息，會再跟大家分享。

對於目前正在備孕，或是即將成為準媽媽的女性來說，更是需要持續追蹤這款疫苗的不良反應，因為如果病患在懷孕期間不幸感染新冠肺炎，因此發生嚴重呼吸道疾病的機率高達未孕女性的3倍，而且因為媽媽發燒或肺炎病毒造成胎兒發育不良的機率也大幅增高。相對的，在AZ臨床試驗中施打疫苗後發現懷孕的女性約有一萬人，正接受持續的密切追蹤，截至目前為止尚無證據顯示AZ疫苗會對母親或胎兒健康造成嚴重影響。這些案例和研究資訊告訴我們，女性朋友們在施打這個疫苗前更需要審慎的個別的情況，才能跟醫師有充份的溝通和討論。

誰該接種AZ疫苗?誰需要小心?

那麼在實務上究竟應不應該建議接種AZ疫苗呢?我認為決定的因素有幾個:

病人接觸新冠肺炎的風險
台灣目前沒有社區感染，感染病毒的機會並不高，只是境外移入仍存在風險，短期來說，若是爆發社區感染才開始接種疫苗，也需要等三個禮拜以上才能形成有效地保護力。而長遠來說，國人還是需要接種疫苗達到一定比率才能安全的開放國門。若是因為工作需要出國的朋友，就應該依目的地的盛行率做決定，像是在歐美地區，接種疫苗的好處明顯的大於壞處；而像我一樣的醫護人員，在工作上比較有可能接觸到病毒帶原者，感染的風險也會較高，也應該考慮接種疫苗，增加保護力。

病人是否罹患慢性病
研究顯示有高血壓、糖尿病或BMI >30的病患在感染新冠肺炎病毒後，更容易而產生嚴重的呼吸道疾病，因為健康上的風險高，上述慢性病的病患也可以考慮接種疫苗。若有上述問題但懷孕的婦女，則應與婦產科醫師討論其利弊。

備孕或懷孕中的婦女
接種AZ疫苗後，有超過半數的人反應接種處疼痛、倦怠或頭痛的問題，而且大約有1成的人會發燒，雖然這些不良反應都是暫時的，很快就會消失，若希望盡可能避免懷孕初期發燒的情況，計劃懷孕或孕期中的女性可以考慮懷孕初期避開接種疫苗。有些證據顯示若接種第一劑後懷孕，在生產後才接種第二劑也能提供相同的保護，不需再重打第一劑。若孕期間接種其他疫苗如百日咳與流感疫苗則與AZ疫苗的施打需考慮間隔約兩個禮拜。

接種AZ疫苗有利有弊，除了關切衛福部及相關專家提出的建議，我們也可以就自己目前的狀態先想一想，在做決定前停看聽，如果有其他的問題，千萬別忘了跟你的醫師作討論喔！

The global “COVID-vaccinated” population has reached 100 million. In the process of reaching herd immunity via mass vaccination, more rare but serious adverse effects from these vaccines are being reported in the mass media. Discussions about the safety of vaccines arevigorous at both government and the community levels.

The AstraZeneca (AZ) vaccine has been used for COVID vaccination in Taiwan for a few weeks now. Many of my patients asked me if they are suitable for vaccination. So here I would like to share my thoughts with you as an obstetrician and gynaecologist.

Adverse reactions associated with the AZ vaccine

There are two types of adverse reactions being discussed the most in the international community: severe allergic reactions and blood-clotting problems. Both of these adverse reactions occur in the order of one in ten thousand, which were difficult to discover during the clinical trial stage. Therefore most of the data we see now are an accumulation of real-time data as we proceed with global vaccination.

The severe allergic reaction (such as anaphylaxis) can occur with any medication being administered to the human body. For vaccines it is usually the vehicle or the excipients molecule with which it is used to carry the active vaccine that incites the allergic reactions. Polysorbate 80 is a suspected culprit excipient used in the AZ vaccine. So if one has had severe allergic reaction in other vaccines that uses polysorbate 80 as its vehicles then it is possible the person can also be allergic to the AZ vaccine.

The abnormal blood-clotting reactions associated with the AZ vaccines are being discussed vigorously in both the scientific community and the media. In about 25 million recipients of the AZ vaccine, 86 cases of serious abnormal blood-clotting cases were reported by March 2021. Most cases occur within first 2 weeks of vaccination and most are women. Although the AZ vaccination was temporarily stopped in some European countries earlier in March, it has resumed since with some countries recommend vaccination in those 50 yo or above (some say 30 or above). Currently there is no international consensus amongst the experts.

Many professional bodies of obstetrics and gynaecology around the world have issued statements regarding vaccination against COVID19 in women planning pregnancy or breast feeding. Thus far most have only cautioned against the vaccination if there is serious concurrent comorbidities such as those who are immunocompromised or organ transplant. There does not seem to have report of additional risks of the vaccination during pregnancy. There is insufficient evidence to conclude if oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy are risk factors for developing vaccine-related blood clotting events. More time and data are required to tell.

So should women receive the AZ vaccine? These factors should be considered and discussed with your doctors.

Risk of contracting COVID
Contracting COVID during pregnancy is associated with 3-fold risk of serious complications. So immunisation against COVID should be prioritised if the area you live in carries high risk of infection.

Underlying chronic conditions
For those with hypertension, diabetes or high BMI, because higher risk of COVID related complications are expected, vaccination might offer risk-reducing benefits. but in women with diabetes or high BMI where high risk pregnancy is expected, one should discuss the risks and benefits with your own obstetrician.

Pregnancy
More than half of recipients will get injection site pain and about 10% will develop a fever. To avoid fever during early pregnancy one can avoid getting vaccination during this period. If one has become pregnant after the first dose, there is evidence that receiving a second dose after pregnancy still offers protection against COVID. for those who need flu or whooping cough vaccination during pregnancy, one should consider taking the COVID vaccine 2 weeks apart from the other vaccines.

Like all medicines/procedures, decision to receive the AZ vaccination is individualised based on the benefits and risks associated. It is important to review government updates on vaccination and this article hopefully provides some framework on which women can consult their physicians when considering the AZ vaccination.

我是一個對於歷史環境很有興趣的人，像是去博物館裡看古代人的住處、看書裡古代人的生活、穿著等等，所以對於自己過去的生活照（以前沒有手機、照相機可以隨時錄影?），我也很喜歡回味！
今天要來跟大家分享的就是我們這些六、七年級，學生時期流行的一些事物！
如影片中提到，九把刀在2011年8月上映的電影『那年我們一起追的女孩』，背景和講述的內容，就是我們那個年代的情景，對我們那個年代時代背景有興趣的人可以去看看這部電影！

關於BB Call的資訊，大家可以看看這篇文章，我影片中使用的圖片也是從中取得的。
https://www.cool3c.com/article/140387

*當時萬年冰宮盛像我找不到影片，所以在影片中我貼上了一張可以看出大概照片

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Note: The description may contain affiliate links that allow you to find the items mentioned in this video and support the channel at no cost to you. While this channel may earn minimal sums when the viewer uses the links, the viewer is in no way obligated to use these links. Thank you for your support! 資訊欄中分享的連結，有些在大家點進去且購買後，我會收到非常些微的分潤，當然，大家沒有義務要點進去並且消費的唷！不過這些分潤長期下來，多多少少可以幫助我產出更好的影片呈現給大家！?

(Chinese below)
A lazy Hong Kong girl who doesn't have common sense like me want to teach you to cook? (Does anyone dare to learn ?) It's actually because this vegan oil rice is too ... too ... too simple and delicious, I must share it with you! Even the landlord aunt and the neighbor old man, also like it! (Text version recipe at the end of the article)

I bought all the ingredients at T & T Supermarket, the largest Asian supermarket in Canada. They finally caught up with the vegan trend in the United States and Canada a few months ago, and introduced Lightlife's plant-based products (a personal favorite brand), including vegan burger patty, ground meat, meatballs, sausages and chicken nuggets!

Highly appreciate their progress, but still feel that as such a big Asian Supermarket, it is more responsible to lead and educate their consumers to go further more. I hope they will soon have more improvement on veganism and environmental-related matters! (Especially the use of plastic bags, the daily consumption is really unexpected surprising ?)

This video was being selected for their "Cooking Video Contest". Out of the 12 selected videos, only 1 is about vegan food. Thank you for choosing this video. I hope that more consumers can learn about vegan food through their public account in the future.

* if you like this recipe, please like, share & subscribe *

懶人學料理│台式香菇雞塊素油飯 (兩人份)
我這個又懶又沒有常識的港女，居然要教大家做菜？(有人敢學嗎 ?) 因為這道素油飯實在太... 太... 太簡單又好吃了，一定要跟大家分享！連房東阿姨和鄰居老頭，也讚好喔！(文字版食譜在文末)

我都在加國最大亞洲超市 - T&T Supermarket 大統華超級市場 買材料，他們早在幾個月前終於跟上了美國、加拿大的素食潮流，引進了 Lightlife 的植物性產品 (個人很喜歡的品牌)，包括素漢堡扒、素絞肉、素肉丸、素香腸和素雞塊！

很欣賞他們的進步，但還是覺得作為一間這麼大的亞超，更有責任帶領和教育消費者走得更前面，希望他們很快可以在素食和環保相關的事情上，有更多的改善！(特別是塑膠袋的使用上，每天的用量真的超驚人 ?)

最後，這支影片入選了他們的「美食達人」活動中，12支入選的影片裡，只有1支是關於素食的，謝謝他們選了這支影片，希望透過他們的公眾號，有更多消費者能接觸素食。

*喜歡這食譜的話，記得按讚、分享、訂閱*

// Recipe //
Ingredients:
Veggie chicken (shred) 3 pc
Dry tofu sheet (shred) some
Dried mushrooms (soak&slice) 15 pc
Mushroom soak water 2 cup
Glutinous rice (soak for 4-6 hrs) 2 cup
Enoki mushrooms 1 pc
King oyster mushroom (shred) 2 pc

Seasonings:
Sesame oil 3 spoons
Veg mushroom flavored sauce 3 – 4 spoons
Rice wine 1 spoon (optional)
Salt some

Steps:
1. Place all ingredients in a pan, fried until you can smell the mushrooms
2. Mix well with seasonings
3. Pour in the glutinous rice and mushroom soaked water
4. Stir fry until slightly juiced, and the glutinous rice begins to appear translucent
5. Put a cup of water in the outer pot and steam it in water
6. After steaming, stir a little and DONE

// 素油飯食譜 //
食材：
素雞柳切絲 3 小塊
豆皮切絲 適量
小香菇泡軟切絲 15朵
泡香菇水 2 杯
糯米泡水 4 – 6 小時備用 2杯
金針菇 1 包
杏鮑菇切絲 2 支

調味料：
麻油 3 大匙
香菇素蠔油 3 – 4 大匙
米酒 1 大匙 (非必要)
鹽巴 適量

步驟：
1. 食材下鍋，炒至菇類香氣出來
2. 下調味料拌勻
3. 倒入泡好瀝乾水份的糯米、及泡香菇水
4. 拌炒至稍微收汁，糯米開始呈現半透明狀
5. 外鍋放一杯水，隔水蒸熟
6. 蒸熟後，稍微攪拌，完成

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Many have questioned why we sent  our kids to school at such an early age. Many have also been wondering what type of activities they do at school. Well, Ali joined school at the age of 2. He was the earliest amongst our three children to start school. It was different back when we had our first son, Omar Mukhtar. We proudly educated him from home until he was aged 5, when it was compulsory for him to join school.

We were planning to do the same with Fatimah too, but she had been requesting us to send her to school ever since she turned 2. She adores her Lalajee so much that listening to his school stories made her want to join even more! Because of her enthusiasm, we finally agreed to send her off to school when she turned 3. Then, that led to a new problem!

As you know, Fatimah and Ali are very close. They are like twins -  they can’t be separated! I can still remember that every day without fail, Ali would sit by the window, crying his heart out. He refused to eat or do anything until Fatimah came back! And when Fatimah stepped through the door, the first thing he said to her was “Fatimah, I’m hungry. I want to eat!” As if he was left alone and we were invisible to him! With a heavy heart, we had to let him go, even though he was only 2 at the time.

So for a year, they had so much fun going to the same school. And then again, this year, they got separated once again because Fatimah has now joined primary school! As you know, Ali was struggling with the separation, but we can see that he is slowly adapting to the changes!

FYI, I’ve recently started sharing Ali’s school diary on our FB story to give you an idea of what he does at school. My intention was to show that the activities that they do in school daily can be easily recreated at home! For example, baking, role playing, arts & crafts etc. We do activities with the kids a lot at home & I believe that many other parents are doing the same thing too!

So, don’t worry if your children are not ready for school yet because there are so many things you can do together at home, unless you have other commitments and you have no choice but to send them anyway. Do things that work for your family, not just because somebody else is doing it and you think that you have to do the same thing too! At the end of the day, we want to raise happy and healthy kids, not shaping them to be a genius robot! Believe me, if i had a choice, I would be more than happy to keep Ali at home for as long as I could, but just because he is happier to go to school like his brother and sister, I won’t be selfish and keep him away!

“Even though we send our kids to school, we always believe that education should start at home and we as parents must take full responsibility to educate our children!”
.
Written by,
Mrs Mom - a mother blessed with 3 amazing children...sharing parenthood experience!
#wisemomsays ?
#thefamilydotuk ©
.
Related Article: ‘The Secret Ingredients of Education’ - Written by Omar Mukhtar.
Click the link below to read ⤵️
https://thepawsomelion.wordpress.com/2017/04/02/the-secret-ingredients-of-education/