[時事英文] Trees can talk!
今天是地球日,讓我們了解一下我們的星球吧。太神奇了,我從來不知道樹有可以跟彼此溝通的網路,而且竟然是透過真菌!最神奇的是,樹還能透過這個系統幫助彼此,甚至排擠不受歡迎的植物。
在閱讀的同時也享受一下森林的照片,來深呼吸!
Forest Sounds:https://youtu.be/d0tU18Ybcvk?t=280
★★★★★★★★★★★★
《BBC報導》:
It's an information superhighway that speeds up interactions between a large, diverse population of individuals. It allows individuals who may be widely separated to communicate and help each other out. But it also allows them to commit new forms of crime.
1. the information superhighway 資訊高速公路
2. speed up(使)加速;提高(……的)速度
3. diverse 多種多樣的
4. help each other out 互相幫助
5. commit a crime 犯罪
這是一條資訊高速公路,可使龐大且多元的族群互動加速。這讓相距甚遠的個體得以交流並相互協助。但這也使它們犯下新的罪行。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
No, we're not talking about the internet, we're talking about fungi. While mushrooms might be the most familiar part of a fungus, most of their bodies are made up of a mass of thin threads, known as a mycelium. We now know that these threads act as a kind of underground internet, linking the roots of different plants. That tree in your garden is probably hooked up to a bush several metres away, thanks to mycelia.
6. fungus 真菌*
7. mycelium 菌絲體
8. A be made up of B A是由B組成的**
9. act as 充當;起⋯⋯作用
10. be hooked up to 連接
11. thanks to sb/sth 幸虧;由於
不,我們不是在說網際網路,我們說的是真菌。儘管蘑菇可能是真菌中最為人熟知的部分,但它們的主體大部分是由許多被稱為菌絲體的細絲所組成。如今,我們知道這些細絲就像地下網路,聯繫著不同植物的根。得益於菌絲體,你花園中的那棵樹可能已與幾公尺外的灌木叢相連了。
*「fungus」為單數名詞,其複數形在英式英文中作「fungi」,在美式英文中則為「funguses」。詳參《劍橋詞典》:https://bit.ly/3cRxoTt
**在「A be made up of B」中,B通常為複數,表示A是由許多B所組成,如「This group is made up of 40 girls.」。而「A be made of B」則為「A是由B製成的」,意即物理變化,在製作過程中原料的本質不變,可以從成品A中辨認出原料B,例如:「木椅」顯然是由「木頭」製成的——「This chair is made of wood.」。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
The more we learn about these underground networks, the more our ideas about plants have to change. They aren't just sitting there quietly growing. By linking to the fungal network they can help out their neighbours by sharing nutrients and information – or sabotage unwelcome plants by spreading toxic chemicals through the network. This "wood wide web", it turns out, even has its own version of cybercrime.
12. the more…the more… 愈⋯⋯愈⋯⋯
13. nutrient 養分
14. sabotage 蓄意破壞
15. toxic chemical 毒性化學物質
16. it turns out 原來;結果表明
17. cybercrime 網路犯罪
18. wood wide web 森林資訊網*
我們愈瞭解這些地下網路,便愈需改變對植物的想法。它們並不只是靜靜地坐在那裡長大。透過真菌網路的連接,它們可藉由共享營養與資訊來幫助它們的鄰居——或者利用此一網路來散播毒性化學物質以破壞不受歡迎的植物。原來這種「森林資訊網」甚至有它們自己的網路犯罪版本。
*由於網址總以「World Wide Web」(全球資訊網)的縮寫「www」開頭,作者遂以「wood wide web」為諧音,來形容植物間的溝通網路。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
It has taken decades to piece together what the fungal internet can do. Back in 1997, Suzanne Simard of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver found one of the first pieces of evidence. She showed that Douglas fir and paper birch trees can transfer carbon between them via mycelia. Others have since shown that plants can exchange nitrogen and phosphorus as well, by the same route. Simard now believes large trees help out small, younger ones using the fungal internet. Without this help, she thinks many seedlings wouldn't survive.
19. piece together 拼湊
20. Douglas Fir 黃杉(道格拉斯冷杉)
21. Paper Birch 美洲樺(紙皮樺)
22. nitrogen 氮
23. phosphorus 磷
24. by the same route 藉由相同的途徑
25. seedling 幼苗;苗木
拼湊真菌網路的作用已花費數十年。1997年,溫哥華英屬哥倫比亞大學的蘇珊・西馬德發現了首要證據的其中之一。她證明黃杉與紙皮樺可藉由彼此間的菌絲體轉移碳。此後,其他人證明了植物亦可以相同途徑交換氮和磷。西馬德現在認為,大樹可以真菌網路幫助年紀較輕的小樹木。她認為,沒有這種幫助,許多幼苗或將無法生存。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Another report suggests that tomato plants can 'eavesdrop' on defense responses and increase their disease resistance against potential pathogen. So not only do the mycorrhizae allow plants to share food, they help them defend themselves. It's not just tomatoes that do this. Broad beans also use fungal networks to pick up on impending threats – in this case, hungry aphids. It was found that broad bean seedlings that were not themselves under attack by aphids, but were connected to those that were via fungal mycelia, activated their anti-aphid chemical defenses. Those without mycelia did not.
26. eavesdrop on 竊聽
27. defense response 防禦機制
28. disease resistance 抗病性;抗病力
29. pathogen 病原體
30. mycorrhizae 菌根(複數);mycorrhiza 菌根(單數)
31. broad beans 蠶豆
32. pick up on 注意到(他人未注意到的事物)
33. an impending threat 迫近的威脅
34. aphid 蚜蟲
35. under attack 遭受攻擊
36. chemical defense 化學防禦
另一份報告顯示,番茄植物可以「竊聽」防禦機制,並增強它們對潛在病原體的抗病力。因此,菌根不僅可使植物共享食物,還可幫助它們保護自己。不是只有番茄能做到這點。蠶豆也會利用真菌網路來探知即將來臨的威脅——在此一情況下,是飢餓的蚜蟲。蠶豆幼苗本身並不會受蚜蟲攻擊,但藉由真菌的菌絲體與受到襲擊的蠶豆相連接,則會啟動其抗蚜蟲的化學防禦。那些沒有菌絲體的植物並無此一機制。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
But just like the human internet, the fungal internet has a dark side. Our internet undermines privacy and facilitates serious crime – and frequently, allows computer viruses to spread. In the same way, plants' fungal connections mean they are never truly alone, and that malevolent neighbours can harm them. For one thing, some plants steal from each other using the internet. Some of these plants, such as the phantom orchid, “steal” the carbon they need from nearby trees, via the mycelia of fungi that both are connected to.
37. have a dark side 有黑暗的一面
38. undermine 損害
39. facilitate 促使
40. in the same way 同樣地
41. never truly alone 從未真正獨自一人
42. malevolent 有惡意的;歹毒的
43. for one thing 首先;一方面
44. steal from 偷竊
45. the phantom orchid 雪蘭(幻影蘭花)
但就像人類的網路,真菌的網路也有黑暗的一面。我們的網際網路破壞了隱私並助長了嚴重的犯罪——使電腦病毒經常得以傳播。同樣地,植物間的真菌連結意味著它們並非形單影隻,因此歹毒的鄰居便可傷害它們。一方面,一些植物透過網路相互偷竊。其中如雪蘭,藉由連接彼此的真菌菌絲體從鄰近樹木「竊取」自身所需的碳。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Overall, these fungal networks make communication between plants, including those of different species, faster, and more effective. We don't think about it because we can usually only see what is above ground. But most of the plants you can see are connected below ground, not directly through their roots but via their mycelial connections.
46. overall 總體而言
47. fungal networks 真菌網
總體而言,這些真菌的網路使植物(包括那些不同種類的植物)之間的通訊更快、更有效率。我們沒想過,因為通常我們只能看見地面上的東西。但多數你可見的植物並非逕由根部而是透過菌絲體的聯繫在地底下相互連接。
《BBC報導》: https://bbc.in/2zCsLOR
圖片出處:之前在溪頭和阿里山拍的 🙂
★★★★★★★★★★★★
我們的星球是不是超棒的!下次可以試著跟樹木說話。
Video:https://youtu.be/yWOqeyPIVRo
★★★★★★★★★★★★
CLIL(Content and Language Integrated Learning)是將學科內容和外語學習相結合,用外語教授科學、地理、歷史、藝術等內容,從而促進語言和學科知識的雙重學習:http://bit.ly/2K5l3PM
CLIL英文詞彙——Math:https://bit.ly/2YdERbc
Earth Day 2019:https://bit.ly/2ShSjY4
phosphorus content of food 在 9bulan10hari Facebook 的最佳貼文
SAKITNYA BILA TARIK MENKARONG NI MENYERANG!
Mommy pernah tak rasa kejang kaki masa pregnant?
Tengah syok-syok di ulit mimpi tetiba kejang kaki.. sakitnya Tuhan je yang tahu kan?
Sakit "pelik"ni mula dari betis sampai ke hujung kaki tu.. dengan perut besarnya lagi, adoilaahhh.... sampai buat mommy susah nak melunjur kaki bagi lurus.. so apa lagi kejut encik suami la minta pertolongan.. hihi =P
Ha... buat suami, bila isteri kejut tu bangunlah.... jangan terik selimut pulak... hihi =P
Kejang kaki ni, atau mak-mak kita biasa panggil tarik mengkarong @ simpul biawak.. kebiasaanya ibu mengandung akan kena jika kandungan masuk trimester ke 2 dan ke 3..
Kejang kaki ni jadi bila otot kaki menampung berat badan yang berlebihan masa mengandung.. rahim yang membesar juga turut memberi tekanan dari pengaliran darah dari vena utama kaki naik ke atas..
Situasi ini berlaku bersama dengan kesan hormon progesterone, antara hormone utama yang terhasil waktu mengandung.. ini secara tak langsung memberi kesan kepada ketahanan dan kekuatan otot kaki semasa hamil..
PUNCA & TIPS UNTUK MERAWAT
• Keletihan pada otot betis, terjadi bila mommy aktif berjalan sepanjang hari. So, daddy take note, make sure urut kaki mommy sebelum tidur ya..
• Tekanan pada urat saraf bahagian kaki. Mommy perlu pakai kasut yang selesa, jika mommy pakai kasut yang sempit dan tiada udara, lenguh kaki akan cepat berlaku..
• Peredaran darah yang tidak lancar. Mommy bila dah penat sangat berjalan tu, redam kaki dengan air panas suami 15 minit ya.. untuk melancarkan pengaliran darah. Mommy juga sangat digalakkan bersenam ya..
• Garam galian atau mineral dalam badan tidak seimbang, sama ada terlalu sedikit kalsium atau magnesium atau fosforus berlebihan.. faktor makanan pun mommy kena ambil kira ya, amalkan minum susu dengan konsisten. Takda cheat day ok! Dan amalkan minum air masak 7 gelas sehari ya..
Kebiasaanya kejang kaki ni akan berlaku pada waktu malam.. kalau persekitaran sejuk pun anda akan mudah diserang simpul biawak ni.. dan bila anda dah nyenyak tidur, lepas tu mengeliat, automatik kekejangan boleh berlaku..
So, mengeliat tu boleh tapi jangan lah over sampai terkena suami sendiri.. kalau tiba-tiba kejang! Haa kaki tu stay baik punya kat muka suami.. HARU BEB! kesian kawan tu.. hehe
Kalau suami takda dekat sebelah? takpa jangan panik ya! ambil masa, duduk diam-diam sampai anda rasa boleh lunjurkan kaki.. ber adudududu la sensorang..hehe
Luruskan kaki perlahan-lahan, dan bengkokkan bahagian buku lali kaki dan jari-jari kaki ke arah anda.. pastikan sendi lutut semua lurus ya.. cuba bongkokkan badan dan capai jari kaki anda, dengan lembut dan sopan tarik jari-jari kaki perlahan-lahan..
Kalau tangan tak sampai, mintalah pertolongan suami..InsyaAllah semuanya akan OK seperti sediakala..
Writter: SweetmamaJoy
COPYRIGHTS 9bulan10hari Tak dihalalkan copy paste! Silakan share & elakkan budaya copy paste!
It hurts when pulling this menkarong attacks!
Has mommy ever felt a leg seizure during pregnancy?
In the middle of a shock, I suddenly had a leg cramps.. Only God knows it, right?
This "weird" pain starts from the calf to the end of the leg.. with the big stomach again, Adoilaahhh.... until it makes mommy hard to put the feet straight.. So what else wake up Mr. husband asking for help.. hihi =P
Ha... for the husband, when the wife wake up, wake up.... don't be hot in the blanket... hihi =P
This leg cramps, or our mothers used to call the pull of the mengkarong @ the lizard knot.. the happiness of pregnant mothers will be hit if the content enters the 2TH AND 3th trimester..
This leg cramps so when the leg muscle holds the excessive weight during pregnancy.. the growing womb also gives pressure from the blood flow from the main vein of the foot up to the top..
This situation happens along with the effects of progesterone hormones, among the main hormone that results during pregnancy.. This directly affects the resilience and strength of leg muscle during pregnancy..
Causes & tips to treat
• Fatigue On Calf Muscle, happens when active mommy walks all day. So, daddy take note, make sure to massage mommy's feet before going to bed ya..
• Pressure on the nerves of the leg. Mommy needs to wear comfortable shoes, if mommy wears small shoes and no air, tired legs will happen quickly..
• Blood circulation that is not smooth. Mommy, when you're so tired of walking, you'll get your feet with your husband's hot water for 15 minutes.. to launch blood flow. Mommy is also highly encouraged to exercise ya..
• Mineral Salt or mineral in the body is not balanced, whether it is too little calcium or magnesium or excessive phosphorus.. even the food factor mommy has to take care of it, practice drinking milk consistently. No cheat day ok! And Practice Drinking 7 glasses of water a day ya..
The happiness of this leg cramps will happen at night.. even if the cold environment you will easily get attacked by this lizard knot.. and when you sleep soundly, then mengeliat, the cramps can happen..
So, mengeliat is possible but don't get over until you get hit by your own husband.. If you suddenly have a seizure! Haa the legs stay good on the husband's face.. Haru Beb! Pity that friend.. hehe
If the husband is not near the other side? Takpa don't panic ya! Take time, sit quietly until you think you can break your feet.. have a good time.. hehe
Straighten your feet slowly, and bend the ankle parts and toes towards you.. Make sure the knee joints are all straight yes.. try to bongkokkan your body and achieve your toes, gently and polite pull your toes Slowly..
If your hands don't arrive, ask for your husband's help.. Insyaallah everything will be okay as ever..
Writter: SweetmamaJoy
Copyrights @[151329642013884:274:9bulan10hari] is not permitted copy paste! Please share & avoid the culture of copy paste!Translated
phosphorus content of food 在 9bulan10hari Facebook 的最佳貼文
#terkini
"Salah saya... memang saya xambil serious pasal kepentingan asid folik ni... sebab sy igt org2 dulu tak makan pun dpt lahirkan kita ni elok... tapi tak sangka jadi pada saya... kpd yg nk pregnant & dh pregnant tolonglah makan.... tolonglah ambil tahu perkara yg boleh & tak boleh utk pregnant =( "
SOALAN & JAWAPAN MENGENAI #ASIDFOLIK.
...Continue Reading#terkini
" it's my fault... I'm really serious about the importance of this acid acid... because I remember that people who didn't eat before we were able to give birth to us... but didn't expect it to happen to me... to those who want to get pregnant & pregnant Please eat.... please know the things that can & cannot be pregnant =("
Questions & answers about #asidfolik.
Failure to eat #asidfolik before & when pregnant can cause the possibility of a baby in the content to face the risk of #kurangupaya on the nerve of the creek and his brain of 75 %.
.
.
💊 actually what is this acid acid?
A very important supplement taken before and during pregnancy.
Have you ever heard of a baby born without a shell? Baby Bonjol on the neck? Bonjolan on the back of a baby like a tail?
Most of the cases recorded are caused by the lack of baby acid that works to help formation of new cells (babies). Say that if you don't consume this acid acid, and the neural tube is not well formed, then the flaws on the nerves of the creek & Brain (neural tube defects - ntd).
.
.
.
💊 What's in the acid acid until it's so important?
Check out our diet patterns. How much are the vegetables, fruits, Bijiran & milk that we drink a day?
Do you know, a pills acid pill that is yellow & Small 5 mg isn't it.. together with a bowl of spinach, 1 OKRA, 1 Cups of asparagus, 1 Cups of black beans beans & Papaya. (budget).
So, do we eat all these types of vegetables every day?
Because we can't eat all of these every day maybe because we're busy working, so this acid acid is made a replacement.
.
.
.
💊 why do you have to eat 3 months before pregnant?
O & g expert experts encourage this baby acid to be eaten 3 months before pregnancy aims to help formation of new cells in the body (fetus).
According to study, pregnant mothers can avoid the risk of the baby being affected by 75 %. Besides, the content of this baby acid is actually ' Mencntikkan Rahim ', that's why she took 3 months before pregnant.
.
.
.
💊 how to know 3 more months to get pregnant?
Many husbands and wives make mistakes when they don't plan to get pregnant. There are people who follow their provisions... "if pregnant is a conceived".
Actually & it should be a couple of husband and wife to plan. Make a 'meeting' with a partner & discuss when you are targeted to have a child, so that the future mother will know when the date is before pregnant.
.
.
.
💊 if you've planned but what's the most ' babas '?
My advice, whether we are planning to get pregnant or not, our diet needs to be taken care of. Junk Food & fast food among you need to avoid & practice healthy diet all the time & not just to plan for pregnancy.
In this condition mommy don't panic. After knowing pregnant, quickly start intake of baby acid 4 mg once a day and practice healthy diet.
Don't take acid acid before pregnancy doesn't mean our body has no acid acid at all. Allah has created this human body like a complete machine =)
.
.
Baby acid is only eaten before 3 MONTHS BEFORE PREGNANT UNTIL 3 months old content. Entering 4 months of age mommy's content can already eat obimin (Multivitamin) that contains calcium.. Iodine.. B12 etc...
.
.
Calcium
✔ it is necessary for the absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus as well as setting the mineral rate in the body.
✔ Important for growth especially baby bones and teeth.
✔ it prevents muscle from being weak other than being involved in arranging heart beats.
.
.
🍇 Iron (Iron)
✔ an important role in oxygen transportation from lungs to tissue cells.
✔ Not only in mother's body, even it also plays the same role as the baby in the content.
✔ It joins oxygen in the lungs and releases oxygen to the tissues in need.
✔ it is also used in the production of anaemia (Red blood cells).
✔ If the lack of iron, it will cause pregnant mothers to get tired quickly and the possibilities of anemia (Red blood cells lack) will increase.
.
.
🍇 Vitamin C
✔ due to the human body system cannot produce vitamin C, it must be obtained through food or in the form of supplement medications.
✔ this type of vitamin is an antioxidant and helps to increase resilience to infection and healing wounds. It can also increase the absorption of iron in food to prevent anemia.
.
.
🍇 Vitamin B12
✔ helps the development of brain, nerves, and blood vessels. It can also improve the energy level, mood and stress level during the is of these two.
.
.
🍇 Iodine
It is very important to keep the function of thyroid gland during pregnancy. The lack of iodine can cause cancelled physical growth, severe mental disability and deafness other than can cause miscarriage and birth.
.
.
💊 don't you have any side effects to eat this supplement?
✔ This is one of the most 'famous' mistakes among women. Many people remember that taking supplement supplement is excessive, it doesn't harm health and they think it's good.
✔ the truth is, anything that is taken over and does not hold on will harm the health.
✔ Take care! Intake of extra supplements can not be replaced with balanced food. It is just an additional source that is not supposed to be taken as the only source of food that the body needs or is made a replacement.
This is not even 1 % preparation of getting children.... there are many more pregnancy & birth knowledge that mommy needs to know before being called Mom & Dad is great for children. Refer to the book #9 bulan10hari... lots of pregnancy knowledge.. Birth... Confinement & nursing in dlmnya.
.
.
Where can I get this folic acid?
- can buy at pharmacy for as low as 1.30 cents depending on the brand.
- if you get it at the health clinic / government hospitals free...
.
.
💊 like, share & tag this info so that many parents will be alert about acid acid.
💊 COPYRIGHT@NAZIRA NAZIR ONLY MADE 9 bulan10hari not allowed to copy paste!Translated