【💡💡營運小教室-第32堂】🕹 A/B測試 重點分享 🕹
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🔎文章同步部落格:https://bit.ly/3rPadlk
(圖文同步、畫好重點,閱讀更方便)
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最近這兩週我在研究A/B測試,
何謂A/B測試我就直接引用文章內的話:
「針對某一需要改進的功能、頁面或是產品,提供兩種或以上的方案,合理分配流量,將不同方案发布給不同用戶。在運行一段時間後,結合各項指標和科學的統計方法,對比實驗數據做出決策,將最優方案更新給全量用戶。」
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因此,A/B測試在現今網路行業中被用的相當頻繁,
Google更是把A/B測試視為圭臬,
大到一個功能,
小到一個按鈕的顏色都要做A/B測試,
也因為Google進行了大量的A/B測試,
把用戶旅程(user journey)中每個節點的轉換率一步步提高,
使得每次產品功能或是頁面的改動更符合多數用戶需求,
自然效能與績效就能極大化,
其他像是臉書、亞馬遜等電商公司,
都是將A/B測試納入必要的工作項目內。
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專門在做這工作的人,
現在也有個很新穎的職務名稱叫成長駭客(Growth Hacker),
大家到104人力銀行搜尋就知道其工作內容,
這邊不贅述。
(注意,A/B測試只是成長駭客內的其中一個工作項目,並非成長駭客就只做A/B測試,差很多)
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遊戲業坦白說在營運上不太會進行A/B測試,
因為用戶幾乎都從雙平台上下載遊戲,
如果要做A/B測試就只能在雙平台上著手,
新產品或許還能這樣做,
但對既有產品來說就不切實際點,
因此A/B測試通常會出現在廣告的買量測試中。
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以下分享我自己在A/B測試上的心得分享:
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1⃣A/B測試不代表一次只能測試兩個,你想測試2個以上也行,主要是得確認每個群體樣本數要夠多,如果樣本數太少,達不到性效度的話,做出來的結果就沒有參考價值。
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2⃣如何確認有足夠的樣本數呢?身為營運人員,自家的營運數據自己最清楚,可以透過這個網站輸入母體大小,就會自動算出要多少樣本數才能達到統計顯著性。
👉https://zh.surveymonkey.com/mp/sample-size-calculator/
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3⃣假設是投放廣告,如果不曉得母體會有多少,那可以用以下免費工具來反推,例如你想要達到的轉換率是1%提升到5%,這個頁面就可以幫你計算出兩個群體各自要曝光幾次才足夠,就能判斷預算會花多少。
👉https://clincalc.com/stats/samplesize.aspx
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4⃣會需要計算上述的原因主要有兩個,一個是預算問題,另一個是在不確定風險下,建議做足夠樣本數就好。
👉舉例來說,如果今天某款遊戲每月付費玩家有10,000人,如果想改動一個功能,可能一開始會想到的做法是隨機5,000人分配到不同群組(也就是A/B測試為50% / 50%)。
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但這樣就會有一個風險,萬一這個改動是失敗的,等於就會直接影響到5,000人,那在A/B測試期間,可能就開始蒙受不小的營收損失,或是等不到信效度出現就提早結束測試,因此如果能事前估出足夠的樣本數,就能降低上述風險。
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以10,000人這例子,丟到頁面內,只要370人的樣本就能達到統計顯著性了,不用分到50% / 50%這麼多,只要5%就足夠了,這樣即使A/B測試不理想,也只會影響到那5%付費用戶。
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5⃣要確保兩個群體是完全獨立,而非交集,如果有交集,就會影響分析結果。
👉這點比較吃技術的工,技術要能夠確保實驗對象進入A/B測試時會被隨機分派到不同群體內,如果因為裝置過多、版本不同等因素而導致有部分用戶既是A群體、也在B群體的話,那就會導致數據判讀出現錯誤。
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6⃣不要在一個A/B測試還沒做完情況下,又緊接著做另一個A/B測試,除非能確定這兩個A/B測試是完全不相干,不然不但在分析時不容易分清楚每個群體,也很容易影響整個數據的分析。
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7⃣做出來的結果到底有沒有達到統計顯著性,可以把數據輸入到這個網頁內,非常方便。
👉https://abtestguide.com/calc/
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8⃣A/B 測試前,可以先執行A/A測試,先確認目前的隨機分配中有沒有其他的變異數,確保這兩個群體的整個營運數據夠乾淨。
👉由於測試的是群體內有沒有其他變因,而非方案本身,因此在流量分配上就能夠以50% / 50%進行。
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以上就是我對於A/B 測試目前的經驗與心得分享,
如果要再探討下去絕對有更多的理論基礎與分析模組,
我自己也還在學習摸索中,
日後如果有甚麼心得或是勘誤,
我會持續更新在這篇文章中,
如果你有其他心得或是已經發現錯誤的地方,
也歡迎分享給我。
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🔎參考資料:A/B 測試要測多久?從統計顯著與檢定力看廣告測試結果
https://bit.ly/3CcQAIL
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🔎延伸閱讀:谷歌是怎么用A/B測試的
https://bit.ly/3lr6KYZ
同時也有3部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過8萬的網紅Fit Money,也在其Youtube影片中提到,สอน Forex เบื้องต้น : EA MT5 Forex Calculator : Point Value, Position Size, Profit เครื่องคิดเลข forex สำหรับเทรดเดอร์ คลิปสอนในวันนี้ แจก EA MT5 ทั้...
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📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth
✍️ 田少谷 Shao
📥 歡迎投稿: https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium
Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Outline
0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion
0. Intro
The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥
While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.
Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅
Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊
If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏
There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!
1. Uniswap & AMM recap
Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.
Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.
Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:
AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.
In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP
¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity
² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative
³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage
2. Tick
The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.
For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:
Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp
By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:
The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.
Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.
Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.
With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯
So, how is the price range of a tick decided?
This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.
The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.
Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.
However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.
This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.
As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.
For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.
p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001
See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?
Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052
But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?
Price range: max & min
To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.
24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:
1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341
1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943
I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌
⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.
How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?
Tick index from price
The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:
Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php
Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.
Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm
Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!
⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.
3. Concentrated liquidity
Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.
Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.
As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!
Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂
Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].
If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.
The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.
However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).
We can observe the following two points from the above example:
Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.
√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.
What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!
Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵
⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.
4. Range orders: reversible limit orders
As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:
current price < the targeted price range
current price > the targeted price range
current price belongs to the targeted price range
The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.
The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).
There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!
In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.
Range orders
To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.
The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.
For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.
With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!
Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).
The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.
The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.
If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.
Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.
What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].
This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.
…wut? 🤔
Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!
What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.
The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.
To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:
Only one token is required for range orders.
Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯
I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.
⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.
Reversible limit orders
As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.
We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].
Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.
The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.
As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:
When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸
When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸
A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!
⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.
5. Impacts of v3
Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:
Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.
The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.
LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏
In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.
After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔
Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!
6. Conclusion
That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂
There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅
If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!
Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟
Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌
size calculator 在 เทรด Forex สบาย ๆ ยังไงให้ยั่งยืน Facebook 的最佳貼文
Pip Value (มูลค่า/pip)
เพื่อน ๆ เคยสงสัยไหม ?
เปิด lot size ขนาดเท่ากัน
กำไร/ขาดทุน จำนวน pip เท่ากัน
คู่เงินต่างกัน แต่ทำไมตัวเงินถึงต่างกัน
เมื่อก่อนตอนผมเริ่มเทรดใหม่ ๆ
ผมสงสัยเรื่องนี้อยู่นาน ว่าทำไมคู่เงินต่างกัน
เวลากำไรขาดทุน (Lot size / จำนวน pip เดียวกัน)
จึงได้เงินไม่เท่ากัน เช่น
EUR/USD 1 Lot กำไร 10 pips = $100
EUR/JPY 1 Lot กำไร 10 pips = $80 - $90 (ไม่ถึง $100)
pip values = มูลค่า(เป็นสกุลเงินในบัญชี) ของ 1 Pip ต่อ 1 standard lot
Mini Lot, Micro Lot ก็ลองคำนวณเองจากตารางที่แนบมาได้เลย
http://www.investing.com/tools/forex-pip-calculator
เมื่อเพื่อน ๆ รู้จัก Pip Value แล้ว
ผมหวังว่าการคำนวณ MM ของเพื่อน ๆ
จะทำได้ดีขึ้น และประสบความสำเร็จ
ในการเทรดกันทุกคนน่ะครับ
นึก #traderathome
size calculator 在 Fit Money Youtube 的最佳貼文
สอน Forex เบื้องต้น : EA MT5 Forex Calculator : Point Value, Position Size, Profit เครื่องคิดเลข forex สำหรับเทรดเดอร์
คลิปสอนในวันนี้ แจก EA MT5 ทั้งหมด 3 ตัวง่าย ๆ เป็นเครื่องคิดเลข forex สำหรับเทรดเดอร์ Forex ที่ต้องการรู้ว่า กราฟขยับ 1 จุด คู่เงินที่เราเทรดจะได้กำไรหรือขาดทุนที่กี่เหรียญ รวมถึง EA สามารถช่วยคำนวณได้ว่า หากเราตั้งค่ารับความเสี่ยงได้ที่ 2% เราควรเปิด lot size ที่เท่าไหร่ หากทำได้ตามนี้ ไม่มีทางล้างพอร์ตแน่นอนครับ
* สามารถดาวน์โหลดอินดิเคเตอร์ได้จากลิ้งก์ด้านล่างนี้เลยครับ
https://www.forexmiracle.org/2020/11/forex-calculator.html
* เริ่มต้นเรียนรู้การเทรด Forex จากพื้นฐาน ทีละขั้นตอน ได้จากสารบัญที่พี่แดงทำไว้ให้แล้วจากลิ้งก์นี้เลยครับ
https://www.forexmiracle.org/search/label/Index
* เทรด Forex ไม่ใช่เรื่องยาก เราสามารถเปิดเป็นพอร์ตทดลอง Forex Demo เทรดไปก่อน เพื่อเรียนรู้และฝึกฝนฝีมือ โดยที่ไม่มีค่าใช้จ่ายใด ๆ เมื่อพร้อมแล้วค่อยลงทุนจริงก็ได้ มีโบรกเกอร์ที่ผมแนะนำด้านล่างนี้เลยครับ ระบบเสถียรดีและฝากถอนเงินง่ายครับ *
♥ XM - http://bit.ly/FitXM มีโบนัสสำหรับท่านที่สมัครใหม่
♥ Exness - http://bit.ly/FitExness สมัครง่ายสุด ฝากถอนเร็วสุด
♥ Weltrade - http://bit.ly/FitWel มีบัญชีเซ็นต์ สเปรด Fix
♥ HotForex - http://bit.ly/FitHot มีระบบกองทุนติดตามผ่านแอป
♥ Infinox - https://bit.ly/FitInfinox ระบบเสถียร สเปรดทองแคบ
♥ PepperStone - http://bit.ly/FitPepperstone ระบบเสถียร เงินต้นปลอดภัย
https://www.forexmiracle.org/
https://www.facebook.com/forexmiracleorg/
======================================
* หากเทรดเดอร์ที่รู้ว่าตนเองชอบ เทรดเก็บสั้น จบในแท่งเดียว แนะนำไบนารีออปชั่นครับ *
♥ IQ Option - http://bit.ly/FitIQOption เทรดง่าย จ่ายจริงผ่านธนาคารไทย
======================================
♥♥ VPS Forex ในราคาสุดคุ้ม ♥♥
https://bit.ly/FitVps
======================================
♥♥ - - ขอบคุณมากครับผม - - Thanks - - ♥♥
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size calculator 在 GU ZAP Youtube 的精選貼文
รีวิว Tablet 2 in 1 ใช้ทำงานแทน notebook สบาย จอสวยถูกใจแน่นอน
พกง่ายเครื่องเบา ราคาตอนนี้ 9490.- ครบใช้ได้ทันที
ดูสินค้า สั่งซื้อ
http://www.zapsmp.com/p/282
้http://www.suc-seedshop.com
ติดตาม เข้าไปด่า พูดคุย ที่แฟนเพจ
http://www.facebook.com/smpformal
ติดต่อโฆษณา รีวิว
zapmobilephone@gmail.com
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PIPO W1S Tablet Specsifications:
*** มี Word/Excel/PPT Free For Life-Time
Model PIPO W1S Tablet PC
Color Black
Display IPS, 10.1 inch, 16:10 Retina Display 1920*1200 pixels Visible Angle 178°
OS Windows 10 (If you need Win 10 Pro,you need buy license key from Mircosoft)
CPU 64bit Intel Cherry Trail Z8300 quad core, 1.84GHz, 14nm
GPU Intel HD Graphics Gen8
ROM 64GB eMMC Toshiba
Support SD Card 128 GB !!!
RAM 4GB DDR3L-1600
Battery: 6800mAh
Dual Speaker
๊๊USB 3.0 x 2 ช่อง / Micro USB x 1 ช่อง
Camera Dual camera, front is 2.0 megapixels, back is 5.0 megapixels with AF
Card Extend Support
PIPO W1S Tablet PC General:
Video: 1080P, AVI/MOV/MP4/RMVB/FLV/MKV
Music: MP3/WMA/WAV/APE/AAC/ALAC/FLAC/OGG
Picture: JPG/BMP/GIF/PNG
WiFi Yes, 802.11 b/g/n
Bluetooth Yes, built in
OTG Support
HDMI Support
USB USB 3.0
Flash 11 Support
Earphone Interface 3.5mm
Multi-Touch Yes, 10 points touch
Language English, Chinese, etc
Other Applications ES File Explorer, Google Search, Google Maps, Browser, Gallery, Clock, Market, Calculator, Calendar, Video, Email, Gmail…
PIPO W1S Tablet Size: 258*173*9.8mm
size calculator 在 alwaysfluke Youtube 的最佳貼文
ซื้อมาวันแรกขอรีวิวเล็กๆ กับเจ้า sony speria acro s มือถือรุ่นใหญ่ที่กันน้ำได้
OS:Android (4.0.4)
Dimensions:4.96 x 2.60 x 0.47 (126 x 66 x 11.9 mm)
Weight:5.19 oz (147 g)
the average is 4.1 oz (117 g)
Rugged:Water (Water), Dust proof
DISPLAY
Physical size:4.30 inches
Resolution:720 x 1280 pixels
Pixel density:342 ppi
Technology:TFT
Colors:16 777 216
Touchscreen:Capacitive, Multi-touch
Features:Light sensor, Proximity sensor, Scratch-resistant glass
BATTERY
Talk time:6.66 hours
the average is 8 h (508 min)
Stand-by time:12.1 days (290 hours)
the average is 20 days (482 h)
Talk time (3G):7.16 hours
the average is 7 h (400 min)
Stand-by time (3G):12.9 days (310 hours)
the average is 22 days (527 h)
Capacity:1910 mAh
HARDWARE
System chip:Qualcomm Snapdragon S3 MSM8260
Processor:Dual core, 1500 MHz, Scorpion
Graphics processor:Adreno 220
System memory:1024 MB RAM / 16384 MB ROM
Built-in storage:11 GB
Storage expansion:Slot Type:
microSD, microSDHC
Maximum card size:32 GB
CAMERA
Camera:12.1 megapixels
Flash:LED
Aperture size:F2.4
Features:Back-illuminated sensor (BSI), Auto focus, Touch to focus, Image stabilizer, Video stabilizer, Face detection, Smile detection, White balance, Digital zoom, Geo tagging, Panorama, Self-timer
Camcorder:1920x1080 (1080p HD)
Features:Video light, Video calling
Front-facing camera:1.3 megapixels
MULTIMEDIA
Music player:
Filter by:Album, Artist, Playlists
Features:Album art cover, Background playback, Music recognition, Sound effects
Radio:FM, Stereo, RDS
Speakers:Earpiece, Loudspeaker
YouTube player:Yes
INTERNET BROWSING
Browser:Yes
Supports:HTML, HTML5, XHTML, Flash, CSS 3
Built-in online services support:Facebook, YouTube (upload), Picasa, Twitter
TECHNOLOGY
GSM:850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz
UMTS:850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz
Data:HSDPA 14.4 Mbit/s, HSUPA 5.76 Mbit/s, UMTS, EDGE, GPRS
Positioning:GPS, Glonass
Navigation:Turn-by-turn navigation
PHONE FEATURES
Phonebook:Unlimited entries, Caller groups, Multiple numbers per contact, Search by both first and last name, Picture ID, Ring ID
Organizer:Calendar, Alarm, Document viewer (Office 2007, Office 2003, PDF), Flashlight, Calculator, Stopwatch
Messaging:SMS, MMS, Threaded view, Predictive text input
E-mail:IMAP, POP3, SMTP, Microsoft Exchange
CONNECTIVITY
Bluetooth:3.0
Wi-Fi:802.11 b, g, n
Mobile hotspot:Yes
USB:USB 2.0
Connector:microUSB
Features:Mass storage device, USB charging
HDMI:Yes
Other:NFC, DLNA, Tethering, Computer sync, OTA sync
OTHER FEATURES
Notifications:Music ringtones (MP3), Polyphonic ringtones, Vibration, Flight mode, Silent mode, Speakerphone
Sensors:Accelerometer, Compass
Voice dialing, Voice commands, Voice recording
size calculator 在 Sample Size Calculator (web) - Wan Nor Arifin 的推薦與評價
Sample Size Calculator (web). Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) - Hypothesis Testing 1. Minimum acceptable reliability (ICC) (ρ0): ... <看更多>