關於 justice douglas ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

［時事英文］ＳｐａｃｅＸ飛龍號發射成功！
　
To infinity and beyond? Finding hope in times of despair!
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
Any good news is welcome!
　
A SpaceX spacecraft carrying two NASA astronauts soared into outer space on 30 May, 2020— marking the first time humans have travelled into Earth's orbit from US soil in nearly a decade. The United States hasn't launched its own astronauts into space since the Space Shuttle Program ended in 2011. Since then, NASA's astronauts have had to travel to Russia and train on the country's Soyuz spacecraft. Those seats have cost NASA as much as $86 million each. The launch also marked the first time in history that a commercial aerospace company has carried humans into Earth's orbit.
　
1. spacecraft 太空船；太空載具
2. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) 國家航空太空總署
3. astronaut 太空人；宇航員
4. soar into 升至（很高的高度）
5. outer space 外太空
6. the Space Shuttle Program 太空梭計畫
7. Earth's orbit 地球軌道
8. launch…into space 發射⋯⋯至太空
9. mark the first time that… 標誌著首次⋯⋯
10. a commercial aerospace company 商業航太公司
　
載有兩名ＮＡＳＡ宇航員的ＳｐａｃｅＸ太空船於２０２０年５月３０日飛升至太空，這是近十年來人類首次從美國本土進入地球軌道。自２０１１年終止太空梭計畫後，美國便未將自己的宇航員發射到太空。此後，ＮＡＳＡ的宇航員不得不前往俄羅斯，並在該國的聯盟號宇宙飛船上進行訓練，而每個座位約需花費ＮＡＳＡ八千六百萬美元。這次發射還標誌著史上首次由商業航太公司將人類送入地球的軌道。
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
SpaceX's Crew Dragon spacecraft docked at the space station at 10:16 a.m. ET Sunday morning after launching from Florida's Kennedy Space Center Saturday and traveling 19 hours. Astronauts Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley have successfully disembarked the SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule and entered the International Space Station. Behnken and Hurley are expected to remain on board the space station for one to three months, or for a maximum of 110 days.
　
11. dock (v.) 使停靠岸
12. Eastern Time (ET) 美東時間
13. successfully disembark 成功下艙
14. remain on board 待在船艙上
15. the International Space Station (ISS) 國際太空站
　
週六（３０日）從佛羅里達州甘迺迪太空中心發射並飛行１９個小時後，ＳｐａｃｅＸ的飛龍號太空船在美東時間上午１０：１６於太空站停靠。宇航員羅伯特・貝肯（Robert Behnken）以及道格拉斯・赫利（Douglas Hurley）已成功下艙並進入國際太空站。貝肯與赫利預計將於國際太空站上停留一到三個月，最長１１０天。
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
President Donald Trump claimed that America " has regained our place of prestige as the world leader." Trump's comments come as the US is reeling from the coronavirus pandemic and rising racial tension this week following the death of an unarmed African American man named George Floyd. Protests were underway in major cities across the nation as Trump praised the American spirit "which powered our astronauts to the moon" and has "also helped lift our country to ever greater heights of justice and opportunity throughout our history."
　
16. regain 重新獲得；恢復；收回
17. prestige 威信；聲望；魅力
18. reel (v.) from 因（某事）而震驚*
19. an unarmed man 手無寸鐵的人
20. underway 正在進行的；正在發生的
21. racial tension 種族間的張力（或緊張）
22. lift to 提升至
　
川普總統宣稱美國「已重獲世界領袖的威望」。 在川普發表評論的當下，美國正受疫情所苦，以及因一名手無寸鐵的非裔美國人喬治・弗洛伊德（George Floyd）於本週的死亡，導致種族間的緊張持續升高。當川普在讚揚美國精神「使我們的宇航員登上月球」，並「亦將我國的公平正義與就業機會提升至史無前例的高度」時，示威遊行正於全美各大城市如火如荼地展開。
　
*reel from: https://bit.ly/2ZVWEod
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
CNN完整報導：
https://cnn.it/2XnxMEt
https://cnn.it/36ON8oD
https://cnn.it/3dkZmYh
　
圖片出處：https://wapo.st/3cjMSil
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
時事英文講義：https://bit.ly/2XmRYXc
　
時事英文大全：http://bit.ly/2WtAqop
　
如何使用「時事英文」：https://bit.ly/3a9rr38

盤問：如何令人承認沒犯下的罪行 - Hugo Sze

美劇「從心看我（When They See Us）」改編自 1989 年真實案件「中央公園五人案（Central Park jogger case）」。五名少年被控強姦及謀殺，曾在警方盤問下「招供」，直至 2002 年真兇 Matias Reyes 出現，才真相大白。

或許有人認為，只要「行得正企得正」，即使遭警察以某罪行逮捕，自會沉冤得雪。然而，波士頓大學新聞學科學教授 Douglas Starr 本年中在學術期刊「科學」撰文，分享昔日美國警察盤問時，如何以種種「技巧」，最終令無辜者親口承認不曾犯過的罪行。

一直以來，嫌疑人親口招供，往往是判斷其有罪的一項「黃金法則」。然而，Starr 亦提出例子，質疑「招供」本身是否必然代表真實有罪。早在 1819 年，一名男子 Jesse Boorn，曾在多項不利證據之下，親口承認殺人，其後才發現，「死者」仍然在生。已故德裔美國心理學家 Hugo Münsterberg 便曾在 1908 年告誡：「在強烈影響下，可能出現不真實的招認。」即使回顧多年後鑑證技術進步的 80 年代，Starr 更指出有一些令人震驚不已的「假招供」案件，幸得庭上的 DNA 證據，招供者方能洗清嫌疑。

紐約約翰傑刑事司法學院（John Jay College of Criminal Justice）心理學教授 Saul Kassin，曾研究由前芝加哥偵探及測謊專家 John Reid 發展出的盤問手法。據 Starr 指，從盤問一開始，警員便由行為觀察著手，刻意問一些與案情不相關及帶挑釁性的問題，同時觀察嫌疑者有否流露欺騙的跡象，例如目光遊離、表現懶散或交叉雙臂等。若警員認定嫌疑人撒謊，則進入第二階段 —— 正式盤問。警員會不斷提出質疑、反覆指責嫌疑人、堅持聽取細節，並忽略嫌疑人所有的否認口供。與此同時，亦有警員會向嫌疑人表達同情及理解，以求盡可能減低對犯罪的道德譴責，為嫌疑人提供認罪的「理由」。例如「假如她穿得沒那麼挑逗，就不會發生這件事」。

Kassin 質疑，警察作為權威人物向嫌疑人施加的心理壓力，有時會導致虛假的認罪供詞出現。為了辯證這個假設，Kassin 在 1996 年代曾作一項實驗。參與實驗的學生，需在電腦前進行快速聽寫測試，但 Kassin 事前告知學生，電腦系統有一個小故障，只要按下 Alt 鍵，即會令電腦當機。不過，事實並非如此，電腦的當機只是編程的一部分，與按鍵無關。當電腦當機時，主持實驗者即指責有學生錯按 Alt 鍵。

起初，沒有人承認「過失」。然後，Kassin 及其他研究人員加入一些警察盤問手法，例如找來協助實驗的「證人」，供稱看見同學錯按 Alt 鍵。結果，與沒有「證人」相比的對照組比較下，被「證人」指控的學生們，承認過失的比例多出 1 倍以上。

Kassin 及其同事，其後再進行一項變奏實驗，測試警察盤問時的「虛張聲勢」技巧。在該實驗中，除了指責學生外，主持人更聲言所有按鍵紀錄，均儲存在伺服器內，並即將進行檢查，假招供的比率因此飆升。Kassin 認為結果顯示：「對自己無罪的信念及對司法系統的信任，可構成自身風險。」

縱然有客觀的科學鑑識，亦未必能阻止警察令人招認沒有犯下的罪，甚至會成為警察盤問的一部分。1987 年，心智只有 10 歲的 24 歲男子 Barry Laughman，在警方謊稱於其鄰居被殺現場發現自己的指紋後，竟承認強姦及謀殺該鄰居。警方更無視其他證據，並告知另一位曾證明 Laughman 不在場的鄰居「弄錯了事實」。而且，Laughman 的血型為 B 型，但犯罪現場發現的唯一血液屬 A 型。法醫專家因此提出了一種新理論：細菌的降解，可能把血型改變。直至 16 年後，DNA 證據的出現，才證明 Laughman 的清白。

曾在該案上庭作專家證人的 Kassin 認為，案例表明，招供的威力不單勝過其他證據，更會掩過證據。一旦承認欲加之罪，不在場證據會改寫、目擊者的供詞會改變、警方會無視證明嫌疑人無罪的證據、甚至連法醫，都會重新詮釋證物。

原文：CUP

#社會

“The liberties of none are safe unless the liberties of all are protected.”

— William O. Douglas, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

除非所有人的自由都受到保護，否則沒有人的自由是安全的。

— 威廉．道格拉斯（美國最高法院大法官）

==========================
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For those who were there at McDonough Gymnasium on August 4, 1994, few will forget the arrival of a 6-0 freshman guard who needed no introduction. The rumors of Allen Iverson's arrival to the Kenner Summer League were true, and by game's end, Iverson had scored 40 points. By the Sunday afternoon final, before an overflow crowd inside the gym and a crowd of those outside who could not get in, Iverson finished a combined 99 point effort in three days against some of the best collegiate talent in the city. This, of course, from a player that had not played organized basketball in over a year. The Allen Iverson years had begun. A brief profile can't do justice to tell the story of one of the greatest pure athletes ever to attend Georgetown, a man without peer in his talent over two years at the collegiate level. Just a year before his Kenner debut, few would have imagined Allen Iverson ever playing college basketball. Iverson was not only a 31 point a game guard for Bethel HS, but a football player of tremendous skill. As a quarterback and defensive back his sophomore season, he produced nearly 1,600 yards offense and 13 INT's. By his junior year, he accounted for 2,204 yards, 21 touchdowns by rush or interception, and 14 touchdown passes. In a region which has produced NFL quarterbacks such as Michael Vick and Aaron Brooks, there are those who will still say "Bubbachuck" Iverson was better than both of them. Schools such as Arkansas, Kentucky, Duke, and three dozen other top programs across two sports were vying for perhaps the greatest two-sport star the Tidewater had ever produced. When he led Bethel to the state title, someone asked what it was like to win the title. "I'm going to get one in basketball now," which he did. In late February, 1993, en route to the state title he had promised, Iverson was one of a large group of Bethel teammates at a Hampton bowling alley when a fight broke out between students from rival schools trading racial insults. Three people were hurt in the aftermath. Despite conflicting testimony from eyewitnesses and no clear evidence linking him to the crime, Iverson was one of four black students arrested. Racial tensions were heightened when the prosecutors passed on a misdemeanor assault charge and charged Iverson with three counts of felony "maiming by mob", which carried a 20 year prison sentence. Despite video evidence which did not place Iverson in the crowd at the time of the fight, he was convicted in a racially charged case. The 20 year sentence was later reduced to five, and Iverson was granted clemency by Gov. Douglas Wilder three months later, sending Iverson to a detention program at an alternative high school. (The original charges were thrown out by the Virginia court of appeals in 1995.) In the spring of 1994, with Iverson still in detention, his mother approached John Thompson with a plea to help her son get to college and start a new chapter of his life. Though Thompson had passed on a number of troubled players in the past, he offered Iverson a scholarship in April of that season, contingent upon his completion of high school and his legal release, which was granted 48 hours before his Kenner debut. By his debut in a Georgetown uniform in November 1994, Iverson had been the subject of intense national media attention. In the Hoyas' annual exhibition with Fort Hood, Iverson scored 36 points, five assists, and three steals in 23 minutes. Local columnists were in awe. "Hang his number up in the rafters," wrote Tom Knott of the Washington Times. "He's better than most of the point guards in the NBA right now." Allen Iverson Kobe Bryant Tracy Mcgrady Vince Carter Dwyane Wade Shaq Jermaine O'Neal Gilbert Arenas Tim Duncan Kevin Garnett Yao Ming Chris Bosh Steve Nash Lebron James Carmelo Anthony Chris Webber Dennis Rodman Steve Francis Stephon Marbury Shawn Marion Amare Stoudemire Michael Jordan Scottie Pippen Charles Barkley Larry Bird Magic Johnson Karl Malone John Stockton Boston Celtics New Jersey Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Bobcats Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies NO/Okla. City Hornets San Antonio Spurs Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Portland Trail Blazers Seattle SuperSonics Utah Jazz Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings

For those who were there at McDonough Gymnasium on August 4, 1994, few will forget the arrival of a 6-0 freshman guard who needed no introduction. The rumors of Allen Iverson's arrival to the Kenner Summer League were true, and by game's end, Iverson had scored 40 points. By the Sunday afternoon final, before an overflow crowd inside the gym and a crowd of those outside who could not get in, Iverson finished a combined 99 point effort in three days against some of the best collegiate talent in the city. This, of course, from a player that had not played organized basketball in over a year. The Allen Iverson years had begun. A brief profile can't do justice to tell the story of one of the greatest pure athletes ever to attend Georgetown, a man without peer in his talent over two years at the collegiate level. Just a year before his Kenner debut, few would have imagined Allen Iverson ever playing college basketball. Iverson was not only a 31 point a game guard for Bethel HS, but a football player of tremendous skill. As a quarterback and defensive back his sophomore season, he produced nearly 1,600 yards offense and 13 INT's. By his junior year, he accounted for 2,204 yards, 21 touchdowns by rush or interception, and 14 touchdown passes. In a region which has produced NFL quarterbacks such as Michael Vick and Aaron Brooks, there are those who will still say "Bubbachuck" Iverson was better than both of them. Schools such as Arkansas, Kentucky, Duke, and three dozen other top programs across two sports were vying for perhaps the greatest two-sport star the Tidewater had ever produced. When he led Bethel to the state title, someone asked what it was like to win the title. "I'm going to get one in basketball now," which he did. In late February, 1993, en route to the state title he had promised, Iverson was one of a large group of Bethel teammates at a Hampton bowling alley when a fight broke out between students from rival schools trading racial insults. Three people were hurt in the aftermath. Despite conflicting testimony from eyewitnesses and no clear evidence linking him to the crime, Iverson was one of four black students arrested. Racial tensions were heightened when the prosecutors passed on a misdemeanor assault charge and charged Iverson with three counts of felony "maiming by mob", which carried a 20 year prison sentence. Despite video evidence which did not place Iverson in the crowd at the time of the fight, he was convicted in a racially charged case. The 20 year sentence was later reduced to five, and Iverson was granted clemency by Gov. Douglas Wilder three months later, sending Iverson to a detention program at an alternative high school. (The original charges were thrown out by the Virginia court of appeals in 1995.) In the spring of 1994, with Iverson still in detention, his mother approached John Thompson with a plea to help her son get to college and start a new chapter of his life. Though Thompson had passed on a number of troubled players in the past, he offered Iverson a scholarship in April of that season, contingent upon his completion of high school and his legal release, which was granted 48 hours before his Kenner debut. By his debut in a Georgetown uniform in November 1994, Iverson had been the subject of intense national media attention. In the Hoyas' annual exhibition with Fort Hood, Iverson scored 36 points, five assists, and three steals in 23 minutes. Local columnists were in awe. "Hang his number up in the rafters," wrote Tom Knott of the Washington Times. "He's better than most of the point guards in the NBA right now." Allen Iverson Kobe Bryant Tracy Mcgrady Vince Carter Dwyane Wade Shaq Jermaine O'Neal Gilbert Arenas Tim Duncan Kevin Garnett Yao Ming Chris Bosh Steve Nash Lebron James Carmelo Anthony Chris Webber Dennis Rodman Steve Francis Stephon Marbury Shawn Marion Amare Stoudemire Michael Jordan Scottie Pippen Charles Barkley Larry Bird Magic Johnson Karl Malone John Stockton Boston Celtics New Jersey Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Bobcats Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies NO/Okla. City Hornets San Antonio Spurs Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Portland Trail Blazers Seattle SuperSonics Utah Jazz Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings

For those who were there at McDonough Gymnasium on August 4, 1994, few will forget the arrival of a 6-0 freshman guard who needed no introduction. The rumors of Allen Iverson's arrival to the Kenner Summer League were true, and by game's end, Iverson had scored 40 points. By the Sunday afternoon final, before an overflow crowd inside the gym and a crowd of those outside who could not get in, Iverson finished a combined 99 point effort in three days against some of the best collegiate talent in the city. This, of course, from a player that had not played organized basketball in over a year. The Allen Iverson years had begun. A brief profile can't do justice to tell the story of one of the greatest pure athletes ever to attend Georgetown, a man without peer in his talent over two years at the collegiate level. Just a year before his Kenner debut, few would have imagined Allen Iverson ever playing college basketball. Iverson was not only a 31 point a game guard for Bethel HS, but a football player of tremendous skill. As a quarterback and defensive back his sophomore season, he produced nearly 1,600 yards offense and 13 INT's. By his junior year, he accounted for 2,204 yards, 21 touchdowns by rush or interception, and 14 touchdown passes. In a region which has produced NFL quarterbacks such as Michael Vick and Aaron Brooks, there are those who will still say "Bubbachuck" Iverson was better than both of them. Schools such as Arkansas, Kentucky, Duke, and three dozen other top programs across two sports were vying for perhaps the greatest two-sport star the Tidewater had ever produced. When he led Bethel to the state title, someone asked what it was like to win the title. "I'm going to get one in basketball now," which he did. In late February, 1993, en route to the state title he had promised, Iverson was one of a large group of Bethel teammates at a Hampton bowling alley when a fight broke out between students from rival schools trading racial insults. Three people were hurt in the aftermath. Despite conflicting testimony from eyewitnesses and no clear evidence linking him to the crime, Iverson was one of four black students arrested. Racial tensions were heightened when the prosecutors passed on a misdemeanor assault charge and charged Iverson with three counts of felony "maiming by mob", which carried a 20 year prison sentence. Despite video evidence which did not place Iverson in the crowd at the time of the fight, he was convicted in a racially charged case. The 20 year sentence was later reduced to five, and Iverson was granted clemency by Gov. Douglas Wilder three months later, sending Iverson to a detention program at an alternative high school. (The original charges were thrown out by the Virginia court of appeals in 1995.) In the spring of 1994, with Iverson still in detention, his mother approached John Thompson with a plea to help her son get to college and start a new chapter of his life. Though Thompson had passed on a number of troubled players in the past, he offered Iverson a scholarship in April of that season, contingent upon his completion of high school and his legal release, which was granted 48 hours before his Kenner debut. By his debut in a Georgetown uniform in November 1994, Iverson had been the subject of intense national media attention. In the Hoyas' annual exhibition with Fort Hood, Iverson scored 36 points, five assists, and three steals in 23 minutes. Local columnists were in awe. "Hang his number up in the rafters," wrote Tom Knott of the Washington Times. "He's better than most of the point guards in the NBA right now." Allen Iverson Kobe Bryant Tracy Mcgrady Vince Carter Dwyane Wade Shaq Jermaine O'Neal Gilbert Arenas Tim Duncan Kevin Garnett Yao Ming Chris Bosh Steve Nash Lebron James Carmelo Anthony Chris Webber Dennis Rodman Steve Francis Stephon Marbury Shawn Marion Amare Stoudemire Michael Jordan Scottie Pippen Charles Barkley Larry Bird Magic Johnson Karl Malone John Stockton Boston Celtics New Jersey Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Bobcats Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies NO/Okla. City Hornets San Antonio Spurs Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Portland Trail Blazers Seattle SuperSonics Utah Jazz Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings