【究竟為何光電越來越便宜?!】
#市場規模帶動成本下降 #光電越來越便宜
太陽能成本超出預期的直線下降,已使其成為世界上許多地方廉價電力的首選,甚至不計石化業要支付的空污和減碳的額外成本,仍可低過化石燃料的價格。目前,太陽能的平均成本約為每度電0.05美元,已達到6年前IEA預估、到本世紀中葉才會出現的水平。這篇文章就來討論便宜太陽能的地區、原因和未來。鼓勵大家多多認識當前再生能源趨勢咩~ 但即便太陽光電這種較不因地區差異影響學習曲線的能源,目前我國光電躉購費率(並非實際成本)都比下面提及任何數字還高。
▉最便宜的太陽能在哪?
世上最便宜的太陽能交易是上個月由阿布達比簽下的每度電0.0135美金,低於今年稍早杜拜和卡達創下的紀錄。分析師認為,#中東國家的電力業受益於免費的土地與電網連接費用,使價格可以低過實際成本。
而在其他地區,即使陽光充足也可能遇到一些融資障礙,例如印度政府因力圖振興煤炭業,使太陽能業者的借貸利率是中東地區的好幾倍。而在非洲,因為能源需求飆升使貸款門檻提高,造成太陽能前景稍微停滯。整塊非洲大陸目前總共僅安裝了5GW的太陽能,還少於日照遠低於非洲的英國。
▉太陽能怎麼變便宜的?
光電板是在2000年前後透過類似德國的補貼而推向全球市場,並在中國大規模製造,2018年MIT發表在《能源政策》期刊上的一項研究提出了太陽能成本下降在技術面與政策面的原因。技術端主要來自太陽能電池轉換效率(conversion efficiency)的提升,屬於成本因素中的下游機制(low-level mechanisms ),而上游機制則是改善並優化製程、開發規模經濟(economies of scale)與做中學習(learning by doing)等。
1980年至2012年間,太陽能模組的成本下降了97%,其中6個下游因素使總成本下降10%、4個上游因素各下降15%成本,若以時間為界,在產業初期,設備與技術的提升是降低成本的主力;但過去十年中,隨著產業與工廠的規模不斷擴充,上游因素中的「規模經濟」(指隨著產線與規模的增加,平均成本隨著降低)才是太陽能降價主因。規模經濟與政府政策有關,政府刺激市場的政策約占產業總成本下降的六成左右,包括制定再生能源配額(RPS)、躉購制度(FIT)、各種補貼與減免等,各國平均也有三成的太陽能研發來自政府部門。
這種從技術水平涵蓋到政策措施來全面考察成本下降的研究方式,也可以應用到其他產業如核電或太陽能裝置的其他區塊,即所謂的「系統平衡」(balance of systems),指的是太陽能模組的支架結構(mounting structure)與功率控制。
Wisconsin大學公共事務系教授Gregory Nemet總結:太陽能 #需求的增長是成本下降的最大驅動力,包括日本、德國、西班牙、加州與中國的政策推動了市場,並給太陽能產業的自動化、規模化、與做中學習創造了機會,因此部署的太陽能發電廠越多,技術的價格下降就越多,雖然收益會隨時間趨緩。過去德國的做法催化了學習曲線,目前大多數太陽能板則多在中國製造,製程因優化而更有效率,使價格降至到燃煤發電的水平。
▉太陽能的未來在哪?
根據專家分析,到2035年,世界上陽光充足地區的太陽能均價有望達到每度0.01美元,這種競爭力在市場上會使世上剩下的燃煤電廠破產,但有些分析師就沒那麼樂觀,他們質疑學習曲線的適用範圍究竟是太陽能的總成本(total cost) 還是資本成本(cost of capital),因此太陽能價格的預測範圍從每度0.01美元到0.025美元都有,不過都遠低於現有燃煤電廠的運營成本。
Eindhoven大學的電動車專家Auke Hoekstra則認為還必須解決再生能源的間歇性問題,也就是說,太陽能的吸引力也取決於電網平衡供需與儲存電力的技術水準,例如更多的電網建設會產生整體成本取捨。而且當再生能源在電網中占主導地位運轉時會將電價壓低,而侵蝕電力業者的收入。根據《Renewable Energy》期刊上的一項研究,如果找不到更好的儲能方式,也可能抵消掉下降的成本,如同說說能源先前提過的MIT研究。
▉結語
長期以來最廉價的電力是燃煤,如今在太陽能競爭下已失去優勢。專家預測十年內,在全球任何地方關閉燃煤電廠改建光電板與風機,都會比燒煤便宜。因為成本下降,也會使對緩解氣候變遷較不友善的國家(如目前的美國政府)改變心意。智利前環境部長就說:「一國總統的想法並不重要,市場會決定一切。」
但正如市場會決定一切,上述諸多國家的成功其實也仰賴於當替特殊地理條件,例如光照與土地面積等等,搭配政策補貼後才能快速發展。但若本身不具備優良光照以及低廉土地,就得繼續在補貼政策的存續以及減碳工具上做抉擇了,此外所謂的市場選擇,這個市場是否是自由的市場?又或者受許多條件(如再生能源優先併網)等限制,都會在近一步影響光電成本。
▉參考資料:
https://reurl.cc/7XWMr5
https://reurl.cc/V6l5DQ
同時也有2部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過2萬的網紅Hi Fi 發燒台,也在其Youtube影片中提到,今次又去同一個地方,會唔會悶親大家? 如果你望望條片就知道今次去搞搞震,想知搞乜,咁就要去片。 另設Facebook群組Hi Fi 發燒圈,歡迎加入: https://www.facebook.com/groups/454356881290493/ #音響 #發燒圈 #Lee388 #HiFi ...
「low cost efficiency」的推薦目錄:
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- 關於low cost efficiency 在 Scholarship for Vietnamese students Facebook 的最佳解答
- 關於low cost efficiency 在 TrendForce Facebook 的最佳解答
- 關於low cost efficiency 在 Hi Fi 發燒台 Youtube 的最佳貼文
- 關於low cost efficiency 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的精選貼文
- 關於low cost efficiency 在 Low Cost/No Cost - YouTube 的評價
low cost efficiency 在 Scholarship for Vietnamese students Facebook 的最佳解答
#HannahEdSuccessfulstories
Sáng sớm nay một bạn Schofans cùng tên có inbox nhắn cảm ơn chị Hoa Dinh và Page Scholarship for Vietnamese students. Bạn ấy mới đi Kuala Lumpur về theo chương trình CIMB Young ASEAN Leaders được tài trợ toàn phần. Cơ hội ra nước ngoài không mất phí là chuyện nhỏ nhưng quan trọng hơn chỉ trong thời gian ngắn Hoa đã làm quen được với rất nhiều bạn bè quốc tế và đã học hỏi được rất nhiều điều bổ ích cho bản thân. Chị tin rằng đây chỉ là bước khởi đầu, chắc chắn bạn ấy sẽ giành được rất nhiều học bổng khác trong tương lai. Cùng chúc mừng Hoa và Schofans nhà mình cùng cố gắng thêm nha. À bật mí là trong đoàn Việt Nam còn có 1 bạn Volunteer của page mình đó. Schofans chịu khó Like, See First page để không bỏ lỡ cơ hội nào ha.
Chị trích lại những bài học mà Hoa nhận được để chia sẻ với mọi người nhé, đặc biệt chú ý phần các ngành nghề và kĩ năng cần thiết trong tương lai ở cuối. Link bài viết: https://www.facebook.com/notes/hoa-nguy%E1%BB%85n/cyal-2018-brief-notes-and-highlighted-moments/10156418943876187/
Related links:
UCTC UKM official fb page: https://www.facebook.com/uctcukm2014/
CIMB Foundation official fb page: https://www.facebook.com/cimbfoundation/
News of CYAL 2018 on BH Online: News- BH Online
Scholarship finding page: Scholarship for Vietnamese students
I. KEY TAKE-AWAY NOTES
Here is the key notes that I found most impressed with, and would like to share to my friends, relations, as well as anyone who want to try practicing to “Think ASEAN”, “Act Sustainably” or just simply understand the importance of and are curious to know more abt the “ Green, prosperous lifestyle of a Smart City”.
1. ASEAN Identity and Unity
Dr. Wahiza Wahi
CITRA, UKM
---
- To drive social changes, it is vital to engage people in the society. There are 2 key indicators:
o Whom to engage.
o How many people to be on board.
- Base of Social Engagement: Emotional Commitment (EC)
o EC caused from shared goals among people.
o To go as a team in a long run, a part from EC, you have to build credibility as well (delivering your responsibilities on time).
2. Think City
Dr. Neil Khor
Programme Director, Southern Region
Think City Bhd
---
- Why City?
o Future trend: the growing population of large cities àmore than 60% of the population will live in cities in 2050. (*)
o Basic elements of societies, where you can create the smallest sustainable ecosystem unit for citizens.
- Smart City: Transformation from conventional cities into smart cities by replacing manual tasks by smart applications.
o How machines have changed the way human work, contact, engage, etc. àneed to evolve and participate in this 4.0 revolution.
o Considering SDGs as the common goals worldwide (previously we had MDGs, but have switched into SDGs since 2015 as MDGs applied primarily to least developed/poor countries, while the new SDG goals set targets that call all countries to action, no matter how developed).
o Recommendation: Using Crystal Ball as a digital platform for analytics and making predictions.
- Smart City Fundamentals:
o Smart Energy
o Smart Mobility
o Smart Water
o Smart Public Services
o Smart Buildings
o Smart Data Center
==> Smart Collaboration:
Planning & Design
Solution Implementation
Operation & Optimization
Business models & Financing
- Smart Digital City: In 4.0 era, digital facets become more essential to evolve conventional cities.
o Low carbon city concept
o E.g. of smart cities: Singapore & Curitiba
- Smart Digital City concepts & Business Impact
o Block chain Technology:
No Third-party Involvement
Trusted transactions
Reduce cost
Transparency
No single point of Failure
Security
Real-time tracking
Unalterable Copied only
o Business Impacts:
Digital Transformation Strategy à[Social Media Mkt & Branding] + [Digital Mkt] + [Brand & Product Mkt] à[Advertising Business Mkt] àGreen Product àGreen Services
3. Sustainability City Plan and Dev. from Industry Perspective
En Ismail Hj Abdullah
President & CEO
International Green Training Centre
---
- Sustainable City Framework:
o Policy Objectives & Planning
o Spatial Data & Indicator Dimensions
o [Urban Form + Economy + Resource Efficiency + Environment + People]
o Climate Change (Low Carbon & Resilience)
o Governance
- Sustainable Cities Index:
o People (Social)
o Planet (Environment)
o Profit (Economic)
(Reference: ARCADIS Sustainable Cities Index)
- ARCADIS Sustainable cities indicators for economic pillar
o Transport infrastructure and traffic congestion
o Ease of doing business
o Tourism volume
o GDP per capita
o Global economy networks ranking
o Broadband connectivity
o Employment rates
- Sum-up notes:
o Sustainable city development requires the participation of all stakeholders in the society, including city councils, citizens and industries players.
o Sustainable city development from industry perspective requires comprehensive assessments of social, economic and environmental costs.
4. Smart City- Issues & Challenges
Prof. Dato’ Dr. K. Sopian
Director
Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), UKM
Ar. Chan Seong Aun
President
Makaysian Green Building Federation (MGBC)
---
- Strategies to bring renewable into the cities
o Capacity building, awareness & educational programme
o Infrastructure development & Market enhancement programme
o Effective policies & enhancement of financial mechanism
o R&D and industrial interactions (Competitive industries)
- Fyi: CO2 green building index
5. CIMB Sharing- Sustainability
Sieh Luanne, Hussam Sultan
Representatives
CIMB Group
---
- CIMB’s Sustainability Focus across 5 major buckets:
o Sustainable business
o Sustainable action
o Governance & Risk
o Stakeholder Engagement & Advocacy
o Corporate social responsibility (CSR)*
- CIMB has worked on various projects to drive positive impact in the Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) space.
6. FORWARD Your Leadership Skills for the Workforce of Tomorrow
Tengku Dato’ Sri Zafrul Aziz
CEO
CIMB Group
---
- Situation: The pace of innovation is accelerating àdeveloping trends are causing Disruption
A. Banking Industry
- Banking disrupted by multiple players:
o Challenger banks
o Platform players
o Fintechs
- Bank of the future: Key characteristics
o Embrace technology
o Explore partnership
o Enhance analytics
==> Digitizing the core: Create a holistic & consistent digital multi channel- multi product sales experience across MIST
B. Jobs opportunities
- New opportunities regarding to Digital/ Big data/Architect/ Engineer/ Healthcare, etc. that machines cannot replace.
- Skillsets required in the new age of technology:
o Creative and Innovation
o Leadership
o Emotional Intelligence
o Adaptability
o Problem Solving
<3 Chia sẻ và tag bạn bè mình nếu các em thấy có ích nhé <3
#HannahEd #duhoc #hocbong #sanhocbong #scholarshipforVietnamesestudents
low cost efficiency 在 TrendForce Facebook 的最佳解答
Despite having a higher unit capacity price than that of HDDs, with its higher efficiency and low power consumption, SSDs will eventually have a critical role in the management and storage of hot data. In recent months, the popularity and adoption of SSDs have also begun to rise as a result of the market’s oversupply, which has begun to drive its prices downwards. In the next few years, owing to the suppliers' new plants, a higher number of 3D NAND development production, and Chinese competitors, SSD prices are expected to drop further, reducing the cost gap between HDD and increasing its adoption,says #DRAMeXchange of #TrendForce.
low cost efficiency 在 Hi Fi 發燒台 Youtube 的最佳貼文
今次又去同一個地方,會唔會悶親大家?
如果你望望條片就知道今次去搞搞震,想知搞乜,咁就要去片。
另設Facebook群組Hi Fi 發燒圈,歡迎加入:
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#音響 #發燒圈 #Lee388 #HiFi #Cello #粵語youtuber
The Audio Palette
Richard S. Burwen developed the concept for the Audio Palette. Burwen found that certain tone control adjustments were necessary to obtain the most natural, lifelike sound from recordings.
Cello has identified the major cause of sonic problems in recordings as the tonal balance that has been adjusted by the recording and mastering engineers in the studio. Each engineer uses a monitoring system that is unique. Because the tonal balance of each system is different, each recording is different. Engineers primarily use equalization to optimize tonal balance for the best sound on their system.
The Audio Palette advances musical realism more than any other single component. Tonal balance can be corrected from the most delicate and subtle adjustments for the best recordings, to the most extreme and dramatic adjustments for vintage material, in order to restore the vitality and life to recordings of music without sonic deterioration.
The Audio Palette is used by record companies, mastering laboratories, and also by discriminating home listeners.
Product Specifications:
The Standard Version of the Audio Palette has one (1) Fischer 3-pin balanced input. The Multiple Input Version (M.I.V.) Audio Palette total of four (4) inputs, one (1) Fischer 3-pin balanced and three (3) single ended.
One (1) set of single ended and one (1) set of Fischer 3-pin balanced main outputs are provided.
Two (2) sets of single ended record outputs are provided.
Frequency Adjustment Controls:
25 kHz control: +/- 24 dB in 1.00 dB increments
5 kHz control: +/- 12 dB in 0.50 dB increments
2 kHz control: +/- 6 dB in 0.25 dB increments
500 Hz control: +/- 6 dB in 0.25 dB increments
120 Hz control: +/- 14.5 dB in 0.50 dB increments
15 Hz control: +/- 29 dB in 1.00 dB increments
Dimensions:
19"w / 7.4"h / 14.1"d (Audio Palette)
19"w / 3.9"h / 8.5"d (Master Supply)
Shipping Weight:
41 lbs. (Audio Palette)
35 lbs. (Master Supply)
Grand Masters
Like the concert grand piano, the Grand Master is the largest model. Elegant in dimension, each Grand Master is a towering cabinet with eight tweeters, eight midranges, and two 12" woofers. These drivers allow for a great quantity of air to be moved quickly, achieving not only very low distortion but a staggering 127-dB SPL peak capability.
Since no single driver is required to overwork, a completely effortless reproduction is evident on even the most demanding musical passages.
Product Specifications:
Tweeters:
3/4" (8)
Midranges:
2" (8)
Woofers:
12" (2)
Design:
Acoustic Suspension
Minimum Power Requirement:
200 watts per channel
Impedance:
2 ohms (nominal)
1 ohm (minimal)
Crossover Frequencies:
500 Hz, 5000 Hz
SPL:
127 dB
Efficiency:
96 dB
Dimensions:
17"w / 86.5"h / 18"d
Weight:
500 lbs. each
The Performance Amplifier II
The Performance Amplifier is a four chassis set, comprised of two mono power supplies and two mono power amplifiers.
The Performance Amplifier includes many engineering features exclusive to Cello, which together provide unparalleled speed, clarity, impact, natural tone quality and reliability.
Each amplifier chassis has a balanced audio input, balanced bridging output, and four sets of barrier strip outputs. Three pin Fischer connectors are used to provide balanced line audio connections of the highest quality.
The cost of the Performance Amplifier reflects Cello's insistence on the most innovative circuitry and premium parts.
The Performance Amplifier offers a combination of sonic purity, power, build quality, freedom from obsolescence, and flexibility that makes a new level of musical integrity and system performance possible.
Product Specifications:
Power Output (single amp):
@8 Ohms Rated: 200 Watts
@4 Ohms Rated: 400 Watts
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tqX1gCV_rTI/hqdefault.jpg)
low cost efficiency 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的精選貼文
先日のTV出演のDVDを受け取りに、遊びに来てくれました、
夜なんで、少し見えにくいですが、
Dio was classified mainly by 6 generations, and two stroke engines were adopted in a model of first - the third generation, and it was changed to four water cooling stroke engines adopted than the fourth generation by Giorno Clare. The model was born by positioning called the cheap edition in the same way for the fifth generation when I adopted the air-cooled engine on the toe day that was an inexpensive motor scooter from 2003, and it was done the fourth generation and 併売 at one time for period.
There is a name called "SK50" on the vehicle of two stroke generations from a release start as an official car name. The name that I included a pet name of every each generation in and the form number are as follows.
RVF(NC35)
HONDA RVF400
HONDA RVF400
Same as above(The side)
Same as above(The side)
The last racer replica which was released as a succeeding model of VFR400(NC30) in January, 1994. A frame is a diamond frame of the character sectional structure of the newly-designed mesh, and engine suspension, each department hardness balance are changed of to NC30. The shape of the exhaust port, the structure of the carburetor, 1-3 speed gear ratios, a front fork, a swing arm, a rear suspension are changed 吸 else. In addition, with works RVF750 of the last year and same shape-shaped appearance, I become development with RVF/RC45 of 750cc at the same time. The official car name (the maker notation, popular name) is RVF and does not gain 400 to express displacement volume. It is designed with RVF to decoration graphic, but there is not the thing expressing displacement volume. Because a luxurious part is treated to, the selling price rises than the vehicle of the class, but the completeness is high only for departure from racer replica last. But the cost that depended on a function part becomes the form called the simplification (I change the part which was ABS resin conventionally in AES resin and omit the painting) of the decoration part, and crazing by fading and the deterioration may trouble an owner in the future.
I put the side, and, for a fault, the heat problem that is the fate of the V-type engine, maintenance-related badness is inherited. In addition, a spark plug is special size, and a part price is high. The headlight shape becomes special H4R type, and versatility is low, and light quantity is small at 35/30W (a wiring is burnt when I just use a commercial high efficiency valve).
Because it is very likely that malfunction occurs in レギュレートレクチファイア from the structure that is easy to be full of heat, an engine may stop suddenly unless I change it for measures product (with a radiation of heat fin).
In the U.K., demand for RVF400 was higher than RVF/RC45 among the generations who were particularly young by an insurance regime by the displacement volume.
Honda / CBR1000RR (the double are that I do not make sea B are) is four parallel cylinders of the CBR series done of release [1] as a succeeding car from March 31, 2004 of CBR954RR of Honda Motor, a motorcycle of 998cc cubic centimeter displacement. A pet name of Fireblade( fire blade) is given the export model.
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/0LMJ4FOmP18/hqdefault.jpg)
low cost efficiency 在 Low Cost/No Cost - YouTube 的推薦與評價
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