※2018.02.13 觀點—《外交政策》Keith Johnson ※
日本:取代中國的一帶一路?還是暫時性的 OK 繃?
十五年來第一次,日本外務大臣帶著一群商務代表,於上個月造訪了島國斯里蘭卡,在一年的國安合作後,再進一步深化兩國經濟交流。
這次的造訪突顯了斯里蘭卡已成為中日競爭的舞台。斯里蘭卡,繼巴基斯坦之後,成為中國外交政策主要推進地區——即所謂「一帶一路」戰略的一環。去年年底,斯里蘭卡把漢班托塔港(Hambantota)港交給中國管理,以償還積欠的債務。這顯然讓鄰國深感憂心。
於是,日本外務大臣河野太郎特別造訪斯里蘭卡另一大港,可倫坡,作為行程的最後一站,並宣布日本將投資興築天然氣進口的終端設備。但是,這只不過是日本外務省近幾個月忙著造訪南亞、巴基斯坦、與波羅的海的一連串投資計畫之一。
面對著美國在川普總統上台後,以內政為重、退出國際角色的改變,日本發現自己首當其衝,必須肩負起反制中國在亞洲、歐洲擴張的責任。
東京開始與其他國家合作,尤其是印度,啟動了兩兆美金的援外基礎建設計畫,甚至強化了它在印度洋區域的軍事活動——此舉普遍被視為反制中國的刻意動作。日本的外交活動還遠及中歐與東歐,這也是首相安倍晉三上個月前往作歷史性造訪的地區。
法國國關所的日本專家,塞琳娜・帕瓊(Céline Pajon)表示:「日本積極地想替代中國,成為另一選擇,尤其以取代一帶一路計畫為目標。這很可能使得中國的策略計算變得更加複雜。日本想要維持的,是多核心的世界秩序。」
自從二次世界大戰以來,日本在東亞地區一向以美國是瞻,在美國國安保護傘下專心發展經濟。然而美國退出了唯一制衡中國影響力的最大計畫——泛太平洋夥伴關係(TPP)——日本不得不主動出擊,以彌補美國的缺席。
看起來,安倍似乎欣然接受此一挑戰,他當上首相的期間——2006 年到 2007 年,以及 2012 年——都不顧國內反對,想要擴展日本在海外的地位。 2016 年,他啟動了東亞發展與安全計畫,明顯要與中國的版本相抗衡。他的計畫內容包括「高品質」的基礎建設,明顯嘲諷中國建設的品質不佳,形象很差。
天普大學日本分校(Temple University Japan)的亞洲當代研究所主任,羅伯・杜加里克(Robert Dujarric)表示:「這樣的趨勢在川普上台之前就存在了。但美國退出領導的角色之後,這樣的趨勢開始加碼加速。」
杜加里克表示,第一個證據就是日本想盡辦法挽回 TPP,即使沒有美國參與,也要與其他國家結盟。
日本在國際舞台上的活躍,特別可以從它強化與印度的策略合作看出來:日本已承諾要幫助印度興建發電廠、鐵路。另外,日本也要幫助斯里蘭卡、孟加拉、緬甸、印度洋其他島嶼的港口建設。更有野心的是,日本印度將聯合促進所謂的「亞非成長走廊」(Asia-Africa Growth Corridor),以深化非洲與南亞、東南亞的經濟關係。這也安倍願景的一部份,顯然是要成為中國在印度洋、東非發展的另一選擇。
日本砸下數十億美金,透過日本基建措施(Japan Infrastructure Initiative)以及亞洲開發銀行,以幫助亞洲的發展,可以視為日本數十年來援外與投資的延伸。
但是,明顯的新發展是,日本已經不再局限於亞洲,反而更進一步把經濟影響力擴及北京一帶一路的焦點——中歐與東歐。安倍今年一月造訪波羅的海以及其他三個東歐國家,成為日本第一位造訪該區的首相:他想爭取支持,促成歐盟與日本的貿易協定。然而他的行程還包括了塞爾維亞,這就意味深長了,因為塞爾維亞並非歐盟成員國,而且是中國資金進軍歐洲的跳板。
荷蘭國關所的汎德普登(Frans-Paul van der Putten)表示:「日本在東歐的動機,似乎受到中國因素的影響。日本跟中國在亞洲比賽,這場比賽已經延伸到其他地區。」
然而,並不是所有的人都認為日本最近的動作是為了破壞中國的一帶一路,尤其東京常常表示「歡迎」中國在亞洲的投資。東京甚至三不五時表示可能會參加一帶一路。在巴基斯坦看來,這是情勢所逼。
一帶一路最大的受益者巴基斯坦,因「中巴經濟走廊」(China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, CPEC)所挹注的六千億美金受益。在它的眼中,日本與印度的夥伴關係並不構成威脅。
伊斯蘭瑪巴得策略研究所的中巴研究中心主任,馬里克(Ahmad Rashid Malik)表示:「印度跟日本可以合作,但一帶一路太龐大了,他們是小巫見大巫,這就是為什麼他們保留將來加入的可能性。」
上個月,河野外務大臣訪問伊斯蘭瑪巴德的時候,也對 CPEC 表示興趣。馬里克說,雖然日本貿易振興機構與國際協力銀行都表示要加強投資巴國,但「日本並不反對 CPEC」。
說到底,最大的問題是,日本在國際上扮演領導的角色是否可以長久;還有它是否會與中國合作,仍然有待觀察。畢竟安倍晉三的首相任期有限,他個人對日本的國際願景是否能影響日本政壇的其他人還是一個問題。杜加里克表示,更重要的是,日本的經濟停滯不前、債務高築、人口老化、人口減少等等問題,代表著它在經濟與外交資源方面無法取代美國在亞洲的地位。這意謂著,日本現在的努力最多只能視為寶貴、臨時性的擋火牆,直到華府解決它究竟打算入世還是出世為止。
杜加里克表示:「如果川普是美國罹患的暫時性疾病,日本可以當作 OK 繃,直到美國恢復正常為止。」
https://foreignpolicy.com/…/japan-takes-the-lead-in-counte…/
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過18萬的網紅KemushiChan ロレッタ,也在其Youtube影片中提到,東京のあっちこっちを日本人の友達に案内してもらった。Today my friend Ryosuke drags me around Tokyo like a pro. I probably should've seen these places by now already! ☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★...
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temple university, japan 在 林柏妤 Facebook 的精選貼文
喜歡溪頭的芬多精❤️妖怪村的怪物們也好有趣😆😆
#timefortaiwan
不要以為我在日本,這裡是溪頭~
Don’t think I am in Japan, here is the Xitou
2016-2017 Episode 25 Xitou Route 溪頭探險趣
台灣好行-溪頭線,從台中出發,大約一個半小時,就可以抵達溪頭。
The shuttle’s Xitou Route leaves from Taichung and takes about an hour and a half to arrive in Xitou.
位於南投縣的鹿谷鄉,有一個名為「溪頭」的區域,海拔約500到2000公尺左右。
Located in Nantou County’s Lugu Township, Xitou is a rugged district, its lowest point around 500 meters above sea level and it’s mountains rising to more than 2000 meters.
歡迎來到溪頭自然教育園區,我們提供了各種不同的步道,讓來訪的旅客能夠悠遊其間,當妳一走進園區,可以感覺到這裡新鮮的空氣,這會令妳流連忘返,因為妳正在享受著森林浴。
Welcome to Sitou nature education area,and we provide variety of trials for visitors to come here to wander around, as soon as you come in here, you'll feel the fresh air here and you'll enjoy it, just like forest bathing
與台灣一般森林遊樂區不同的,溪頭自然教育園區真正的用途,是台大的實驗林場。
Unlike Taiwan’s forest recreation areas, Xitou is actually a “nature education area” managed by National Taiwan University.
因為台灣大學的關係,所以這個池塘被叫做大學池,來到這裡如果要不虛此行,就一定要跟這座橋拍張照。
Because of the National Taiwan University this pond is called University Pond. You can’t say you been here unless you taken a photo here.
肩負著自然教育園區的功能,因此,園區特別設計了全長約180公尺的空中走廊,讓遊客可以從不同角度,來觀察自然生態。
Under its mission as a nature education area, Xitou forest authorities built a 180-meter-long Skywalk to let visitors observe nature from a different angle.
空中走廊的最高點,距離地面大概是23公尺,說真的,往下看還真的有點可怕。
Im at the highest point of the skywalk. It is 23 meters from the ground. Tell you the truth it is kind scary if you look down.
雲霧裊繞,碧綠清幽,園區內遍植的珍貴樹種,在這大口深呼吸著,所散發出來的芬多精,都是無比的享受。
Mist curls among these fragrant pines, just some of the many rare plants growing inside the park. Just deeply breathing in all the wonderful forest smells here is an experience like no other.
接下來大家要睜大眼睛,不要以為我會穿越時空,你看,是不是很像來到了日本!
Keep your eyes wide open and don't think I just travelled though space. See does here look like Japan?
這充滿濃濃日本味的地方,就是大名鼎鼎的妖怪村,它是一個行銷策略集度成功的商品街,使得來到這裡的旅客,滿足了心中穿越時空的想像。
It feels like somewhere in Japan, but this place is actually the famous Monster Village. Thanks to a highly successful marketing campaign, visitors to the market street often feel like they’re stepping into a whole other world.
走在這裡要小心,因為隨時都會有妖怪出來嚇你...
You must be careful walking around here,because monsters will come and scare you at any time!
妖怪村裡不但處處充滿驚奇,更是處處充滿創意。
Monster Village is full of surprises and novelties.
哇~! WA!跟大家介紹一下,這是枯麻,另外一位叫八豆!
Let me introduce you,this is Kumar,and this is Badou!
你們好啊~
Hi,How are you?
不管是吃的、喝的、玩的,都讓你眼界大開,而不定時出現的表演,讓遊客們每一刻都充滿了期待。
The food, drinks, and entertainment here are all eye-opening, while pop-up performances keep visitors hanging on every moment.
我現在抽了一個號碼球,要來求解籤詩了...
I just drew a number ball to ask the gods for advice.
我問的是...是祕密...如果是吉籤,就會敲鑼;如果是歹籤,就會敲木魚...所以好期待喔。
I asked for… It’s a secret. If it is favorable the gods will knock the gong,but If it’s not he will knock the Temple block. So looking forward to it!
是吉籤,我就知道。Yes! I knew it!
當妖怪村來到了晚上,日式古燈與重點式照明在樓房建築間,使在這的感覺都不一樣了,遊走於虛實交錯的層次空間裡,使這裡充滿了更多地情節想像。
The allure of Monster Village is only enhanced come nighttime, when old-style lanterns cast a beguiling glow on its buildings. It’s a totally different feeling when you’re winding your way in and out of the shadows, discovering a new and different inspiration around every corner.
溪頭真是一個好玩的地方,有機會的話,你一定要來親自感受一下這裡特有的氛圍
Xitou is fun place, when you get the chance you must come and experience what it has to offer.I am Poyu Lin, enjoy your time in Taiwan! Chow~see You next time.
temple university, japan 在 KemushiChan ロレッタ Youtube 的精選貼文
東京のあっちこっちを日本人の友達に案内してもらった。Today my friend Ryosuke drags me around Tokyo like a pro. I probably should've seen these places by now already!
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Topics in this video: 外国人 日本 独学 英会話 語学 海外の反応 Foreigners in Japan Culture Shock Life in Japan Speaking Japanese Tokyo parents reaction life abroad Japanese school Life Broad University JLPT Entrance Exams kanji reading
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