關於 leopold i ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

【Zodiac 索命黃道帶的12個病態執念】#葉郎電影徵信社

《Zodiac 索命黃道帶》是導演 David Fincher 在犯罪片這個類型上從《Se7en 火線追緝令》過渡到 Netflix 影集《Mindhunter 破案神探》的一個重要轉折。

作為一個從未被偵破的真實犯罪事件，《索命黃道帶》因而不像《火線追緝令》有真兇揭露的結局，Fincher 將觀眾的注意力轉向記者和警察的犯罪調查運作經歷。為了確保觀眾絕對不會從電影細節中得到「誰就是真兇」的先入為主印象，Fincher 甚至刻意在重現黃道帶涉嫌的每一起兇案時讓不同的演員扮演兇手。

故事的重點從來無關真兇是誰，而是關於一種病態的執念。這種執念不僅存在於兇手身上，也存在於犯罪調查過程中、甚至電影拍攝過程中的每個人。甚至是銀幕前方那些熱衷真實犯罪故事的我們。

從執念到自我毀滅，只在一線之隔.......


執念1：18個月的偵查
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大部分電影籌拍過程，多半涉及了寫劇本、畫分鏡、找卡司和找資金之類的煩人事務。《索命黃道帶》的籌拍過程本身就是一場貨真價實的犯罪偵查。

雖然改編自 Robert Graysmith （即電影中 Jake Gyllenhaal 飾演的報社漫畫家）所寫的私人調查專書，但導演 David Fincher 仍然要求組了一個調查小組，不僅由他和編劇 James Vanderbilt、製片 Bradley J Fischer 三人一起親自訪談書中涉及到的每個還在世的當事人，甚至還聘僱私家偵探追查失聯關鍵證人的下落，並找來語言學家專家、筆跡鑑識專家、犯罪心理專家來分析書裡書外各種線索。

《索命黃道帶》的3年籌拍過程中，實際上有整整18個月是在花在導演本人扮演偵探親自調查案情上頭。


執念2：2800個犯罪 podcast 節目
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《索命黃道帶》上映以來，真實犯罪事件的衍生娛樂產品已經快速長成一個難以想像的巨大產業。

串流產業一方之霸 Netflix 根本就是以賣犯罪故事竄起，一路以來已經製作過《Makeing A Murderer 謀殺犯的形成》、《Tiger King 虎王》、《Don't F**k With Cats: Hunting an Internet Killer 別惹喵皇：肉搜網際殺手》、當然還有 David Fincher 的《破案神探》等罪犯節目。Netflix 這幾天還宣佈要跟《American Horror Story 美國恐怖故事》的超級製作人 Ryan Murphy 合作改編另一個著名的美國連續殺人魔 Jeffrey Dahmer 的故事成為電視影集。

另一個真實犯罪節目蔚為風行的領域是近年快速崛起的 podcast 市場，據統計全美 podcast 市場上有高達 2800 個真實犯罪節目。美國甚至已經有一個大型展會叫做 CrimeCon 犯罪展，每年吸引數千名對犯罪事件狂熱的人與會。


執念3：24棵橡樹
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除了透過調查還原案情之外，導演 David Fincher 還堅持一定要在兇案的真實現場取景，藉真正重現歷史。所以電影中除了發生在舊金山市市中心的一起兇案因為封街難度過高而不得不改採搭景之外，其餘每一場兇案都在黃道帶殺手行兇的精確地點拍攝。

1969年9月27日，離舊金山不遠的 Berryessa 湖邊有兩名大學生Bryan Hartnell 和 Cecelia Shepard 遭黃道帶殺手以利刃攻擊，後者傷重身亡。事發的地點是雨季時會變成湖中小島的一個湖邊半島（稍後被當地人暱稱做黃道帶島）。半島上頭原先長滿了橡樹，事實上兇手就是靠著樹的掩護慢慢靠近在湖邊野餐的兩名大學生。然而等到 David Fincher 到現場勘查時，上頭的樹早已不存在（無法確定是自然死亡還是被人為移除）。

於是 Fincher 執拗地用直升機運來24顆活生生的橡樹重新種在半島上，並另外種滿1600塊草皮，來完全恢復1969年兇案發生當天的原有地貌。


執念4：0犯罪動機
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犯罪學家 Scott A. Bonn 將黃道帶殺手歸類為比較少見的「Thrill Killers 快感殺手」，認為他追求的是獵殺和折磨被害者過程中產生的心理快感。

其中一個證據是殺手曾在挑釁信件中引用《The Most Dangerous Game 最危險的獵物》一書的句子。這部惡名昭彰的小說中以描繪的是把人當成獵物集中在一個小島上供人獵殺取樂的遊戲。今年初在美國引發爭議的電影《The Hunt 惡獵遊戲》正是改編自同一部小說。

快感殺手的犯案特徵是經常遍尋不著犯罪動機，兇手經常既和被害當者沒有任何恩怨，也欠缺性慾或憤怒等激發他殺人的因素。美國歷史上最早的快感殺手案例是1924年綁架謀殺14歲男童的兩名美國大學生 Nathan Leopold 和 Richard Loeb 。家境富裕的倆人毫無來由地計畫謀害男童，唯一的理由是尋求刺激，希望藉由成功犯案並跳過追緝來展現自己高人一等的犯罪智慧。

其中一名行兇者甚至還是死者的堂哥。


執念5：70個 take
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《索命黃道帶》是第一部完全用數位攝影機拍攝的好萊塢電影，也使偏執細節狂 David Fincher 得以完全不在乎底片成本地瘋狂追求更多細節。

115天的拍攝日程中，最高紀錄曾有一個鏡頭反覆重拍了70次之多。男主角 Jake Gyllenhaal 曾目睹導演看著機器，然後豪邁地宣布「來！把剛剛十個 take 的畫面通通刪掉」，讓幾個小時的拍攝通通放水流。

另外一名主角 Robert Downey Jr. 更加不適應數位拍攝。數位拍攝不像傳統底片攝影機需要很多時間準備才能重拍同一個鏡頭或是下一個鏡頭，所以演員原本的休息時間就被壓縮了。鏡頭跟鏡頭之間再也不能回休息室複習劇本，必須馬不停蹄地演出再演出。David Ficher 多年後在訪談中透露，當年片場經常發現裝著尿的玻璃罐藏在各個角落。正是 Robert Downey Jr. 大人藉以向導演抗議「老子連撒尿時間都沒有了」的藝術裝置。


執念6：私人追兇13年
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在一個兇案最終沒有被破解的故事當中，Jake Gyllenhaal 飾演的故事主人翁 Robert Graysmith 對調查真相的病態執念變成真正的故事重心。編劇 James Vanderbilt 在劇本中將作者本人放在舞台正中央，反而把調查兇案的警探和記者變成配角，藉以形成一個對兇案執念程度的光譜，以及墜入自毀和懸崖勒馬的兩個不同下場，藉以作為主角的借鏡。

據說原作者 Robert Graysmith 看過電影的劇本之後，第一個反應是：「天！我現在終於知道為什麼我太太會離開我了。」

投注整整13年的人生在調查一個跟他完全無關的故事上，他付出的代價是妻子帶著小孩離開他。Graysmith 在另一個訪問被問到人生如果可以重來他會怎麼選擇：「我想我會再做一次同樣的事。於是所有事很可能會都會再發生一次。因為它還是會將你緊緊勒住，它會完全征服你的生活。」


執念7：18封挑釁信
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黃道帶殺手以寄發挑釁信件給媒體甚至個人（比如 Robert Downey Jr. 飾演的記者 Paul Avery ）而著稱。1969年到1974年的最後一封信之間，至少有18封信件被認定出自黃道帶殺手之手。這個行為模式也符合「Thrill Killers 快感殺手」想要博取公眾注意力的心理特徵。

值得注意的是1974年之前，黃道帶殺手其實已經銷聲匿跡了整整三年，而激發他重出江湖的動機居然是為了發表他個人對於《The Exorcist 大法師》的影評。

當年舊金山紀事報記者 Paul Avery 在大法師上映兩週後在報上撰寫了一篇關於每天都有觀眾在大廳嘔吐甚至昏倒的新聞。一直把 Avery 當成鬥智對象的黃道帶殺手很可能為了回應 Avery 的該篇報導，忍不住發出這封復出信來闡述自己對電影的感想：

「我看了《大法師》並覺得該片可說是我看過最好的諷刺喜劇（I saw + think "The Exorcist" was the best saterical comidy that I have ever seen.）」黃道帶殺手說。


執念8：1.3萬份報紙
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媒體記者一直都是連續殺人狂熱潮的原罪。我們永遠無法推知誰是史上第一個連續殺人狂，卻可以明確知道誰是第一個被大幅報導而廣為人知的連續殺人狂——那就是1888年7月開始在倫敦犯案的開膛手傑克。

開膛手傑克熱其實和英國對報紙課徵長達150年的各種知識稅制度息息相關。經過多年的知識稅抗爭，1853年到1861年之間英國報紙的廣告稅、印花稅和紙張稅陸續取消，致使二十多年後的開膛手傑克案正好和英國報業的爆炸性發展撞個滿懷。各種狂熱的追蹤報導和缺少事實根據的大膽臆測，甚至使某些人相信連續殺手狂是報社為了賣報紙捏造出來的。

1888年英國各家報紙報導開膛手傑克案的規格和方法後來幾乎成為全球媒體面對重大犯罪事件的標準SOP，並間接影響到近百年後黃道帶殺手的報導規格。整個20世紀美國報紙的數量一直穩定維持在1.3萬份～到1.5萬份之間，僱用數萬名記者每天撰寫新聞。這些針對真實犯罪鉅細靡遺甚至天馬行空的報導，正是我們對於重大犯罪事件的病態迷戀的真正源頭。


執念9：第2篇影評
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在《大法師》影評之後，報社仍收到不少署名為黃道帶的信，但多半被認定可能難以證明出自黃道帶之手，而可能是仿效者或是沒事找事的鬧事者所為。

可信度較高的是1974年5月的另一封同樣涉及了電影評論的信件。黃道帶殺手這一次的評論對象是《The Thin Red Line 紅色警戒》導演 Terrence Malick 1973年的犯罪電影《Badlands 窮山惡水》。不尋常的是黃道帶殺手在信中展現了一絲同理心，對於該片的行銷用語表達憂心。電影廣告的這句宣傳與「1959年多數人都在殺時間，但 Kit 和 Holly 則在殺人」，被黃道帶殺手指控有美化殺人兇手的嫌疑，並呼籲社會關注以要求撤除該片廣告。

如果這封信真的出自黃道帶殺手之手，那他可能已經不小心揭露了自己的心理狀態。

David Fincher 請來的犯罪心理學家 Sharon Pagaling-Hagan 認為這封信意味著黃道帶殺手的人格自我認知已經進入下一個階段：完成他的犯罪「成就」之後，開始重新融入社會的過程。他史無前例地在該信件中改屬名 「A Citizen 一個公民」也是這個推論的佐證。


執念10：66歲英年早逝
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《索命黃道帶》中最常被批評偏離事實的部分，不是關於兇案或是黃道帶殺手的描繪，而是關於 Robert Downey Jr. 飾演的記者 Paul Avery 的下場。

電影中的 Avery 因為過度沉溺案情而開始酗酒。記者事業也因此走下坡，從全國知名記者變成轉到小報工作，成為一個人獨居在拖車中的過氣記者。這段戲劇性的描繪或許是為了凸顯電影主題「病態執念」，也或許是讓曾長期沉溺毒品的 Robert Downey Jr. 的表演能有投射之處。

然而實際上Paul Avery 在黃道帶殺手後的人生仍然精采。他曾為了近距離報導越戰而搬到越南三年，在越南和香港等地活動。日後的記者生涯也還因為報導轟動全球的報業大亨孫女 Patty Hearst 的綁架案而名噪一時。稍後 Avery 則與著名的妓女人權運動者 Margo St. James 者結婚，但因為後者連續多年在法國工作，使 Avery 必須一個人留在舊金山面對孤獨和酒精的誘惑。

酒精、毒品或是對黃道帶案的上癮都沒有真正讓他走向自我毀滅的命運。魔鬼藏在另一個生活小道具裡。2000年 Paul Avery 因為另外一個病態執念——吸菸導致的肺氣腫病逝，享年 66 歲。


執念11：八成女粉絲
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當我們著迷於真實犯罪事件時，我們在迷的是什麼？

「廣泛的大眾之所以被這些故事吸引，是因為這些故事激發了我們每個人身上都有的一種基本卻強而有力的情緒：恐懼」犯罪學家 Scott Bonn 說。就像兒童著迷於怪物故事一樣，連續殺人狂就是成年人的怪物故事，讓他們在安全、受到控制的環境中不斷體驗到恐懼情緒的刺激。

另一位心理學專家 Emily Mendez 則說這種恐懼體驗有助益於另外一個求生的本能，讓我們在過程中發展出保護自己的策略。這就是為什麼真實犯罪節目的的觀眾中女性有壓倒性的數量優勢，因為在現實世界中他們比男性有更強烈的保護自己的需求。

根據統計真實犯罪類型 podcast 中有75%聽眾是女性。而在美國 CrimeCon 犯罪展活動中，更有八成參與者是女性。


執念12：554本書
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2007年《索命黃道帶》上映之後黃道帶案雖然被警方重啟，但沒有新線索，進度仍是一灘死水。最新技術的DNA比對甚至排除了電影中的第一嫌疑人Arthur Leigh Allen的可能性。

真相這塊大畫布上越保留空白，就越吸引更多人在上面著墨。在Amazon上搜尋黃道帶殺手的關鍵字，可以找到554筆出版資料，包含實體書、電子書和有聲書（許多都來自 podcast 市場上的真實犯罪節目）等各種各樣出版品。《索命黃道帶》作者 Robert Graysmith 的幾本書當然排在最前面。而緊跟在後的則是2014年出版的一本名為《The Most Dangerous Animal of All》的暢銷書。從小被父母遺棄的作者 Gary L. Stewart 在追查生父真實身份的過程中，找到了種種證據指向當年遺棄他的生父很可能就是黃道帶殺手本人。

今年初串流平台 Hulu 依據該書製作了一部真實犯罪調查的同名紀錄片節目。他們和 David Fincher 一樣重新訪談相關當事人、檢視書中條列的種種證據。和《索命黃道帶》不同的是，他們發現許多鐵證來自作者一廂情願的錯誤解讀。

這本暢銷書被紀錄片一一破解之後，作者 Gary L. Stewart 本人似乎沒有動搖他的信念。當年協助他完成該書的記者評論道：「他的終極願望就是找到自己的身份，而這些線索就是他身份的一部分。如果這些線索再度瓦解，他就再也無法確定自己是什麼了」。

當他沉迷於追求真實犯罪事件時，他其實是在找尋自己。


《索命黃道帶》myVideo線上看：
https://www.myvideo.net.tw/details/0/226055
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D7029 (威龍) 1/700 AEGIS DESTROYER 'U.S.S. ARLEIGH BURKE'
D7039 (威龍) 1/700 USS Roosevelt DDG-80
D6911 (威龍) 1/35 Sd.Kfz.250/3 "Greif"
D6945 (威龍) 1/35 Pz.Kpfw. V Sd.Kfz. 171 Panther Ausf. D
D6378 (威龍) 1/35 U.S. Army Tank Riders 1944-1945
D7074 (威龍) 1/700 俄羅斯 BATTLECRUISER PYOTR VELIKIY
D7110 (威龍) 1/700 美軍 紐約號 LPD21
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D6343 (威龍) 1/35 STALINGRAD INFERNO
D7092 (威龍) 1/700 美國 獨立號 LCS-2 瀕海戰鬥艦
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D7134 (威龍) 1/700 German Z-38 Destroyer
D6389 (威龍) 1/35 GERMAN AFRIKA KORPS INFANTRY

🎹鋼琴的大千世界/名家名言：「為何稱我為大師？主人在這裡（指著鋼琴），我只是他的奴才。」

— 李斯特著名的弟子，德國鋼琴家、作曲家、教育家 萊森奧爾(Alfred Reisenauer)

Why, there is the master (pointing to the piano), I am only the slave.”

— Alfred Reisenauer (1 November 1863 – 3 October 1907) German pianist, composer, and music educator.

📹 跟隨在李斯特學習長達十二年至李斯特過世(1874-1886)的萊森奧爾，演奏李斯特的第十號匈牙利狂想曲：
https://youtu.be/e12YwuHiQtY

📰 延伸閱讀 - 【李斯特學派 / the school of Liszt】♩.♪
https://www.facebook.com/notes/fan-chiang-yi-%E8%8C%83%E5%A7%9C%E6%AF%85/%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE-the-school-of-liszt/289155141104454/

———————————————————————1905-1906 鋼琴名家萊森奧爾（Alfred Reisenauer）在美國進行數月的巡迴演出，並接受美國著名音樂雜誌”Etude”的專訪。文章於1906年七月出版，隔年他在德國巡迴演出期間於下榻的飯店房間內過世。

📰 藝術家的養成 - 萊森奧爾的見解
The Making of an Artist - The Views of Alfred Reisenauer.

▪️With Liszt

“When I had reached a certain grade of advancement it was my great fortune to become associated with the immortal Franz Liszt. I consider Liszt the greatest man I have ever met. By this I mean that I have never met, in any other walk of life, a man with the mental grasp, splendid disposition and glorious genius. This may seem a somewhat extravagant statement. I have met many, many great men, rulers, jurists, authors, scientists, teachers, merchants and warriors, but never have I met a man in any position whom I have not thought would have proved the inferior of Franz Liszt, had Liszt chosen to follow the career of the man in question. Liszt’s personality can only be expressed by one word, ‘colossal.’ He had the most generous nature of any man I have ever met. He had aspirations to become a great composer, greater than his own measure of his work as a composer had revealed to him. The dire position of Wagner presented itself. He abandoned his own ambitions— ambitions higher than those he ever held toward piano virtuosity—abandoned them completely to champion the difficult cause of the great Wagner. What Liszt suffered to make this sacrifice, the world does not know. But no finer example of moral heroism can be imagined. His conversations with me upon the subject were so intimate that I do not care to reveal one word.

▪️Liszt’s Pedagogical Methods

“His generosity and personal force in his work with the young artists he assisted, are hard to describe. You ask me whether he had a certain method. I reply, he abhorred methods in the modern sense of the term. His work was eclectic in the highest sense. In one way he could not be considered a teacher at all. He charged no fees and had irregular and somewhat unsystematic classes. In another sense he was the greatest of teachers. Sit at the piano and I will indicate the general plan pursued by Liszt at a lesson.”

Reisenauer is a remarkable and witty mimic of people he desires to describe. The present writer sat at the piano and played at some length through several short compositions, eventually coming to the inevitable “Chopin Valse, Op. 69, No. 1, in A flat major.” In the meanwhile, Reisenauer had gone to another room and, after listening patiently, returned, imitating the walk, facial expression and the peculiar guttural snort characteristic of Liszt in his later years. Then followed a long “kindly sermon” upon the emotional possibilities of the composition. This was interrupted with snorts and went with kaleidoscopic rapidity from French to German and back again many, many times. Imitating Liszt he said, “First of all we must arrive at the very essence of the thing; the germ that Chopin chose to have grow and blossom in his soul. It is, roughly considered, this:（見譜例圖四）

Chopin’s next thought was, no doubt:（見譜例圖五）

But with his unerring good taste and sense of symmetry he writes it so:（見譜例圖六）

Now consider the thing in studying it and while playing it from the composer’s attitude. By this I mean that during the mental process of conception before the actual transference of the thought to paper, the thought itself is in a nebulous condition. The composer sees it in a thousand lights before he actually determines upon the exact form he desires to perpetuate. For instance, this theme might have gone through Chopin’s mind much after this fashion:（見譜例圖七）

The main idea being to reach the embryo of Chopin’s thought and by artistic insight divine the connotation of that thought, as nearly as possible in the light of the treatment Chopin has given it.

“It is not so much the performer’s duty to play mere notes and dynamic marks, as it is for him to make an artistic estimate of the composer’s intention and to feel that during the period of reproduction, he simulates the natural psychological conditions which affected the composer during the actual process of composition. In this way the composition becomes a living entity—a tangible resurrection of the soul of the great Chopin. Without such penetrative genius a pianist is no more than a mere machine and with it he may develop into an artist of the highest type.”

▪️A Unique Attitude.

Reisenauer’s attitude toward the piano is unique and interesting. Musicians are generally understood to have an affectionate regard for their instruments, almost paternal. Not so with Reisenauer. He even goes so far as to make this statement: “I have always been drawn to the piano by a peculiar charm I have never been able to explain to myself. I feel that I must play, play, play, play, play. It has become a second nature to me. I have played so much and so long that the piano has become a part of me. Yet I am never free from the feeling that it is a constant battle with the instrument, and even with my technical resources I am not able to express all the beauties I hear in the music. While music is my very life, I nevertheless hate the piano. I play because I can’t help playing and because there is no other instrument which can come as near imitating the melodies and the harmonies of the music I feel. People say wherever I go, ‘Ah, he is a master.’ What absurdity! I the master? Why, there is the master (pointing to the piano), I am only the slave.”

▪️The Future of Pianoforte Music.

An interesting question that frequently arises in musical circles relates to the future possibilities of the art of composition in its connection with the pianoforte. Not a few have some considerable apprehension regarding the possible dearth of new melodic material and the technical and artistic treatment of such material. “I do not think that there need be any fear of a lack of original melodic material or original methods of treating such material. The possibilities of the art of musical composition have by no means been exhausted. While I feel that in a certain sense, very difficult to illustrate with words, one great ‘school’ of composition for the pianoforte ended with Liszt and the other in Brahms, nevertheless I can but prophesy the arising of many new and wonderful schools in the future. I base my prophecy upon the premises of frequent similiar (sic) conditions during the history of musical art.” These are Reisenauer’s views upon this matter.

Continuing, he said: “It is my ambition to give a lengthy series of recitals, with programs arranged to give a chronological aspect of all the great masterpieces in music. I hope to be enabled to do this before I retire. It is part of a plan to circle the world in a manner that has not yet been done.” When asked whether these programs were to resemble Rubinstein’s famous historical recitals in London, years ago, he replied: “They will be more extensive than the Rubinstein recitals. The times make such a series posssible (sic) now, which Rubinstein would have hesitated to give.”

As to American composers, Reisenauer is so thoroughly and enthusiastically won over by MacDowell that he has not given the other composers sufficient attention to warrant a critical opinion. I found upon questioning, that he had made a genuinely sincere effort to find new material in America, but he said that outside of MacDowell, he found nothing but indifferently good salon-music. With the works of several American composers he was, however, unfamiliar. He has done little or nothing himself as a composer and declared that it was not his forte.

▪️American Musical Taste.

Reisenauer says: “American musical taste is in many ways astonishing. Many musicians who came to America prior to the time of Thomas and Damrosch returned to Europe with what were, no doubt, true stories of the musical conditions in America at that time. These stories were given wide circulation in Europe, and it is difficult for Europeans to understand the cultured condition of the American people at the present time. America can never thank Dr. Leopold Damrosch and Theodore Thomas enough for their unceasing labors. Thanks to the impetus that they gave the movement, it is now possible to play programs in almost any American city that are in no sense different from those one is expected to give in great European capitals. The status of musical education in the leading American cities is surprisingly high. Of course the commercial element necessarily affects it to a certain extent; but in many cases this is not as injurious as might be imagined. The future of music in America seems very roseate to me and I can look back to my American concert tours with great pleasure.

▪️Concert Conditions in America.

“One of the great difficulties, however, in concert touring in America is the matter of enormous distances. I often think that American audiences rarely hear great pianists at their best. Considering the large amounts of money involved in a successful American tour and the business enterprise which must be extremely forceful to make such a tour possible, it is not to be wondered that enormous journeys must be made in ridiculously short time. No one can imagine what this means to even a man of my build.” (Reisenauer is a wonderfully strong and powerful man.) “I have been obliged to play in one Western city one night and in an Eastern city the following night. Hundreds of miles lay between them. In the latter city I was obliged to go directly from the railroad depot to the stage of the concert hall, hungry, tired, travel worn and without practice opportunities. How can a man be at his best under such conditions—yet certain conditions make these things unavoidable in America, and the pianist must suffer occasional criticism for not playing uniformly well. In Europe such conditions do not exist owing to the closely populated districts. I am glad to have the opportunity to make this statement, as no doubt a very great many Americans fail to realize under what distressing conditions an artist is often obliged to play in America.”

"Just a short visit to Durnstein village in Austria, when our cruise was on the Danube river and heading to Germany". Click show more to know more about the town! Don't forget to subscribe my channel!

☛ Dürnstein is a small town on the Danube river in the Krems-Land district, in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is one of the most-visited tourist destinations in the Wachau region and also a well-known wine growing area. The municipality consists of the Katastralgemeinden Dürnstein, Oberloiben and Unterloiben.
Dürnstein was first mentioned in 1192 when, in the castle above the town, King Richard I of England was held captive by Leopold V, Duke of Austria after their dispute during the Third Crusade. Richard the Lionheart had offended Leopold the Virtuous by casting down his standard from the walls at the Battle of Acre, and the duke suspected that King Richard ordered the murder of his cousin Conrad of Montferrat in Jerusalem. In consequence Pope Celestine III excommunicated Leopold for capturing a fellow crusader. The duke finally gave the custody of the king to Emperor Henry VI, who imprisoned Richard at Trifels Castle.

☛ Dürnstein Castle was almost completely destroyed by the troops of the Swedish Empire under Field Marshal Lennart Torstenson in 1645.

☛ Dürnstein Abbey (Stift Dürnstein) was established in 1410 by Canons Regular from Třeboň and from 1710 rebuilt in a Baroque style according to plans by Joseph Munggenast, Jakob Prandtauer and Matthias Steinl. The monastery was dissolved by order of Emperor Joseph II in 1788 and fell to the Herzogenburg Priory.

During the War of the Third Coalition the Battle of Dürenstein was fought nearby on November 11, 1805.

☛ Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrnstein

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維也納荷夫堡Hofburg是古今奧地利的統治中心。700多年來以來，它是著名的Habsburg王朝歷代國王工作居住的地方，無數叱吒奧地利歷史的國王與女王，在這裏統領過龐大的奧匈帝國。1918年帝國瓦解後，它又成為奧地利共和國的總統官邸。1938年希特勒也曾在新荷夫堡皇宮Neue Burg宣佈奧地利被納入德意志帝國中。經過了兩次大戰的蹂躪與重生，新奧地利共和國在1955年成立。而荷夫堡至今仍然是奧地利共和國的政府中心。現時這個占地約24萬平方米的皇宮，有18棟樓房、54個出口、19座庭院和2900間房間。荷夫堡外Michaelerplatz廣場其實很細，只是一個小型迴旋處，中央地下有一組皇宮地基遺跡，皇宮入口有一座青銅圓頂，維也納以巴洛克時期最富盛，所有建築及裝飾以對稱為主，甚具氣派。路口有警察把守，博物館入口在右邊，首先可以去參觀皇室居所(Kaiserappartements)、皇后Elizabeth I(也稱為Sisi)的博物館。另外，這些Imperial Apartments的對面是著名的西班牙馬術學校，這裏有精彩的馬術表演。向前行很快看到舊皇宮的小廣場，中心有一個Franz Joseph I 的青銅像。背後Amalienburg中間有一個靠日光行走的古時鐘。從這個廣場繼續走可到Leopold Wing，是現今奧利總統辦公的地方。荷夫堡Hofburg分為新舊皇宮Alte Burg和Neue Burg，舊皇宮建築群十分複雜，像積木般拼接，最舊部份是建於13世紀的Schweizerhof (Swiss Courtyard)，Hapsburg皇族在13世紀後期已在此居住，一直至末代皇帝Charles I (1918)才遷出；而擴建的新皇宮Neue Burg外型宏偉，前面有一座大廣場Heldenplatz，視野極廣闊，Neue Burg在1913年完成，不久Hapsburg皇朝便崩潰了，沒有正式用過，現時改為博物館。