【假掰美食家】
18世紀開始,逐漸有所謂〝美食家〞此類人物對烹飪和菜餚優劣給予評價,這風氣越演越烈,到了19世紀,就誕生了餐廳評鑑,比如大家都很熟悉的滿天星星輪胎餐廳指南就是其中之一。
從法國學院派畫家查漢・喬治・維貝爾(Jehan Georges Vibert,1840-1902)作品《美味的醬汁》(The Marvelous Sauce,1890)中,就可看出當時已經蔚然成風的食評潮流。
------------
畫面中左側穿白衣戴白帽,腰間綁著亞麻圍巾,圍巾上掛著刀具,右手拿起長柄湯勺嚐味者是負責烹調的廚師。右方人物看穿著就知道是紅衣主教。身份這等尊貴的人物竟然就著大圍裙在廚房裡,一手還拿著鍋子,滿臉認真裝模作樣地準備對醬汁味道品頭論足一番,你說這到底是啥情況?
其實都是因為太貪吃啊!這跟法國文豪大仲馬酷愛美食而自己下廚宴請賓客的道理類似,畫中這位紅衣主教也是個不折不扣貪吃鬼,因此忍不住綁上圍裙走進廚房來下指導棋,然後廚師即使很想翻白眼也只能咬牙忍住不要吐槽。其實主教就是這棟豪宅的主人,說它是豪宅,從廚房設備即可瞧出端倪。
廚房裡有設計華美,裝飾著浮雕和貴族家徽圖樣的大型爐灶;灶上牆上皆可見各式讓烹飪愛好者看了會想尖叫的紅銅鍋;廚師左邊另有種類豐沛的蔬果禽肉等食材,還有精心設計過的地板,在在都顯示出主人家的富裕和講究,而各類物體細節描繪也表現出畫家精湛的學院派功力。
------------
但是身為一個參與過普法戰爭,因傷獲頒榮譽軍團騎士(Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur ),見識過無情戰場的畫家,維貝爾筆下不會只是表現主教家廚房有多氣派這麼簡單。
維貝爾作品向來以蘊含諷刺深意聞名,《美味的醬汁》不但挖苦當時吹毛求疵、假掰到極致的烹飪技巧,也反應出法國當時正逐漸成長的民主意識。
普法戰敗後,法國進入第三共和時期,一直持續到二戰才終結,前後約70年,算是自1789年大革命以來,法國在動盪了80多年後較為穩定的政權,但是一直到1905年政教分離法(law on the separation of Church and State)施行之前,天主教會仍具有相當大的影響力。
------------
《美味的醬汁》創作於1890年,當時由於共和政府腐敗,兼之許多高層神職人員過著豪奢的生活,讓藝術家和作家們極力揭露這些偽善面孔背後的真相。
你看,主教鮮紅的服裝和廚師樸素的服色、假掰美食家和只求溫飽的下層老百姓,以及主教那渾圓肥美的大肚子和教士們禁慾苦修的戒律,徹徹底底就是醒目又強烈的對比。
而這些揶揄嘲諷就蘊藏於精心設計乍看有趣的畫面中,維貝爾真是高手啊!
------------
啊不過這年頭所謂美食家滿街是,輪胎餐廳指南也已經登陸台灣,究竟是否採信就看個人評斷。老話,自己吃過才算數,業配文必須放生,你說是不是?
#東西縱橫記藝JunieWang
#部落格 https://juniewang.mystrikingly.com/#articles
#IG https://www.instagram.com/art.junie/
圖片來源 : 網路
《Copyright © 2021東西縱橫記藝JunieWang版權所有,禁止擅自節錄,若需分享請完整轉貼並註明來源出處》
separation of church and state 在 Facebook 的最佳解答
Daily advice for HK immigrants to the West:
Regarding functioning in a civil society, please stop assuming that America or England was originally a CHRISTIAN country and somehow it’s now secularized. That tiresome narrative is a myth. A lot of stuff was done in the name of Jesus in both countries that really aren’t all that Christian including colonization, oppression others or even extermination of entire people groups. Assume you’re living in a secular society with realistic church-state separation. As a citizen of a secular society, your job isn’t to dictate to people to “come back to God” when the country was never really Christian. Your job as a Christian is to live as a functional citizen of that society by letting your good work speak for your faith. At the same time, you’ll just have to tolerate legislations that may go against your beliefs. Learn to live with the tension as the first Christians also did.
separation of church and state 在 Ying-ying Shih 史茵茵 Facebook 的最佳貼文
秋雨圣约教会关于王怡牧师被判重刑的声明
A Statement from Early Rain Covenant Church Regarding the Severe Sentencing of Pastor Wang Yi
自2018年12月9日以来,本教会主任牧师王怡被当局以“煽动颠覆国家政权罪”和“非法经营罪”之名羁押,2019年12月26日在成都市中级人民法院被秘密开庭审理。12月30日,王怡牧师被宣布判刑9年,并处罚金5万元。本教会特作如下五点声明,表明教会的立场:
1,作为本教会的主任牧师,王怡牧师是上帝和主基督所拣选的忠心的仆人,他在福音真理的教导上符合整本圣经的启示,符合大公教会所传承的信经、信条及相关要理问答,符合改革宗长老会华西区会的宪章规定;上帝使王怡牧师在普世教会尤其是在全世界华人教会中拥有的影响力,是因为他蒙主呼召,按主所赐,大有勇气地在中国特有的文化与政治处境中宣讲福音;
2,王怡牧师的证道、讲座、书籍和文章,是他牧养信徒、传布福音的信息。从教会范围来看,这既是他对所蒙圣职呼召的践行,也是他对所领受恩赐、恩典的回应,是他履行牧师和宣教士职分的本分;从社会层面来看,这是他对中国宪法和法律所赋予中国公民的信仰自由和言论自由权利的践行。教会印制的书籍,从未有任何牟利行为,其目的都在牧养信徒和传福音,从未有过所谓的“非法经营”之行为;
3,王怡牧师自蒙呼召以来,在教会与政府关系上持守基于圣经的“政教分立”立场,在这方面有多年的研究、讲道和写作,在中国教会中广为人知,他在教会中从来都是教导基督徒要按照圣经顺服在上掌权者,即使在教会受逼迫的时候也愿意顺服政府对基督徒身体的限制、财产的剥夺,从未有过“煽动颠覆国家政权”的言论和行为;
4,王怡牧师被拘捕、被囚禁、被审判,是为基督信仰遭受逼迫,为上帝的荣耀作基督受苦的见证(彼前5:1),他是上帝赐给我们这间教会的礼物和喜乐(弗4.11;腓4:1);
5,王怡牧师并没有违法犯罪,当局对他“涉嫌煽动颠覆国家政权罪”和“非法经营罪”的指控,是中国家庭教会遭受不公义逼迫的一部分。无论当局如何判决,王怡牧师都是本教会的主任牧师,是我们所认同和跟随的主耶稣基督所拣选和设立的忠心牧者。
我们对王怡牧师被判重刑发出在基督里的劝告和抗议。岂不知政府人员这样做是得罪上帝的吗?岂不知这是对上帝授予政府权柄的滥用吗(罗13:3)? 即便如此,我们对你们没有仇恨,怜悯与公义的上帝反而要我们爱你们、为你们祷告,深愿参与这场教案的公务人员,秉公执法,能早日悔改归信主基督,认识主耶稣在十字架上受难对世人一切罪的代赎和赦免,并得到永远生命与盼望。
我们邀请寄居全地的普世教会,为因基督和福音缘故被囚禁的王怡牧师、覃德富长老和他们的家人继续切切代祷。为我们众人祷告,我们也会为你们祷告,愿我们在这末世 — 耶稣基督以他降世为人、完美一生、被卖受审、代罪受死、复活升天和赐下圣灵带来的末世中 — 以我们的受苦见证基督是道路、真理、生命(约14.6),是这黑暗世界的光。我们也邀请正在遭受逼迫的教会,一起定睛死而复活的耶稣基督,依靠圣灵与已经升到高天之大者右边的王万之王、永远的大祭司和末后的先知紧密联合,在祂的恩典上刚强起来,屡败屡战,屡战屡败,为的是践行大使命,让福音广传,使三一上帝荣耀的名得着称赞。求上帝帮助我们,让我们在逼迫中,同享上帝长阔高深的慈爱,直到与祂面对面的时刻。愿颂赞、尊贵、智慧、丰富、荣耀、能力和权柄,都归给我们在天上的圣父,为我们赢得拯救的主耶稣基督,不断向我们施恩帮助的圣灵保惠师。阿们!
秋雨圣约归正长老教会
2019年12月30日
English:
A Statement from Early Rain Covenant Church Regarding the Severe Sentencing of Pastor Wang Yi
Since December 9th, 2018, our church’s senior pastor Wang Yi has been imprisoned on charges of “inciting to subvert state power” and “illegal business operations.” On December 26th, 2019, he was secretly tried at the Chengdu Intermediate People’s Court. On December 30th, the court announced that Pastor Wang Yi was sentenced to 9 years in prison and fined 50,000 RMB. Our church issues the following statement to clarify our position:
1. As the senior pastor of this church, Pastor Wang Yi is a faithful servant who has been chosen by God and by the Lord Jesus Christ. His teachings on the truth of the gospel are consistent with the entirety of biblical revelation; they are consistent with the creeds, confessions, and relevant catechisms inherited by the universal church; and they are consistent with the constitution of Western China Reformed Presbytery. The influence that God has given Pastor Wang Yi within the universal church and especially within Chinese churches throughout the world is a result of his being called by God and courageously preaching the gospel amidst the unique cultural and political circumstances in China.
2. Pastor Wang Yi’s sermons, lectures, books, and articles are produced for the pastoring of believers and for the spreading of the gospel. From the perspective of the church, he produces these things as a way of fulfilling his call to the ministry and responding to the gifts and grace he has received. By producing these things, he is fulfilling his duties as a pastor and a missionary. From the perspective of society, he is exercising his freedoms of religion and of speech, rights granted to Chinese citizens by the Constitution and laws of China. The books printed by the church have never been printed for profit but only for the pastoring of believers and for the spreading of the gospel. He has never conducted so-called “illegal business operations.”
3. Ever since Pastor Wang Yi received his calling from God, he has always held to the biblical principle of “separation of church and state” regarding the relationship between church and state. He has spent much time researching, preaching, and writing about this. It is widely known in the Chinese church that he has always taught that Christians should submit to authorities in power in accordance with Scripture. He has taught that even when the church is being persecuted, Christians should be willing to submit to the government’s physical restrictions of them as well as to the depravation of their property. He has never said or done anything that amounts to “inciting to subvert state power.”
4. Pastor Wang Yi’s arrest, imprisonment, and trial are persecutions he has suffered for the sake of the Christian faith, and they testify to the sufferings of Christ for the glory of God (1 Pet. 5:1). He is a gift and joy whom God has given to this church (Eph. 4:11, Phil. 4:1).
5. Pastor Wang Yi did not commit any crime. The authorities’ charges of “inciting to subvert state power” and “illegal business operations” are part of the unjust persecutions against the Chinese house church. Regardless of the sentence the authorities pronounce against him, Pastor Wang Yi is the senior pastor of this church and a faithful messenger of the kingdom of heaven whom we stand with and follow and whom the Lord Jesus Christ has chosen and approved.
In Christ, we issue the following exhortation and protest against Pastor Wang Yi’s severe sentence. Do you government officials not know that this is a sin against God? Do you not know that this is an abuse of your authority (Rom. 13:3)? Even so, we do not hate you. On the contrary, our merciful and righteous God wants us to love you and to pray for you. We desire that those public officials and law enforcement officers who are involved in this case would quickly repent and believe in the Lord, that you would know the atonement and forgiveness of sins which the Lord Jesus extends to all through his suffering on the cross, and that you would obtain eternal life and hope.
We invite all sojourners throughout the world who belong to the universal church to pray fervently for Pastor Wang Yi and Elder Qin Defu, who are being imprisoned for the sake of Christ and of the gospel, as well as for their families. Pray for all of us. We will also pray for you. In this eschaton, which Jesus Christ brought about through his incarnation, through his perfect life, through his betrayal and trial, through his substitutionary death, through his resurrection and ascension, through his gift of the Holy Spirit—in this eschaton, may we testify, through our suffering, that Christ is the Way, the Truth, and the Life (Jn. 14:6) and that he is the light of the world. We also invite churches who are currently being persecuted to fix their eyes together with us upon the crucified and risen Jesus Christ. Through the Holy Spirit, may we be united to the King of Kings who ascended to the right hand of the Majesty on high, who is our eternal high priest and prophet of the last days. May we be strong in his grace as we keep on fighting despite repeated setbacks. We do this to fulfill the Great Commission and to spread the gospel, that the glorious name of the triune God might be praised. May God help us and allow us to experience together the breadth, length, height, and depth of the love of God until the day we see him face-to-face. May blessing and honor and wisdom and wealth and glory and power and authority be to our holy Father who is in heaven, to the Lord Jesus Christ who obtained our salvation, and to the Holy Spirit our Helper who continually helps us. Amen!
Early Rain Covenant Church
December 30, 2019