關於 tick up ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

Hello everyone how are you doing? Hope you are well and doing great at your end! 😊
tick.. tick .. tock
Counting down to our show
‘Sherine and Her Sextet’ am excited to announce our band line up for tomorrow
Floro Sernande Jr-flute
Ferdinand Soriano- trumpet
Overon Bernardino-trombone
Joyce Cheung-piano
Sylvain Gagnon-bass
Antonio Serrano-drums
Sherine - Vocal

Yes, it’s tomorrow Friday Aug 27th performance time would be 21:30 - 22:15 (set 1)22:30 - 23:15 (set 2)

Come by say hi to us tomorrow at Laubak
LauBak LiveHouse West Kowloon @laubak.livehouse 😊 See you there !

#livemusic#
#musikwithsherine
#sherineandhersextet
#jazzmusic

2021年過咗一半有多，Indiewire 亦啱啱預測咗下年奧斯卡最佳電影名單（佢地不時會調整）：

“Don’t Look Up” （The Big Short同埋Vice導演；最想睇，亦最有信心）
“Dune” （未有興趣，我估到時爭議性會幾高）
“The French Dispatch” （可能會入圍陪跑嘅，攞獎不了）
“House of Gucci” （Ridley Scott有啲保留）
“The Last Duel” （同樣係Ridley Scott，但有Matt Damon + Ben Affleck 編劇，吸引性比上面嗰套高）
“Nightmare Alley” （大拖羅繼續佢嘅特色，我估今次導演提名機會大啲）
“No Time to Die” （占士邦入圍都當贏啦）
“Passing” （Rebecca Hall 編導，主角係一對非白人女性，可能係黑馬？）
“The Power of the Dog” (台前幕後係一張奧斯卡會青睞嘅名單）
“Respect” (黑人電影，唔入圍就唔Respect！）
“Tick Tick Boom” (除非Netflix 上架後有好大迴響，否則入圍機會不大吧）
“The Tragedy of Macbeth” (Joel Coen + Shakespeare + Denzel Washington + Frances MacDormand，呢個直頭係奧斯卡fav list，入硬啦，除非疫情上唔到套戲啫）
“West Side Story” （都期待，但預告未見突出）

📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth

✍️ 田少谷 Shao

📥 歡迎投稿： https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium

Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Outline

0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion

0. Intro

The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥

While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.

Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅

Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊

If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏

There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!

1. Uniswap & AMM recap

Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.

Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.

Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:

AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.

Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².

Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.

In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP

¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity

² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative

³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage

2. Tick

The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.

For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:

Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp

By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:

The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.

Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.

Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.

With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯

So, how is the price range of a tick decided?

This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.

The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.

Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.

However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.

This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:

Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf

With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.

As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.

For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.

p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001

See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?

Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052

But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?

Price range: max & min

To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.

Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf

The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.

24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:

1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341

1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943

I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌

⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.

How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?

Tick index from price

The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:

Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php

Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.

Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm

Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!

⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.

3. Concentrated liquidity

Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.

Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.

As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!

Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂

Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].

If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.

The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.

However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).

We can observe the following two points from the above example:

Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.

√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.

What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!

Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵

⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.

4. Range orders: reversible limit orders

As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:

current price < the targeted price range

current price > the targeted price range

current price belongs to the targeted price range

The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.

The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).

There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!

In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.

Range orders

To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.

The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.

For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.

With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!

Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).

The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.

The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.

If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.

Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.

What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].

This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.

…wut? 🤔

Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!

What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.

The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.

To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:

Only one token is required for range orders.

Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯

I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.

⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.

Reversible limit orders

As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.

We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].

Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.

The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.

As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:

When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸

When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸

A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!

⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.

5. Impacts of v3

Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:

Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.

The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.

LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏

In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.

After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔

Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!

6. Conclusion

That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂

There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅

If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!

Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟

Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌

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Tutotial
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Sometimes you might get an error, do not worry, simply follow the steps again & reimport


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三阪咲「StaRting PoiNt」MUSIC VIDEO（Full ver.）
作詞：三阪咲
作曲：荻野目諒

監督：大久保拓朗

みなさん、おはこんにちこんばんは！🌞
本日！『StaRting PoiNt』のMVが公開しました〜\(๑•̀᎑•́)/\(•̀᎑•́๑)/
撮影してくださった監督さん、スタッフの皆さん本当にありがとうございます！！
今回はプロジェクターを使って、歌詞やMVのために作っていただいた映像をスクリーンに映してもらったり、シチュエーションに合わせて３パターンも衣装着させてもらったり、配信ジャケット写真にもなっているレインボーの時計をモチーフにした照明の前で踊りました( 'ω' و(و"♪
(注目してみてね👀)
そしてこの『StaRting PoiNt』は、10月7日にリリースさせてもらう2nd EP『After Rain』の1曲目に入れさせてもらった曲です！
とっても大切な曲になったので、みなさんぜひ聴いてみてください✨

三阪咲


ーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

Welcome今夜は 全部忘れたら
Freedomいつでも 連れ出してあげる
From here now

この時間が作る 僕らのLyrics
目と目が合えば もう止まらないHeartを
一緒にTo the stage上がってくVoltage & Beat
これからも

Keep trying for all 次会う時まで
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僕らの居場所は いつもあるんだから
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君となら...

Don't stopこのまま 進んでいったとしても
Controlできない 日だって来るよGrow up
迷わないで

Keep trying for all 次会う時まで
Let me hear you say 3, 2, 1 more time
Until we meet again
夢の続きはここから

Tick tock, tick tock life goes on
楽しい時間が 終わりを告げても
We’re no strangers anymore!!
ずっとKeep on, dream on
まだ終わらないよ

Tick tock, tick tock even if time flies
僕らの居場所は いつもあるんだから
さあもう怖くない ずっと Keep the dream
君となら...

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーー


■リリース情報
2020.10.07（水）
2nd EP 「After Rain」

【収録楽曲】
1.StaRting PoiNt
2.私を好きになってくれませんか（ABEMA「今日、好きになりました。」主題歌）
3.友よ恋よ（MBS/TBSドラマイズム「荒ぶる季節の乙女どもよ。」主題歌」）
4.When singin’ in the rain
5.Continue...??

通常版（CD）￥1,600+税 BSRC-1002
販売元：Bloom Slope Records

【先着予約購入者特典】
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○先着予約購入者特典（一般CDショップ）
「私を好きになってくれませんか 」オリジナル手書き歌詞カード

※特典数量に限りがありますので、無くなり次第終了となります。
※一部のオンラインサイトやCDショップで特典が付かない場合があります。事前にご予約されるオンラインサイト/CDショップにてご確認下さい。


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#三阪咲 #AfterRain

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Out now, link on ma bio
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出品 Presented by ｜ Rooftopmob
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Artist ｜ LICKONE
Composer & Lyricist ｜ LICKONE
Cover photo | Ivy Shi
Graphic design | Jinglickers
Beat by｜ Jaake
Recording ｜ZacRao
Mixing ｜ Zac Rao
Recording Studio：金剛門大樹林工作室
-
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Lyrics:
-
Intro:
I just bout to pop some pills and [ take a train ]
Leave all the fucking shit stuff [ under my bed ]
Keep all my dark secrets deep [ inside my pain ]
But now I realized how I run [ they never fade ]

Verse 1:
I bought a lot of tic tac they come from oversea
they thought I popping pills before I fall asleep
once upon a time I drop a loaded gun on a tree
they saw a naked body and my dick they call nasty Lick
Oh My Geez, where’s my grandpa Rick?
let me put you thru the cyberpunk before the apocalypse
I told my friends and family about my creepy little dreams
they don’t even care about it and treat me with a Krispy Kreme
man fuck them what they think I gave them double tick
they called me Yung Lil lick pull out pipe of gasoline
drinking 100 plus milo divide to a double team
Imma hit the road sign off act I’m the beast
bitch please be for real remember pay your bills
I told myself 手上總是需要準備手裡劍
一不小心出了意外就會花光所有錢
我不在意那麼多是因為夢想會實現
Bish

Outro:
I got a lot of voices to stay inside my head
Imaginary friends keep fucked up of my brain
They don't even wanna get outside my head
Just tell me whatchu wanna do inside my brain
I just bout to have some pills and [ take a train ] 🚂
Leave all the fucking shit stuff [ under my bed ]
Keep all my dark secrets deep [ inside my pain ]
But now I realized how I run [ they never fade ]