▍人們渴望刺激與認可,以填補生活中的空檔
我們已經有明確共識,撫摸嬰兒以及對成人施予與之相當的象徵性待遇(認可),都具有生存意義。那問題是,接下來是什麼?日常生活中,人們互相問候完要做什麼?
在「刺激渴望」和「認可渴望」之後,接下來便是「結構渴望」(structure-hunger)。青少年經常面臨的問題是:「(互相問候)接著,你要對她(他)說什麼呢?」不光是青少年,對很多人而言,沒有什麼比社交中斷、一段沉默、空白的時間更令人不舒服。人類的永恆問題是如何安排其清醒的時間。從存在主義的角度來看,社會生活的所有功能都是為了讓人們朝該目標前進而互相幫助。
「時間結構」(time- structuring)的操作方面可稱為「程式」(programming),它有三個方面:物質、社會和個人的。安排時間最常見、最方便、最舒服和最實用的方法,是制定計畫以處理外部現實中的物質:這便是通常所說的「工作」(work)。這種規劃可稱之為「活動」(activity),「工作」這個詞反而不太合適,因為社會精神病學的一般理論應該會認為社交也是工作的一種形式。
「物質程式」(material programming)是為了應對變化無常的外部現實,就這一點而言,物質程式化的活動僅僅是安撫、認可,以及其他複雜的社交形式所產生與發展的條件。物質程式化一開始並不是社交問題,它在本質上以資料處理為基礎。建造一艘船的活動要依靠一連串的測量和評估其可能性,而為了讓建造活動持續進行,在此過程中所發生的任何社交互動都應當處於次要的從屬地位。
「社會程式」(social programming)產生了傳統的儀式性或半儀式性交流。其最主要的判斷標準是能被地方所接納,即通常所謂的「有禮貌」。世界各地的父母都會教他們的孩子要懂禮貌,也就是讓孩子知道如何適當的問候、進食、排泄、求偶和進行哀悼儀式,以及在一段主題式談話中如何表現出進退得宜。這種進退得宜便體現出一個人處理人際關係是否老練或得體,其中有些是普世通用的,有些則具有地域性。通常,正式儀式後面是半儀式性主題式談話,而為了區別,可以將後者稱為「消遣」(pastime)。
隨著人們愈來愈熟悉彼此,將會出現更多「個人程式」(individual programming),結果就會發生「關鍵事例」(incident)。關鍵事例在表面上似乎是偶然出現的,而且當事人也能夠將它們說清楚,但如果仔細考察就會發現,它們往往遵循明確的模式(我們可以對這些模式進行整理、分類),而且有一些潛在規則限制了這些關鍵事例的發展順序。只要大家按照心理遊戲規則玩下去,無論雙方是友好還是敵對,這些規則便持續潛藏,但是一旦有人違背心理遊戲規則,它們就會現身,並且帶來一聲象徵性、口頭上,或者「有法律意義」的大喊:「犯規!」和消遣不同,這樣的發展順序更多基於個人程式而非社會程式,所以我們稱之為「心理遊戲」。家庭生活和婚姻生活,以及各種組織生活,都有可能在年復一年的進行著同一種心理遊戲的不同變體。
「大多數社交活動是由心理遊戲所構成」並不意味著心理遊戲「好玩」或者玩遊戲的人沒有認真參與關係互動。從一方面來說,如同「玩」足球和其他體育「遊戲」有可能一點都不好玩,而且參與者也可能相當嚴肅。人類心理遊戲的本質特徵並不是虛偽的情感,而是將人的情感規則化。一旦出現不合規則的情感,就會施以懲罰。「玩」心理遊戲可以非常嚴肅,甚至嚴肅到具有致命性,但是只有當規則被打破時,才會出現嚴肅的社會制裁。
消遣和心理遊戲,是現實生活中真實親密關係的替代品。因此,我們可以把消遣和心理遊戲視為訂婚,而不是真正的婚姻結合,這也是為什麼它們會展現出一種尖酸的戲劇性特點。當個人(通常是本能)的程式變得更強烈並且人們開始放棄社會模式和隱蔽的動機與限制時,就會出現親密關係。親密關係是唯一能夠完全滿足刺激渴望、認可渴望和結構渴望的方法。它的原型是充滿愛的受孕行為。
結構渴望具有與刺激渴望一樣的生存意義。刺激渴望和認可渴望表達了個體避免感覺饑餓和情感饑餓的需要,缺乏感覺和情感會導致生物退化。結構渴望所表達的需要則是避免無聊,齊克果(Soren Kierkegaard)曾指出,「惡」始於時間未結構化。如果這種未結構化再持續一段時間,無論多久,無聊就會成為情感饑餓的同義詞,並且帶來相同的結果。
一個人獨處時有兩種安排時間的方法:活動和幻想。有的人即使在人群中也有可能維持獨處,每一位學校老師都知道這一點。當個體成為由兩人或多人組成的社會集合的一員時,就有多種結構化時間的方法可供選擇。根據複雜程度,它們是:(1)儀式;(2)消遣;(3)心理遊戲;(4)親密;(5)活動,後者是前四種方式的基礎。
社會集合中,每一個成員都想透過與其他成員交流儘量獲得滿足,愈容易讓人接近並獲得的滿足就愈多,而他的大部分程式化社交都是自動的。由於有些「滿足」(satisfactions)是在諸如自我毀滅這種程式化之下獲得,我們很難用「滿足」一詞的一般意義去理解,所以最好使用更中性的詞來替換,例如「獲益」(gains)或「獲利」(advantages)。
社交接觸的獲益圍繞身體和心理平衡展開。它們與以下因素有關:(1)緩解緊張;(2)避免有害情境;(3)獲得安撫;(4)維持已建立起來的平衡。生理學家、心理學家和精神分析師已經詳細調查和討論了這些因素。若用社會精神病學術語來說,它們可表示為:(1)內在原發獲益(primary internal advantages);(2)外在原發獲益(primary external advantages);(3)次級獲益(secondary advantages);(4)存在需求獲益(existential advantages)。前面三個恰巧與佛洛德所描述的「疾病獲益」(gains from illness)相對應,分別為:內在原發性獲益(internal paranosic gain)、外在原發性獲益(external paranosic gain)和繼發性獲益(epinosic gain)。我們的經驗已顯示,從獲益的角度來考察社交作用要比視其為防禦機制運作更具啟發性也更有用。
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【註】
安撫(stroke):一個人對另一個人的認可
伯恩將「安撫」定義為一個人對另一個人的認可,並認為安撫對個體的生理和心理健康不可或缺。現在,物質剝奪、嬰兒依戀以及身體接觸對健康的重要性可能是心理健康領域研究最充分的幾個主題。例如,研究已證明幼兒需要身體安撫來維持生存,但是隨著他們學會用言語和非言語方式來交換安撫,實際的生理安撫已非必需。
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以上文字摘自
《#溝通分析心理學經典1【人間遊戲】》
拆解日常生活每一個互動、每一段對話中的真實密碼
Games People Play: The Psychology of Human relationships
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作者:艾瑞克.伯恩(Eric Berne)
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各位朋友好:
這是等一下(9/18)晚上9點半贈書直播我要討論的書,抽書三本,歡迎參與。
上面這段摘文讓我用簡化的語言來說明:就是人與人之間透過互動滿足彼此的需要,這過程中會自然而然表現出情感,而情感表達的規則,跟社會文化環境,還有每個人的個性有關。那些透過情感表達規則滿足雙方需要的互動,可以形成一種心理遊戲。
譬如說,有人常要搶占受害者的位置,因為恐懼為自己負責,所以把自己的某些情緒與行為,歸因於加害者的迫害。而被指派的加害者也可能透過這個過程,滿足自己的控制慾。受害者與加害者,都在這樣的互動中,滿足了部分的需要,儘管對彼此不滿,卻沒有覺察背後的動力。當這樣的互動方式固定了,就可能是一種心理遊戲。
「人們為了心理存活就必須獲得安撫,但由於社會及個體內在規則限制了人們自由交換安撫,所以人們普遍缺乏安撫,因此心理遊戲便成為成年人為獲得安撫而展開的權力鬥爭。」
這段引自施坦納(Claude Steiner)的說法,也可以作為補充。
這本書是50年前的經典,所以在閱讀起來會感覺吃力,這是自然。對我來說,這本經典是教科書等級的著作,書裡面有不少概念,含納相當大的知識量,但缺乏足夠的說明,讓讀者能消化明白。這或許要等到下一中譯本出版,才能讓一般讀者抓到個相對清楚的理論樣貌。
祝願您,能覺察自己如何結構時間,意識每段關係中或遠或近的交流,坦承面對自己的生活!
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過5萬的網紅健康巴哥,也在其Youtube影片中提到,你知道每一天 人類總共排出約700億氣體 這代表有10個屁是正在觀看影片的你放的 但是你有沒有想過為什麼自己的屁比別人的屁還不臭呢 ?? Levitt, M.D., et al., Evaluation of an extremely flatulent patient. The America...
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individual psychology 在 Pakar diari hati Facebook 的精選貼文
Bertunang dan berkahwin ni nampak indah tapi realitinya hanya yang melalui je tahu. Siapa yang rancang nak bertunang tu, korang tengok ujian dan cabaran yang selalu orang bertunang hadap. Ikut dan hayati baik baik , yang mana buruk jadikan tauladan dan yang mana baik ambil sebagai pedoman 🌸
Situasi 1: DIUJI DENGAN MASALAH KEWANGAN
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Continue ReadingGetting engaged and married looks beautiful but the reality is only those who know. Whoever plans to get engaged, look at the tests and challenges that people always get engaged in. Follow and appreciate good good, which is bad make an example and which is better take as a guideline 🌸
Situation 1: TESTED WITH FINAL PROBLEMS
Temptation: use some money to invest. After two three months of earning extra money, you can use the event. Married a lot with money. Just a little less now. later can replace more
IMPORTANT NOTE: make sure the ready-kept marriage money is not teased by side. If you have extra money, you can use it. But if that money is enough for marriage needs. It's good to prioritize the important thing, discuss with your partner to decide. There's one case, regretting myself because of using dowry money to join the business, at last, I didn't get money Wedding has to be tough
Situation 2. PRESENTATION OF UNLIMITED GUEST (ex)
temptation: i love you again. If I propose to you? I'm waiting for you. I'm willing to wait for you until you divorce and etc
IMPORTANT REMINDER: why did she become an ex? because she is EXperienced! let go and start! Appreciate those who appreciate more. if it wasn't a good love before. it's time to prove we can be the best love! Let go.. start a new story that can be the most beautiful story for children and grandchildren. God willing.
Situation 3: TESTED WITH ATTITUDE
temptation: suddenly engagement becomes too sensitive, angry, less patient
IMPORTANT NOTE, when you want to marry. Definitely putting us in a stressful level. Because there's a lot of things to think about, settled. Added to the feeling of commitment (feeling like a husband, wife), so he becomes more care. Simple things become complicated. The devil has added a dose to cancel the good things. It's getting more exploding! Patience.. this time everyone has to play a role. You won't settle things in anger. Invite to pray, to study. take ablution. When two two are calm. Discuss without emotion. the important thing is. Remember the original intention! Married because of Allah. Look at the problem. Discuss the discharge. Don't focus on the cause. lower your ego and learn to accept and listen. insyaAllah will be better than before fighting.
Situation 4: TESTED WITH HOUBT
temptation: do you want to marry him? but why?. don't you feel young anymore? Many more ambitions to achieve? Are you ready to be a wife? and etc
This one is all natural. Married because I want to accept Allah. If you want to chase the world, until when will we stop chasing? maybe we die running after him. Stop thinking negatively! No one is ready. The most important thing is try to be ready. Seek knowledge (read books, talk and others). Is it a question that I can't be a wife or a daughter that's the experience. Repair from mistakes. example, cooking is not delicious, after this fix the cooking. We won't be perfect. But we can work hard, right? Change the mindset!
Temptation II: is it true that I want to marry him. If you want to say (rich or handsome or good or good or....) that A person looks better than my fiance
* istigfar. back with the original intention. Married because of what? This is a partner even though we clearly see the shortcomings, his weaknesses, we can't hate. even though her face may be full of acne and others. We feel calm looking at it. When you fight, you still feel like being together. Praying to Allah so that the love of him will be stronger, the love of Allah is stronger
Situation 5. PRESSURE OF FAMILY & FAMILY OF FUTURE HUSBAND
Temptation: When you know the family of future couples, setting up dowry, etc, there may be a terrible sense of their decision.
No matter what, we don't judge someone too quickly while we don't know them completely.
Family, feeling hearted in the family, starting to feel right to my mother-in-law will like me, is it true that my brother-in-law will be willing to me, this is all from the devil who always haunts us to cancel our good intentions
Situation 6. STARTING TO BE CAREFUL
After all sorts of tests came over, some of them started to give up and weren't interested in continuing the engagement period.
Survey first the cause of giving heart and try to solve it as long as you can.
Situation 7. EMOTIONS ARE NOT STABILOUS
Some are not happy to sit down when tying the engagement rope. Sometimes sad, angry, too happy, and some keep thinking of his fiance while some have long known his own heart.
When you're friends, you might not feel how serious this relationship is, and how committed you are to a marriage that's about to happen. So, maybe this reason makes you restless and anxious.
Situaso 8. AFRAID OF WRONG DECISION
Temptation: Between phobia and challenges during engagement, some start to show up the real 'attitude'. So, you start to feel doubtful about your choice.
According to Suzana Ghazali, a Syarie Family Psychology Consultant, the Islamic Family Law decides that an individual can obtain a replacement if an engagement is decided by the other side without a strong reason.
Thus, you deserve to receive any form of your gift to her, especially if you spent a lot of money on a wedding to be held.
Situation 9. JEALOUS BLIND
Oh yes, sometimes there are people who suddenly get too jealous and always want to control their fiance's movement. This is a challenge when engagement is common.
While this man is not yet entitled to be obeyed by the woman before pronouncing the marriage ceremony. So is a woman who doesn't have the right to ask for any form of burden from the man.
However, as a Muslim, we must keep our friendship even where we are, whether we are engaged or not
Situation 10. BUSY OF WEDDING MARRIAGE
Busy ahead of wedding ceremony! In the last moment, it's not impossible that it doesn't go as planned. However, this is beyond our control.
Challenges during engagement among them can happen technical mistakes in quotations, change in ceremony, wedding dresses don't fit or wrong sewing, and more
p / s: just share good intentions, want to be halal. It's not easy, there are many challenges that have to be taken before the legal bond.
Want to get married right. whatever it is, every test. Seek Allah! The test is a sign that we need to be stronger with God. May this sharing be blessed. May Allah accept it. Actually, as Muslims, we have to believe that all the challenges during engagement that come are from Allah, as a test to His servants.
Therefore, no matter what the challenges when engaged happen, we should always accept and ask for help from the Almighty. Truly, Allah knows more about something we don't know.
In addition, try to get closer to Allah before we set foot in the household, in preparation of being the leader and mentor of the family institutions that will be established.
As in surah Al-Imran verse 54:
′′ And They Plan, Allah also plans, And ALLAH is the best Planner ′′
📸: Elshaa NatashaaTranslated
individual psychology 在 Dr Punithan Shan Facebook 的最讚貼文
Stress Management (Tamil E-Workshop) by Prof.DR.KADER IBRAHIM
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Stress is something so common these days. Every individual faces stress of all levels in all situations. What if we told you that low level stress can boost our performance in life? Our mind and body thirsts for stress, the question is, how do we manage it?
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Prof Dr Kader Ibrahim is Malaysia’s world renown motivational speakers for the past quarter decade. At the age of 32, he was the only Malaysian to hold a triple Ph.D. in Nutrition, Psychology and Para Psychology. Having written best-selling novels, been on television shows, gave abundant of speeches, Prof Dr Kader Ibrahim is now on MindAppz!
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individual psychology 在 健康巴哥 Youtube 的最佳貼文
你知道每一天 人類總共排出約700億氣體 這代表有10個屁是正在觀看影片的你放的 但是你有沒有想過為什麼自己的屁比別人的屁還不臭呢 ??
Levitt, M.D., et al., Evaluation of an extremely flatulent patient. The American Jouranl of Gastroenterology, 1998. 93(11): p. 2276-2281
McBurney, D.H., J.M. Levine, and P.H. Cavanaugh, Psychophysical and social ratings of human body odor. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1976. 135(3): p. 135-138.
Case, T.I., B.M. Repacholi, and R.J. Stevenson, My baby doesn't smell as bad as yours: The plasticity of disgust. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 2005. 27: p. 357-365.
Curtis, V., R. Aunger, and T. Rabie, Evidence that disgust evolved to protect from risk of disease. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 2004. 271: p. 130-134.
Hart, B.L., Behavioural adaptations to pathogens and parasites: five strategies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 1990. 14: p. 273-294.
Haidt, J., C. McCauley, and P. Rozin, Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: a scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitiors. Personality and Individual Differences, 1994. 16(5): p. 701-713.
Somerville, L.H., T.F. Heatherton, and W.M. Kelley, Anterior cingulate cortex responds differently to expectancy violations and social rejections. Nature Neuroscience, 2006. 9(8): p. 1007-1008.
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individual psychology 在 Adlerian Society UK Institute of Individual Psychology - Home 的推薦與評價
Alfred Adler, founder of Individual Psychology, was born February 7 1870. Adler was a colleague of Freud and he went on to have a tremendous impact on the ... ... <看更多>