哮喘並非想像中的輕鬆
在日常問診的時候,不難發現很多病人都有不同程度的長期咳嗽問題。
有些病人小時候有哮喘,每當換季或做運動時需要用到一些藥物減輕呼吸困難,但長大後便漸漸穩定下來。但有些病人卻未必那麼幸運,哮喘病情一直以來都未曾好過,仍然常常受哮喘困擾。
那麼,到底什麼是哮喘?跟一般感冒的咳嗽有什麼分別?
哮喘是是過敏鐵三角(Atopy)的其中一員
1. 哮喘(Asthma)
2. 鼻敏感(Allergic Rhinitis)
3. 濕疹(異位性皮膚炎)(Atopic Dermatitis)
哮喘大部分都是因過敏反應而產生免疫細胞和因子,例如Eosinophil, interleukin-4 and 5和IgE等,令呼吸道肌肉收縮和氣管收窄,導致呼吸困難的徵狀。過敏原因很多,可以是天氣轉變、常見的花粉、塵蟎和化妝品等等。
長期不受控的哮喘可引致呼吸道慢性炎症,長遠可引致呼吸道組織變異而令哮喘狀況惡況而不受控制,令藥物的效果變差。所以於哮喘早期時盡快治療和良好的長期控制便極為重要。
在香港,不少人都對哮喘認識不深,很多都把早期或慢性哮喘的徵狀當作是一般天氣轉變或小感冒去處理。但這樣是無法長遠控制好病情的。
跟大眾固有印象不同的是,常見哮喘徵狀並不只是咳嗽;胸口痛、喘嗚(Wheezing)、呼吸困難或過速、半夜咳醒或睡眠質素偏差、運動時體能不佳而動輒要停下來休息喘氣等都是常見的徵狀。
那麼,怎麼知道自己是不是患有哮喘?這種情況下便要諮詢醫生的意見,如有需要便會安排進行肺功能測試,如結果是呼吸道受阻而在使用藥物後有改善的話,便很可能有哮喘的問題。
一般來說,哮喘治療主要有以下幾種
1. Short Acting Beta-2 Receptor Agonist(SABA)
2. Short Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (SAMA)
3. Long Acting Beta-2 Agonist (LABA)
4. Long Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA)
5. Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS)
6. Leukotriene Antagonist
這些藥物對哮喘到底有什麼功效?而什麼人應為用什麼藥物控制?
首先你需要先諮詢醫生再進行肺功能測試,判斷是否有氣道受阻(Airway obstruction)或氣管抽搐(Bronchospasm)的問題,而這些問題亦可透過氣管擴張劑(bronchodilator)減輕從而改善肺功能。
幾十年前哮喘來來去去都是靠俗稱為藍色噴霧的短效氣管擴張劑(SABA)例如salbutamol。一般來說輕度哮喘的確可以靠SABA在有徵狀時,例如換季、做運動或過敏時減輕徵狀令生活不致太受影響。然而研究發現高達七成的哮喘病人並未能良好的控制哮喘徵狀。[1][2]
很多人都以為哮喘只需要發作時吸一吸氣管擴張劑便會好,但其實如果是中等至嚴重級別的哮喘,單靠短效氣管擴張劑並不能完全控制。SABA亦非沒有副作用,常見的副作用為心跳過速,當病人病情不穩需要不斷使用SABA時,便可能出現以下問題
1. 心跳過速至不適或頭痛
2. 生活質素被哮喘徵狀嚴重影響,例如半夜咳醒需要吸SABA或未能進行運動,因休息不足而經常疲累
3. 哮喘從根本上並未受到控制,長期炎症和過敏反應令氣道組織變異,導致哮喘持續惡化
因此近年愈來愈多新型藥物能提供長久的哮喘控制。當中以吸入性類固醇(ICS)和長效氣管擴張劑(LABA)最為革命性的發展。
吸入性類固醇針對身體因過敏反應所產生導致炎症和氣管收縮的問題,透過壓抑過敏和炎症而紓緩徵狀同時減少長期過敏發炎引致的氣道組織變異。
長效氣管擴張劑例如Salmeterol和Formoterol,跟短效最大的分別是,長效一天只要噴一至兩次,短效在中等至嚴重的患者可能需要每數小時噴上6次甚至更頻密,頻密地使用氣管擴張劑增加了副作用的產生和生活質素的影響。
傳統長效氣管擴張劑能產生長效藥力紓緩氣管收縮、咳嗽和呼吸困難的徵狀,務求達到改善生活質素,讓患者不用半夜醒來或日間經常要停下來吸SABA。近年更有新一代Ultra Long Acting beta2-agonist例如vilanterol,從而達至更穩定和長效的徵狀紓緩。
令人無奈的是,哮喘可以說是一場長期的戰爭,當你日以繼夜夜以繼日要噴氣管擴張劑時,不少患者都會感到無助令大家久而久之不再跟足醫生或藥劑師建議,間中不適才噴一下,令病情未能得到良好控制。
因此,另一個革命性的改變便是combined inhaler,近年不少吸入性哮喘藥物均為混合式,吸一次等於吸了兩種藥物,例如大家可能都見過的Fluticasone/Sameterol和Budesonide/Formoterol。較新的有超長效混合藥物,藥效可持續12-24小時,例如Fluticasone/Vilanterol。這些混合式藥物大大減少病人每天需要使用吸入器的次數,令更多病人更願意持續的使用,
最後想提提大家,使用吸入式噴劑的技巧非常重要,研究發現不少患者技巧欠佳令不少藥物只噴在口內無法成功到達氣管內[3]。近年不少新型吸入式device有特別設計改善這問題,由於種類太多,強烈建議你諮詢你的家庭醫生、護士或藥劑師建議以及讓醫護人員評估你的使用技巧。
視乎患者的臨床狀況,一些病人只需要間中用到SABA;一些病人需要用到SABA+SAMA;嚴重點的病人需要用到SABA+LABA+ICS;醫生可能建議病人使用不同的combination以控制哮喘,所以患有哮喘的話,請務必定期與家庭醫生跟進。
*新型藥物如生物製劑(IgE-inhibitor或Eosinophil Inhibitor或IL-4/5 Inhibitor)由於太複雜的關係便不在此講解,留待下次有機會再跟大家分享。
Reference
[1] Woodcock A, et al. (2017) Effectiveness of fluticasone furoate plus vilanterol on asthma control in clinical practice: an open-label, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet
[2] Martyn R Partridge et al (2006). Attitudes and actions of asthma patients on regular maintenance therapy: the INSPIRE study. BMC Pulm Med.
[3] Lia Jahedi, et al (2017). Inhaler Technique in Asthma: How Does It Relate to Patients' Preferences and Attitudes Toward Their Inhalers? Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery.
同時也有2部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過254的網紅Sandra Tavali李婉菁,也在其Youtube影片中提到,屠馬 Slay the Trojan Horse 詞:張睿銓、李婉菁 曲:李婉菁 演唱:張睿銓、祇、陳文鈺 混音協助:DJ Point 許志遠 歌詞 We've had enough of this melodrama Sick of this bloodstained propaganda...
lama drug 在 Ismail Ariffin Lepat Facebook 的最佳貼文
Sahabat yang dikasihi 🙏🏽❤️
Tiba tiba FB nya up memories yang sangat indah, yang mananya mempamirkan kenyataan satu babak dipenghujung rindu, iaitu BERTEMU. Setelah dia menatap itu, lantas berkatalah didalam Akal fikirnya;
"Dikala kalian ku temui, hati ku riang, jiwa ku bahagia jantung ku pun berbunga-bunga".
Setalah itu dia kembali terdiam sendirian, Nuraninya pun menerpa
"aahH.., dilembah jiwa ku, didalam gedung akal ku, disetiap lapisan lembut kelopak perasaan ku, 'You both are everywhere except right here didepan mata ku.."
Ada masanya Jasad merintih menagih pelukan dan ciuman. Namun jarak adalah penghalang yang nyata, and it is sometime hurts his feeling alot's.. but his smile always turn up as a great medicine to his soul.
We all telah pun lama sedari bahawa 'Stress' can permeate our entire being, and can really show up in our faces. Smiling not only helps to prevent us from looking tired, worn down, and overwhelmed, but can actually help reduce stress.
Percaya atau tidak, Believe it or not, smiling can reduce stress even if you don’t feel like smiling, ianya tak ubah sebagai satu ubat yang paling berkesan pada akal dan perasaan, 'smiling is natural Drug'.
"Walau perjalanan hidup sering didatangi kesusahan, walau jiwa sering dihimpit dengan suasana yang menyakitkan, 'ciptakanlah babak gurau senda dan teruskanlah berjenaka, putting on a smile at any kind of meetings atau apa sekali pun jenis appointments. Percayalah, walau jiwa kita sering dimamah rindu beserta cebisan asmara yang berwajah lara, Namun 'pamirkanlah Senyuman' percayalah You might find that people react to you differently.."
Kita masih bernafas, masih waras dan masih memiliki 'Bunga bunga CINTA didalam dada', kita masih hidup, so life is Good!, stay away from depression, stress, and worry by smiling. Kita bunuh semua virus yang bakal membiakkan perasaan negatif dengan hanya mengunakan sekuntum senyuman.
It can happen to everyone. Di dalam proses kedewasaan atau menuju hari tua, 'You find out 'HU you are, where you are and what you want', and then slowly you'll realize that people you've known forever don't see things the way you do'. And so you keep the wonderful memories, but find yourself moving on.
Dia masih sendiri di bangku sepi, Lalu suara Nuraninya kembali membisik;
"Lihat dan lepaskan, semuanya sudah suratan, senyumlah dan jalan terus.."
https://youtu.be/IGewrOKChmg
🚶🏽♂️.......
❤️
lama drug 在 Dr 文科生 Facebook 的最佳貼文
未有時間再寫新的HIV文章 (別打臉,會盡快啦)
先loop一loop之前寫過的文章
——————————————————————
性教育《HIV不等於愛滋病》《同性戀不等於愛滋病》《愛滋病不等於世界末日》
發現香港仍然有好多人對愛滋病(AIDS)有好多誤解,所以決定寫一篇關於HIV同AIDS的文
------------------背景資料------------------
1. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
HIV是一種感染人類免疫系統的病毒。感染途徑包括血液、精液和陰道分泌(口水並非一種有效的感染途徑)。HIV會攻擊人類的免疫細胞(CD4)從而令免疫系統逐漸減弱。HIV是極為脆弱的病毒,只要暴露在空氣中就會馬上死亡,所以要感染HIV並非想像中那麼容易。食飯、打波、擁抱、接吻等是絕對無法傳染的。
2. 愛滋病AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
愛滋病是當人類感染HIV之後沒有治療一段非常長的時間之後令HIV病毒廣泛繁殖,大幅感染免疫系統導致免疫力嚴重低下。
所以HIV不等於愛滋病、HIV不等於愛滋病、HIV不等於愛滋病
3. 急性HIV血清轉化(Acute HIV Seroconversion)
Seroconversion是當人類感染HIV後最早期免疫系統開始製造抗體的反應。一般會在感染後1-3星期內出現,患者會出現類似嚴重流感的徵狀包括但不限於以下: 發燒、頭痛、喉嚨痛、疲倦、紅疹、肌肉骨痛、胃口不佳、淋巴腫大
需知道seroconversion的時候一般病徵都會非常嚴重而且以複數出現。所以單一病徵,例如只有發燒的話並不代表感染HIV
*只有大約8成的患者會出現seroconversion,所以就算無任何病徵都不代表沒有受到感染 (注8)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. HIV性交的平均感染風險(已發展國家數據,以高至低排列)(注1,2)
零號肛交並有內射(receptive anal sex with ejaculation): 1.43%
零號肛交但無內射(receptive anal sex without ejaculation): 0.65%
未割包皮一號肛交(insertive anal sex uncircumcised): 0.62%
已割包皮一號肛交(insertive anal sex circumcised): 0.11%
陰道交(女性)(vaginal intercourse, female): 0.08%
陰道交(男性)(vaginal intercourse, male): 0.04%
口交:無論有無口爆,風險都極低
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. 如何減低感染風險?
*感染風險與病毒數量成直接正比,所以愈多精液或其他體液(如血液,陰道分泌)就愈容易受感染。
每次性交都使用安全套是現時最安全的做法
如果口爆的話,強烈建議口爆後把精液吐出或吞下,別讓精液在口內停留(以減少精液所含的病毒量),HIV是非常脆弱的病毒,吞下後會被胃酸殺死。
口交前請勿做口腔清潔,刷牙後最好等1小時後再口交,因為刷牙過程容易在口腔造成微小傷口而增加感染風險。
但有時候慾火焚身的時候又真的可能會不用套,咁點算呢?
現時有兩款主流的風險控制藥物
PrEP暴露前預防藥物(prep exposure prophylaxis): 每天服用,藥效可減低感染風險73-92% (注3-6)
PEP暴露後預防藥物(post exposure prophylaxis): 在暴露風險後(例如無套性交)的72小時內服用,愈早服用愈好,需連續服用28日。
*這些藥物只針對HIV,若果你無套的話你仍然可以感染其他性病
無論你是熱愛無套的同學定還是剛巧無套事後後悔的話,最適合的行動是及早求醫讓醫生給予你最適當的建議和治療。
***如果無套性交後認為有感染的可能性請立即去香港大型醫院急症室,在分流時跟護士說想要PEP,把握用藥的黃金72小時
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. 感染HIV後是否代表從此與性交絕緣?
剛感染HIV時的病毒量會極高,在空窗期間是非常具傳染性,所以如果認為自己有感染的話,請暫時停止性生活及咨詢醫生意見。
感染HIV後一樣可以有多姿多彩的性生活,大前題是及早求醫、及早治療。只要治療效果理想,病毒數量可控制至醫學儀器不能量度的水平。
研究發現只要當病毒數量控制至不能量度的水平時,基本上感染者就變得沒有傳染性,無論你無套、有套、中出、口爆、零號一號、同性戀異性戀都好,感染別人的風險微乎其微,醫學界將風險定義為「可以無視(negligible)」(注7)。所以都係果句,及早求醫、咨詢醫生!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
醫學昌明,2020年的今日HIV和愛滋病已不再是絕症,不幸感染都不代表世界末日。治療得宜的話預期壽命與常人無異。做個負責任的人,性交時請使用安全套,熱愛無套的話請帶伴侶咨詢醫生,抽血檢查再建議最適當的風險控制措拖。無套都可以無套得無憂無慮。
最後,希望社會各界對HIV和愛滋病不會再有這麼多誤解,從今天開始向歧視說不。
如讀者有任何疑問可以在這裡發問或向醫生查詢。
注
1. Boily MC et al. Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lancet Infect Dis 9: 118-29, 2009.
2. Jin F et al. Per-contact probability of HIV transmission in homosexual men in Sydney in the era of HAART. AIDS, published online ahead of print, 2010.
3. PrEX: Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, et al; iPrEx Study Team. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med 2010;363(27):2587-99.
4. TDF2: Thigpen MC, Kebaabetswe PM, Paxton LA, et al; TDF2 Study Group. Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in Botswana. N Engl J Med 2012;367(5):423-34.
5. Partners PrEP: Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, et al; Partners PrEP Study Team. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med 2012;367(5):399-410.
6. Bangkok Tenofovir Study: Choopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasamai P, et al; Bangkok Tenofovir Study Group. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2013;381(9883):2083-90.
7. Rodger AJ et al for the PARTNER study group. Sexual activity without condoms and risk of HIV transmission in serodifferent couples when the HIV-positive partner is using suppressive antiretroviral therapy. JAMA, 2016;316(2):1-11. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.5148. (12 July 2016). Full free access. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2016.5148
8. Martin Hoenigl et al. Signs or Symptoms of Acute HIV Infection in a Cohort Undergoing Community-Based Screening. Full access: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/3/pdfs/15-1607.pdf
lama drug 在 Sandra Tavali李婉菁 Youtube 的最佳貼文
屠馬 Slay the Trojan Horse
詞:張睿銓、李婉菁
曲:李婉菁
演唱:張睿銓、祇、陳文鈺
混音協助:DJ Point 許志遠
歌詞
We've had enough of this melodrama
Sick of this bloodstained propaganda
We don't need your laboratory panda
Taiwan's never been part of China
We've had enough of this melodrama
Sick of this bloodstained propaganda
We don't need your laboratory panda
Taiwan's never been part of China
Please tell me, Lord, what I should do
They don't listen when you speak the truth
Those who lead try to play God for the rich and poor
But they forget the love of money is the root of all evil
Loopholes spotted
The panda turns herbal and they smuggle it
Welcome the Trojan horse with their arms wide open
Fuck the government that's trying to drug and pimp them
妖獸一現,禍延千年,咒詛一鳴,地火萬里
魂影四竄逃,怨聲殘奔嚎
血泊枯盡恨淫淫,詭詐遍野騎瘋馬,罪惡滿城狂天雷
吾等不憤 不為人,吾等不怒 不為人
毒仔之禽,毒母之獸,毒民之宦,毒國之昏
言謊毋羞面,草芥共滅之
咒詛已定,屠人者亡
冥府開!大血滿弓刀
We've had enough of this melodrama
Sick of this bloodstained propaganda
We don't need your laboratory panda
Taiwan's never been part of China
We've had enough of this melodrama
Sick of this bloodstained propaganda
We don't need your laboratory panda
Taiwan's never been part of China
Prophets are killed, prophecy fulfilled
Secular priests reenact the Apocalypse for real
This island forsakes the blessings of The Dalai Lama
17,000 cops sent to escort a king from China
That's when they confiscate their own country's flag
That's when they paint freedom and democracy black
Justice and patriotism depend on what side you're on
Where you're from, and better yet who you don't confront
This ain't Greek mythology, we live street reality
We're Formosans. We won't fail like the Trojans
Beating a dead horse is not an option
Decapitation is a sentence more proper than ancient
Arm yourself with intelligence and conscience
It's time to pick up the blade for self-protection
Democracy starts with blood and revolution
I'll claim my trophy over your lamentation
(2009)
lama drug 在 Sandra Tavali李婉菁 Youtube 的最佳解答
購票請洽: http://darkbrq.pixnet.net/blog/category/1560119
風和日暖的下午,喜悅的W推著新生的E在散步,一轉眼,E卻不見了,而世界,一任渾沌迷亂而黑暗,疾速翻轉
現在購票享85折優惠,並贈限量EP一張
製作:牯嶺街小劇場團隊重裝登場|藝術總監:吳俊輝|導演:姚立群 |演出:陳文鈺-女高音|張睿銓-說唱詩人 (Rapper) |祇-搖滾金屬黑腔 |男中音─荒井俊匡 Arai Toshimasa|特別演出─王永宏|音樂:DJ Point & 李婉菁
屠馬 Slay the Trojan Horse
詞 張睿銓
曲 李婉菁
演唱 張睿銓 祇 陳文鈺
混音協助 許志遠
Weve had enough of this melodrama
Sick of this bloodstained propaganda
We dont need your laboratory panda
Taiwans never been part of China
Weve had enough of this melodrama
Sick of this bloodstained propaganda
We dont need your laboratory panda
Taiwans never been part of China
Please tell me, Lord, what I should do
They dont listen when you speak the truth
Those who lead try to play God for the rich and poor
But they forget the love of money is the root of all evil
Loopholes spotted
The panda turns herbal and they smuggle it
Welcome the Trojan horse with their arms wide open
Fuck the government thats trying to drug and pimp them
妖獸一現,禍延千年,咒詛一鳴,地火萬里
魂影四竄逃,怨聲殘疾奔
血泊枯盡恨淫淫,詭詐遍野騎瘋馬,罪惡滿城狂天雷
吾等不憤 不為人,吾等不怒 不為人
毒仔之禽,毒母之獸,毒民之宦,毒國之昏
言謊毋羞面,草芥共滅之
咒詛已定,屠人者亡
冥府開!大血滿弓刀
Weve had enough of this melodrama
Sick of this bloodstained propaganda
We dont need your laboratory panda
Taiwans never been part of China
Weve had enough of this melodrama
Sick of this bloodstained propaganda
We dont need your laboratory panda
Taiwans never been part of China
Prophets are killed, prophecy fulfilled
Secular priests reenact the Apocalypse for real
This island forsakes the blessings of The Dalai Lama
17,000 cops sent to escort a king from China
Thats when they confiscate their own countrys flag
Thats when they paint freedom and democracy black
Justice and patriotism depend on what side youre on
Where youre from, and better yet who you dont confront
This aint Greek mythology, we live street reality
Were Formosans. We wont fail like the Trojans
Beating a dead horse is not an option
Decapitation is a sentence more proper than ancient
Arm yourself with intelligence and conscience
Its time to pick up the blade for self-protection
Democracy starts with blood and revolution
Ill claim my trophy over your lamentation
(2009)