“Người châu Á rất giỏi giang và siêng năng” - hình mẫu tích cực này đã có những ảnh hưởng tiêu cực gì? Cùng tìm hiểu về “Model Minority” (thiểu số gương mẫu) qua bài viết sau nhé.
同時也有10部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過11萬的網紅Frugal Outdoors & Camping,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Sambungan dari solo survival challenge di episode lepas, hari ke-2 Farid & Hasbullah dari geng Kayak Fishing Minority join aku untuk camping lagi sat...
model minority 在 百工裡的人類學家 Facebook 的精選貼文
我們過去曾經分享過不少從文化、性別、族群以及歷史觀點來談論「歧視」的文章,不過,這些「歧視」都並非由單一原因所構成。如何從某個大家都或多或少知道的現象來討論多重原因構成的「歧視」,以及這樣的多重「歧視」又是如何把一群人變成社會生活中邊緣人裡面的邊緣人呢?今天要介紹的文章就是從美國亞裔男同志的現象,來看這群人如何成為歷史、文化、性別、職業及學習能力多重歧視下的人群。希望讓我們重新思考,當我們面對一個現象、一個不平等或有爭議的現象時,能夠停下直觀式找到單一原因的思維,而是多花點時間去了解與思考。
—————————————
今年3月,在美國喬治亞州亞特蘭大的一家按摩院,發生了八人死亡的槍擊案,其中六名皆是亞裔女性(四名韓裔、兩名華裔),而兇手宣稱患有「性成癮」,作案是為了要「消滅誘惑」才痛下殺手。
然而,此舉也引爆自COVID-19以來亞裔受暴的不滿,紛紛發起 #停止亞裔仇恨(#stopAsianHate)的社會運動,至今仍在美國發酵。民眾在社群媒體開始爭辯,到底這是一起種族主義還是性別歧視案件?有人認為是膚色引起的犯罪事件,有人則認為是因為對性工作的產生的恐娼情結(whorephobic),那為何不是同時鑲嵌在性別與膚色的社會制度底下而造成的悲劇?
首先,審視亞裔女性的處境前,先必須討論亞裔在美國的刻板印象。
學者發現,亞裔受到的種族歧視包括:被視為外國人、排除在公共領域外、聰明且成功、以少數代表多數、錯誤地標籤化、犯罪、馬路三寶等。
這些基於膚色的刻板印象,將所有亞裔劃為單一的群體,認為亞洲人不是來自中國就是日本,要不然就是數學很好。加上早期大量的亞裔移民赴美從事底層勞動,使美國人認為這些亞裔就是「骯髒」且容易「犯罪」的,縱使是移民二代也容易被錯認為「外國人」,然後被種族主義者罵說「滾回你的國家」。
然而,隨著美國逐漸開放移民,加上大眾媒體的渲染,亞裔女性在北美社會形成了一個特殊的群體。「亞洲戀物癖」、「黃熱病」(yellow fever)、「中國娃娃」等,都是用來形容白人至上者迷戀亞裔女性的物化形容詞。
那亞裔男性的處境又是什麼呢?據報導指出,北美異性戀的約會市場不利於黑人女性外,另一個族群就是亞裔男性。原因是相比於白人,亞裔男性「不夠男子氣概」。為什麼大家會有這樣的偏見呢?自18世紀中期與19世紀初時,大量的中國裔與日本裔男性移民到美國,他們的工作除了修鐵路與種植外,大多的工作都被限制在女性化的低薪工作,如洗衣、煮飯、洗碗、家管等服務業與餐飲業。除了外表相對於白人較為嬌小且不夠魁武、有肌肉外,亞洲人的禮貌謙遜、群體主義等特徵,都與西方強調的自信、個人主義、競爭等特質違背,亞裔男性被認為是很「娘」、「媽寶」而且「無性慾」的,整體而言都不算是一個「男人」。有趣的是,亞裔除了被西方男子氣概的框架給「閹割」成過度陰柔的極端外,部分亞裔男性也被大眾媒體過度陽剛化(hypermasculinized)。例如李小龍的功夫,以及歷史上的「黃禍」(Yellow Peril),都威脅了美國白人,他們認為這些「黃皮膚」的跋扈總有一天會侵蝕白人的優越性。
那跳脫異性戀的框架,亞裔男同志就比較吃香嗎?
事實上,亞裔男同志受到社會對於亞裔男性和女性的兩種刻板印象影響,他們不僅在同志社群容易被認為「娘娘腔」也在約會市場被視為「黃熱病」(yellow fever),甚至被年長白人男性伴侶認為是「女人」與他們約會來強化白人男性的陽剛氣概。於是,在男同志的擇偶市場,亞裔男性的刻板印象就是:小屌、光滑的皮膚、瞇瞇眼,行為舉止要端莊卻又誘人,令人有異國遐想;個性要聰明、害羞、性被動,且喜歡比他們年長的男人;氣質要陰柔、從屬,而且是像女人一樣被插入的0號,滿足「異男樣」白人的性幻想 。因此,許多報導都指出,在男同志交友App上,除了會出現「拒C、拒胖」外,還會附註「拒黑人、拒亞洲人」等種族歧視,甚至遭到使用者的言語攻擊,包括「你們亞洲人的眼睛怎麼這麼醜」等騷擾話語。
亞裔(特別是華裔)常在美國被稱為「模範少數」(model minority),不但有優等的教育,更有成功的事業,在社會形象良好,是個不偷不搶的「模範生」。然而這種典範反而會被用來強化白人對亞裔陰柔的想像,例如亞洲人一定比較「順從」與「從屬」。更大的問題是,在檯面上的永遠是中產階級的華裔,從事藍領階級的東南亞裔反而在「模範少數」下被噤聲。這並不是要亞裔必須反省自我的文化價值,而是必須檢討美國社會裡的種族與性別歧視,我們以前常看到黑人爭平權的運動,那身為亞洲臉孔的我們又在這個社會與全球占了什麼位置?我們渴望的「美國夢」又真的對亞裔良善嗎?
(以上引用自網頁原文)
https://www.thenewslens.com/article/154066?fbclid=IwAR2ALj59cylyFvdtvtAXo30C_tQT0_GzGZEI3uve467QqzLVt2BSGywztXU
model minority 在 Facebook 的最讚貼文
I want to congratulate @newbreathfoundation on the launch of their #WeGotUs fund to help the Bay Area.
The #WeGotUs Fund will address racialized violence against the AAPI community by promoting cross-racial solidarity, long-term sustainable power, and effective alternatives to criminalization.
#Repost @newbreathfoundation with @make_repost
・・・
We’re launching the $10 million fund to support AAPI communities to build power, racial solidarity, and healing amongst AAPI, Black, Indigenous, and other people of color communities.
“We must be fearless in building a pathway towards collective liberation by investing in organizations that are often invisible and under-resourced. It is time to lift up and empower our AAPI communities who have, for too long, been overlooked because of the model minority myth.” - Eddy Zheng, President & Founder of the New Breath Foundation
To learn more, head directly to new-breath.org/wegotus
#WGU #WeGotUs #WGUFund #NBF #HappyNewBreath #HopefulNewBreath #CommunityBuilding #TrustPhilanthropy #RacialSolidarity #HopeandHealing #SupportAAPI #MovementBuilding
model minority 在 Frugal Outdoors & Camping Youtube 的精選貼文
Sambungan dari solo survival challenge di episode lepas, hari ke-2 Farid & Hasbullah dari geng Kayak Fishing Minority join aku untuk camping lagi satu malam. Jom layan....
Jom Follow/Like Social Media F.O.C guys:
Di Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/FCampM/
Di Intagram: https://www.instagram.com/frugal_outdoors_camping/?hl=en
Untuk Business/Review/send me your product deal via email frugaloutdoorchannel@gmail.com
FAQ (soalan popular & jawapan)
1) Q: Tent yg FOC pakai sekarang
A: Naturehike Cloud Up 2 (https://shopee.com.my/Naturehike-Cloud-Up-2-Person-Tent-Free-Standing-Ultralight-Camping-Tent-i.129217730.2134224500)
2) Q: Flysheet yg FOC pakai sekarang
A: Hisea 3x3 meter (tak dijual lagi sekarang,company stop production)
3) Q: Guna kamera apa
A: Canon 200D (kit lens & canon 50mm + GoPro Hero 6 + Akaso Brave 7 LE)
4) Q: Guna motor apa
A: Bajaj/Modenas V15 (dah modi@custom,kos RM3200+)
5) Q: Tak takut hantu ke
A: Ajaran Islam tak suruh takut hantu,percaya wujud dah la geng hehe
6) Q: Boleh join
A: Tak janji boleh (tak plan trip biasa last minit suka2 hati je on)
7) Q: Macam tengok arah Kiblat
A: Ada jual kompas Kiblat atau boleh guna aplikasi di HP
8) Q: Macam mana berak/kencing
A: Tempat xda toilet guna konsep korek&kambus,cuci guna air sungai/laut
9) Q: Nama alat nyalakan api gores-gores tu apa
A: Ferro Rod (https://shopee.com.my/Ferro-Rod-Fire-Starter-F.O.C-i.283444682.6744637782)
10) Q: Kasut boot yang digunakan
A: Altama Maritime Assault Mid Cut (https://www.facebook.com/Original-SWAT-Malaysia-192432156259)
11) Q: Seluar outdoor yang dipakai
A: Mahameru Survival Soul (Indonesia) xda jual kat Malaysia.
12) Q: Abg ni solat tak??
A: Kalau tak solat,tak ingat Tuhan kau ingat aku berani ke camping sorang2 tu hehe
13) Q: Harga kayak biru FOC
A: RM1000,model basic S.O.T kayak,seller MAG,boleh ke group ni kalau nk beli https://www.facebook.com/groups/2474750919427088/?ref=bookmarks
#kayakfishing #kayakcamping #campingmalaysia
model minority 在 蔓蔓?蔓時尚 Slow Vashion Youtube 的精選貼文
簽署連署,為每一位已逝的黑人靈魂伸張正義✊🏻
-Please sign-
https://blacklivesmatters.carrd.co/#petitions
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任意門🚪
00:00 一起畫抗議牌子 My Placard of BLM
01:38 歷史的傷痛 the Year of Return
02:41 為什麼不和平理性的抗爭? Why do protests turn violent?
07:07 社經地位優勢者相對於弱勢族群的優越感 Socio-economic privileged group & Underprivileged group
11:40 「多元交織性」的歧視問題 “All”#BlackLivesMatter-Intersectional discriminaitons
12:19 亞裔與非裔人種在美國的處境 Discrimination among Black and Asian American
13:30 我是Vegan,當然黑人的命也是命 Vegan stands with #BlackLivesMatter
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示威運動期間的配樂〈Remember her〉,是我想藉此思念Breonna Taylor,以及所有被惡意結束生命的黑人女性,我們需要永遠記住這些。
Artist: Esther Abrami
Background music: No. 2〈Remember her〉
in menmory of Breonna Taylor
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Notes
[1] 1:38 the Year of Return https://www.yearofreturn.com/about/
[2] 1:58 1876-1965年,美國部分州有針對黑人實行種族隔離制度的法律:Jim Crow laws
https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/what.htm
[3] 2:19 馬丁路德金恩〈我有一個夢想〉
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1964/king/biographical/
[4] 2:51 https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/乔治·弗洛伊德之死
在2020/5/25,白人警察德里克·蕭文(英語:Derek Michael Chauvin)單膝跪在佛洛伊德脖頸處超過8分鐘,佛洛伊德被跪壓期間失去知覺並在急救室被宣告死亡。
(佛洛伊德被跪壓的時長,已有外媒已闢謠為7分46秒,而非維基百科寫的時間)
[5] 3:30 對於黑人的警察暴力數據統計 Police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of black Americans: a population-based, quasi-experimental study
J. Bor*, A. S Venkataramani*, D. R Williams, A. C Tsai, Lancet 2018; 392: 302–10
https://osf.io/hw9d2/
[6] 7:20 種族歧視的經濟分析 蘇偉文
在歷史上,白人掠奪了黑人的勞動力,導致現今資本較黑人多。再加上社會對黑人的勞動力歧視,限制黑人進入勞動力市場,在供需法則下白人的勞動力價值上升。
[7] 7:32 Frantz Fanon《The Wretched of the Earth》
[8] 11:41 https://www.thequint.com/neon/gender/feminism-black-lives-matter-movements-and-intersectionality
「多元交織性」 (intersectionality) 指的是一個人必定會有多重的身份,例如性別、性傾向、性別認同、年齡、社經地位、國籍、種族、障別等,當種種條件交疊在一起,導致特權與歧視的出現。尤其是多元交織性的歧視,所受到歧視嚴重性更是加劇。
進一步了解:https://reurl.cc/4R2rQ2
[9] 12:59 Leung, Angel, "The Model Minority Myth: (Benevolent) Racism against (Asian) Americans" (2016). 2016 Undergraduate Awards. 14.
冷戰期間美國為了拉攏亞洲國家,亞裔「模範少數族群」成為了美國的活廣告,證明自己是能夠領導多元族群的世界之最。除了在外交上備受利用,在二十世紀黑人爭取民權(Civil Rights Movement)時,白人出現這樣的應對:「黃種人都可以是模範少數族群了,那代表白人的歧視不嚴重、是黑人自身的問題。」
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📷Instagram: @slow_vashion
🔗https://www.instagram.com/slow_vashion/
👩🏻Facebook: 蔓時尚 Slow Vashion
🔗https://www.facebook.com/slow.vashion...
model minority 在 Dan Lok Youtube 的最佳解答
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3.) Dan Lok’s Best Secrets - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZNmFJUuTRs&list=PLEmTTOfet46N3NIYsBQ9wku8UBNhtT9QQ
Dan Lok has been viewed more than 1.7+ billion times across social media for his expertise on how to achieve financial confidence. And is the author of over a dozen international bestselling books.
Dan has also been featured on FOX Business News, MSNBC, CBC, FORBES, Inc, Entrepreneur, and Business Insider.
In addition to his social media presence, Dan Lok is the founder of the Dan Lok Organization, which includes more than two dozen companies - and is a venture capitalist currently evaluating acquisitions in markets such as education, new media, and software.
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YouTube: http://youtube.danlok.link
Dan Lok Blog: http://blog.danlok.link
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Please understand that by watching Dan’s videos or enrolling in his programs does not mean you’ll get results close to what he’s been able to do (or do anything for that matter).
He’s been in business for over 20 years and his results are not typical.
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Your results are dependent on many factors… including but not limited to your ability to work hard, commit yourself, and do whatever it takes.
Entering any business is going to involve a level of risk as well as massive commitment and action. If you're not willing to accept that, please DO NOT WATCH DAN’S VIDEOS OR SIGN UP FOR ONE OF HIS PROGRAMS.
This video is about The Greatest Money Making Model In The 21st Century.
https://youtu.be/4DpvD50BrKI
https://youtu.be/4DpvD50BrKI