關於 logical thinking skills ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

久等了！策略顧問—方法與實務（Strategy Consulting: Approach and Practice）即將再度於今年九月開課！

本課程由台大李吉仁教授和波士頓顧問公司（BCG, Boston Consulting Group）合夥人兼董事總經理徐瑞廷（JT Hsu）共同創設，內容以BCG培養新進顧問的方法為基礎，傳授問題解決的核心技巧，包括邏輯思考、假說思考、問題定義、解決方案設計與溝通等，旨在協助學生培養策略顧問與商業決策必備的基本思考能力，使能以企業策略的高度解決實務問題。

課程包含專案實作，有修課人數限制，需預先取得修課資格，請參考以下說明。

課程名稱：策略顧問－方法與實務（Strategy Consulting: Approach and Practice）

課程時間：2021 年 9 月 24 日起隔週五 19:30-22:30（課前的工作坊與期中末報告為週末），共 10 堂課，二學分

課程講師：BCG 合夥人兼董事總經理徐瑞廷、李吉仁教授

選課對象：本課程將招收約 56 名台大、師大、台科大學生（三校聯盟）與政大旁聽學生（無正式學分），開放給不分科系大三以上（含研究所）有志於策略顧問領域、或對顧問方法與實務有高度興趣的學生，需具備基本會計知識。

申請流程：請備齊個人 CV（A4 一頁以內）與 Cover letter（內述個人修課經驗與成績、社團或機構實習經驗、修課動機），在截止期限前至https://forms.gle/FwSnbzoDhNgobunz8 完成線上申請。

申請時間：即日起至 2021 年 8 月 14 日（六）17:00 止，第一階段錄取名單預定於 8 月 30 日公布，並在 9 月 11 日課前工作坊後，於 9 月 13 日公佈最終名單。有任何疑問歡迎來信詢問 NTUSCAP@gmail.com。

Are you a student from the NTU System (including National Taiwan University, National Taiwan Normal University and National Taiwan University of Science and Technology) or National Chengchi University, and would like to…
Challenge your mind on real-life business problems?
Acquire the core skills required of a strategy consultant?
Learn first-hand from BCG, the world's leading advisor on strategy?

If so, apply for the Strategy Consulting—Approach and Practice at NTU!
Strategy Consulting—Approach and Practice (SCAP) is a 2-credit elective course offered by National Taiwan University in partnership with Boston Consulting Group.
In this course, you will learn core consulting skills structured around problem solving, from logical thinking, hypothesis thinking, defining problems, generating insights to communicate with stakeholders. These skills will then be put into practice while you and your team members solve a real-life business case with the support of BCG consultants.

The SCAP course aims to give you the most unique and realistic experience of strategy consulting.

To apply, submit your CV and a letter of motivation online via https://forms.gle/FwSnbzoDhNgobunz8 by 5pm on August 14, 2021.

For more information, please contact us at NTUSCAP@gmail.com.

* This course offers seats to applicants from the National Chengchi University on an audit basis (no academic credit) and expects auditors to complete all sessions.

淺談「假新聞」

最近上課時學到一個新單字「positionality」，讓我想到當前社群媒體上，不停看到的「fake news」——假新聞。

簡言之，「positionality」(位置性) 被定義為於種族、階級、性別、性取向以及能力等狀態中，創造你身分的社會與政治背景。位置性還描述了你的身分如何影響你對世界的理解與看法，以及潛在的偏見。

positionality 位置性；定位
https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/3390885/
https://www.lexico.com/definition/positionality

以下是我對「positionality」與 「fake news」的些許觀點：

“Fake news” has permeated all facets of life, ranging from social media interaction to presidential elections. Fake news can be defined as “fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent” (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094). The creators and outlets of fake news do not ensure the accuracy and credibility of information, but rather disseminate misinformation or disinformation for purposes ranging from personal amusement to creating deceptions to achieve political aims. At times, fake news is created and disseminated by state or non-state actors using social media accounts and networks of bots designed to hijack feed algorithms of platforms such as Twitter or Facebook (Prier, 2017, p. 54). In the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, Facebook estimated that up to 60 million bots were used to post political content. Some of the same bots were then used in an attempt to influence the 2017 French election (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095). Such campaigns can be understood as a form of information warfare, a comprehensive attempt to control and influence every facet of the information supply chain, thereby influencing public opinion and behaviors. (Prier, 2017, p. 54). Often, fake news is not directly created by actors that seek to manipulate but by journalists or content creators whose content favors or aligns with the narratives of these actors (Doshi, 2020).

從社群媒體的互動到總統選舉，「假新聞」（fake news）已滲透至生活的各個層面。假新聞可被定義為「在形式上而非組織過程或意圖上，模仿新聞媒體內容所捏造的資訊」（Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094）。無論是出於個人愛好或為達政治目的而有所欺瞞，假新聞的製造者與傳播管道並不保證資訊的準確性與可信度，反而是為了散播錯誤訊息（misinformation）或扭曲訊息（disinformation）。有時，假新聞是由國家或非國家行為者（state or non-state actors）所製造與傳播，藉由社群媒體帳號及網絡機器人來劫持諸如臉書與推特等平臺的推送演算法（Prier, 2017, p. 54）。在2016年的美國總統大選中，臉書估計有多達６千萬個機器人被用來發布政治貼文。其中，有部分機器人被用於影響隔年的法國大選（Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095）。此類行動可視為資訊戰（information warfare）的一種形式，一種對控制與影響資訊供應鏈各環節的全面嘗試，從而影響公眾輿論與行為（Prier, 2017, p. 54）。假新聞通常是由記者或內容創造者（content creators）所創造，而非試圖操弄的行為者，前者的內容偏好符合後者的敘事（Doshi, 2020）。

Nevertheless, while the term “fake news” is commonplace, there is no universal, measurable way to quantify the fakeness or truthfulness of news. There are many fact-checking and media-bias detection tools, but they cannot objectively detect and clarify the more subtle and nuanced aims of manipulative actors that play a crucial role in news production. It can also be argued that the veracity of news depends not only on the actors that seek to manipulate it, but also on the positionality of its consumers. Therefore, one’s initial line of defense against misleading news lies not in the plethora of fact-checking devices but more in one’s pre-existing dispositions and skills to think and act in response to misleading information. This ability can be referred to as critical thinking, which can be more concretely expounded as “reasonable and reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do” (Ennis, 2011, p. 15).

然而，即便「假新聞」一詞隨處可見，卻沒有統一、可衡量的方式來量化新聞的虛假性或真實性。目前有許多事實查核與媒體偏見檢測工具，但它們無法客觀地檢測與說明行為操弄者更狡猾、更細緻的目標，而這些操弄者往往在新聞的生產中發揮著重要作用。我們也可以說，新聞的真實性不僅取決於試圖操弄它的行為者，同時還取決於新聞受眾的位置性。因此，一個人對抗誤導性新聞的第一道防線，不在於這些五花八門的事實查核方式，反而在於個人所固有的性格，以及針對誤導性資訊的思考與行動等相關技能。這種能力可稱為批判性思考（critical thinking），意即「專注於決定相信什麼或做什麼的理性思考與反思性思考」（Ennis, 2011, p. 15）。

Taiwan, also known as the Republic of China (ROC), is at the forefront of information warfare. It is wedged between the geopolitical struggles of global and regional hegemonies such as the United States and China, the People's Republic of China (PRC). Compounding the matter are the Taiwan’s own political actors vying for influence and power. This struggle seeps into all aspects of life and practice, mainly manifesting itself on social media, a battleground of information warfare. The Ministry of Education of Taiwan is cognizant of these information campaigns, and efforts have been made to introduce media literacy into all parts of its education system. According to the ministry, the government has tried to promote media literacy education since 2000 (MOE, 2002, p. 1), with one of its primary goals to cultivate its “citizens” abilities for independent learning, critical thinking, and problem solving” (MOE, 2002, p. 2).

臺灣，也被稱為中華民國，正處於資訊戰的最前線。這是全球霸權與地區霸權之間——如美國與中國（中華人民共和國）——的地緣政治對抗。使問題惡化的是臺灣自身的政治行動者對影響力與權力的奪取。這場對抗遍布於現實生活的各個面向，主要於社群媒體中——資訊戰的戰場——展露無遺。臺灣的教育部注意到了這些資訊的煙硝，並已努力將媒體素養引入其教育體系。據該部稱，自2000年以來，政府一直試圖推展媒體素養教育（MOE, 2002, p. 1），其主要目標之一是培養「公民獨立學習、批判性思考以及解決問題的能力。」（MOE, 2002, p. 2）。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

上述段落認為，由於個人的位置性(positionality)，「假新聞」極難定義。此外，有許多人把不符合自身成見與偏好的新聞逕斥為假新聞。這其實相當危險，因為個人觀點將會變得愈發孤立與激進。

閱聽人應意識到，他們在網路上看到的每個資訊都有特定立場。是否真有毫無立場的新聞文章？為了對抗操弄性或強制性資訊（coercive information），我們必須意識到權力於個中的作用，以及我們自身的位置性如何形塑我們的詮釋。這是我們的第一道防線。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

參考文獻

Doshi, R. (2020, January). China steps up its information war in Taiwan. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-01-09/china-steps-its-information-war-taiwan

Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational leadership, 43(2), 44-48.

Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., ... & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094-1096.

MOE (Ministry of Education), Taiwan. (2002). White paper on media literacy educational policy. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from http://english.moe.gov.tw/public/Attachment/ 2122416591771.pdf

Prier, J. (2017). Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare. Strategic Studies Quarterly: SSQ, 11(4), 50-85.

★★★★★★★★★★★★

教育時評: http://bit.ly/39ABON9

相關詞彙: https://bit.ly/2UncrfI

TED相關影片: https://bit.ly/3BDsDKl

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2021年2月17日収録

#論理 #LEGO #Logical #マインクラフト #感覚 #思考方 #マインドセット #人生相談 #OTAKING #岡田斗司夫 #nerd #otaku #岡田斗司夫ゼミ
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岡田斗司夫
大阪生まれ。アニメ・ゲームの制作会社ガイナックスを創業し、初代社長を務めたあと退社。立教大学やマサチューセッツ工科大学講師、大阪芸術大学客員教授などを歴任。
『評価経済社会』『スマートノート』『人生の法則』など著書多数。
Twitter：https://twitter.com/ToshioOkada