愛因斯坦的相對論又贏了!
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愛因斯坦的相對論又贏了!
【科普文分享】逾 80 年來首確認光子高速碰撞 可產生物質與反物質/小肥波
//上月尾刊於 Physical Review Letters 的研究指,美國 Brookhaven 國家實驗室成功用相對論性重離子對撞機 (RHIC) 直接觀察到 Breit-Wheeler 過程,即光子可通過強力撞擊結合,變成物質與反物質。
Breit-Wheeler 過程在 1934 年由物理學家 Gregory Breit 和 John A. Wheeler 首次提出,理論指兩個光子可通過強力撞擊結合,有可能變成物質與反物質,形成電子和正電子。這種把光變成物質的過程是愛因斯坦狹論相對論中質能方程式 E=mc² 的直接反映,表明能量和質量是可以互相轉化。長期以來,學界都期望通過超強功率的激光碰撞來觀測過程,然而兩個光子發生碰撞的概率非常低,其所需的最低激光功率仍然比目前功率最高的激光系統要高幾個數量級。
有参與研究的 Brookhaven 國家實驗室物理部教授許長補指,當年 Breit 和 Wheeler 提出理論時,激光還未被發明,他們提出替代方案,通過加速重離子到相對論能區並碰撞來實現光生物質, RHIC 正是為此而設。
RHIC 啟動後會加速離子,電子會從元素的原子核剝離。由於電子帶負電荷而原子核內的質子帶正電荷,將電子剝離會使原子核帶正電荷。元素越重,擁有的質子越多,生成的離子正電荷就越強。
團隊使用了包含 79 個質子和強大電荷的金離子做測試。當金離子被加速到非常高的速度時,會產生一個圓形磁場,強度可以與對撞機中的垂直電場一樣強大,兩者相交的地方,出現相等磁場可產生電磁粒子或光子。許解釋,當離子以接近光速的速度運動時,金原子核周圍會有一堆光子,像雲一樣隨其移動。
在 RHIC 中,金離子會被加速到光速的 99.995% ,即使兩個離子彼此錯過時,產生的光子雲仍可互動碰撞;雖然無法檢測到碰撞本身,但產生的正負電子對可以顯示碰撞曾經出現。然而,僅僅檢測正負電子對並不足夠。因為電磁互動作用產生的光子是虛擬光子,會短暫地出現和消失,並且沒有與「真實」對應物相同的質量。
為了完全確認 Breit-Wheeler 過程出現,團隊分析了 6,000 多對正負電子的角度,比較每一電子對的質量和角分布是否與理論所上的光子碰撞一致。另一参與研究的物理學家 Daniel Brandenburg 補充,團隊也測量了系統的所有能量、質量分佈和量子數,確定如 Breit 和 Wheeler 最初預測一樣,光子碰撞可直接產生物質與反物質。
來源:
Science Alert, Physicists Detect Strongest Evidence Yet of Matter Generated by Collisions of Light, 10 August 2021
報告:
Adam, J. Adamczyk, L., Adams, J.R. & et al. (2021). Measurement of e+e− Momentum and Angular Distributions from Linearly Polarized Photon Collisions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 052302 – Published 27 July 2021. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.052302
文/Alan Chiu//
《MIT Tech麻省理工學院科技評論》5/10
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* 【「打破」物理定律,把光引向了本達不到的地方】
自特文特大學、愛荷華大學和哥本哈根大學的研究人員使用一種程序設計的模式將光引導到一個晶體中並證明它可以到達遠超布拉格長度的地方,打破了被送入「光子晶體」的光無法進入到比布拉格長度 (Bragg length) 更深的地方這一傳統定律。相關研究發表在《Physical Review Letters》上。
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英國維康桑格研究所的科學家發明瞭一種名為納米測序的新方法,能以迄今最高的準確率研究人類組織中的基因變化是如何發生的。這項成果代表著癌症和衰老研究的重大進展,發表在最新一期《自然》雜誌上。
* 三年前,美國最大的電信運營商 AT&T 進行了首次 5G 網絡實測。結果顯示,毫米波 5G 技術實現了 1.2Gbps 的超高速下載,延遲也僅有 10 毫秒。
同年年底,AT&T 正式宣佈在美國多個大城市部署 5G 網絡。接下來的半年,美國電信三巨頭中的老二和老三 ——Verizon 和 T-Moblie—— 也紛紛宣佈了自家的 5G 網絡鋪設計劃。
三家公司先後在 2019 年 4、5 月啓動了 5G 商用。自此,美國成為了全球最早啓動 5G 商用的國家之一:目前其商用速度僅次於韓國。
* 塑料降解不需要再等 500 年!輻照 8 秒,微波 330 瓦,就能實現塑料變燃料!
近期,麻省理工學院(MIT)李巨教授課題組聯合東華大學朱美芳院士、中國石化集團公司喬金樑教授、蔣海斌教授等,共同研發了用微波等離子體高溫快速炭化塑料的新技術。
* 【美國科學家開發有機無金屬電池,在酸性溶液中降解後可回收利用】
德州A&M 大學的一個團隊使用具有電化學活性的氨基酸鏈——稱為氧化還原活性多肽,來構建電池的兩個電極,這種不含金屬的電池,可以放在酸性溶液中按需降解。該研究發表在《自然》雜誌上。
砂丘の数理モデルを使って、表面のしましま(風紋)を再現しました。
参考資料:
H. Nishimori and N. Ouchi, ”Formation of Ripple Patterns and Dunes by Wind-Blown Sand,” Physical Review Letters, Vol.71, No.1, pp.197-200, July 1993.
「砂の表面のパターン動力学」西森拓 表面科学Vol,16,No.4,pp.267-272,1995
「風洞を使って砂の動きを見てみよう」
http://www.alrc.tottori-u.ac.jp/staff103/jikkensiryou.pdf
「風紋・砂丘を含む砂漠景観の表示法」
http://nishitalab.org/user/nis/cdrom/japanese/onoue03.pdf
「砂丘はキャンバスだ!砂と風がつくりだす芸術作品」
https://www.pref.tottori.lg.jp/153180.htm
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