關於 value engineer ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

“ Never allow someone to tell you that you have no value ”

A Software Engineer and Vegan, Wins Miss Universe 2021 - Andrea Meza

墨西哥小姐 安德里亞·梅莎(Andrea Meza) 是 #軟體工程師 也是 #女權倡導者。她於 2021.5.16 贏得了第69屆年度環球小姐大賽的后冠，成為首位獲得冠軍的純素食選手。
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這位26歲的企業家在墨西哥奇瓦瓦州長大，並在奇瓦瓦州自治大學獲得了軟體工程學位。Meza 聲稱：她吃素 是因為 #環境 和 #動物權利 方面的原因，梅莎常常自己的平台分享了植物性飲食的好處。
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新加冕的環球小姐也是 #女性權利的倡導者，並經常提請人們注意不公平的美麗標準，以強調社會應如何重新定義其定義，以超越外觀。
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梅莎說：「我們生活在一個日益先進的社會中，正如我們作為一個已經在定型觀念上也有所進步的社會一樣。」「如今，美麗不僅在於我們如何看待自己，對我而言，美麗在於我們處理自己的精神，靈魂和價值觀。永遠不要讓別人告訴你你沒有價值。」
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此前曾加冕的「世界美洲小姐」和「墨西哥環球影城」致力於在她的家鄉促進旅遊業。梅薩還與墨西哥和其他國家/地區的慈善機構合作，以幫助陷入困境的社區參與進來。
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梅莎在一份聲明中說：「戴上環球小姐的皇冠真是美夢成真。」 「而且，我希望在來年及以後的一年中，我通過倡導平等來為世界服務。」
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新聞來源｜ https://thebeet.com/vegan-software-engineer-andrea-meza-wins-miss-universe/?trackback=fbshare_mobile&fbclid=IwAR0UES5t1N9G_hQ2eZKd0c7RJ3GkFN8NK_iYs3DGL_YnclrhxylHWgwK1Vo

📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth

✍️ 田少谷 Shao

📥 歡迎投稿： https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium

Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Outline

0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion

0. Intro

The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥

While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.

Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅

Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊

If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏

There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!

1. Uniswap & AMM recap

Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.

Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.

Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:

AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.

Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².

Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.

In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP

¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity

² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative

³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage

2. Tick

The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.

For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:

Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp

By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:

The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.

Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.

Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.

With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯

So, how is the price range of a tick decided?

This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.

The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.

Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.

However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.

This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:

Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf

With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.

As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.

For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.

p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001

See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?

Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052

But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?

Price range: max & min

To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.

Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf

The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.

24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:

1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341

1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943

I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌

⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.

How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?

Tick index from price

The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:

Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php

Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.

Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm

Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!

⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.

3. Concentrated liquidity

Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.

Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.

As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!

Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂

Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].

If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.

The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.

However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).

We can observe the following two points from the above example:

Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.

√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.

What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!

Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵

⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.

4. Range orders: reversible limit orders

As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:

current price < the targeted price range

current price > the targeted price range

current price belongs to the targeted price range

The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.

The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).

There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!

In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.

Range orders

To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.

The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.

For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.

With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!

Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).

The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.

The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.

If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.

Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.

What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].

This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.

…wut? 🤔

Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!

What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.

The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.

To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:

Only one token is required for range orders.

Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯

I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.

⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.

Reversible limit orders

As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.

We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].

Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.

The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.

As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:

When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸

When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸

A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!

⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.

5. Impacts of v3

Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:

Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.

The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.

LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏

In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.

After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔

Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!

6. Conclusion

That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂

There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅

If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!

Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟

Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌

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YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/TheDoDoMen
IG: https://www.instagram.com/thedodomen

- 為什麼面對夢想只能裹足不前，評估狀況、想好計劃、下定決心 | Stop planning your dream, Just do it
- 把每一天當成最後一天來活，那要做什麼才有意義 | Live everyday like your last
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***

(00:01:12) Jacky與Eric、Ian的相識過程 | How we met
(00:03:24) 神回覆的三個字形容自己 | 3 words to describe each other
(00:07:53) 小時候到美國的文化衝擊 | Cultural shock moving to the US
(00:11:50) 回台灣的逆向文化衝突居然是等垃圾車 | Reverse culture shock moving back to Taiwan
(00:14:58) 融合台灣和美國的文化 | Fusion of Taiwanese and American culture
(00:16:11) 亞洲家長的過度關心 | Asian parenting
(00:17:40) 兩邊的文化對人生有什麼影響 | Impact of being bi-cultural & bi-lingual
(00:21:03) 脫離舒適圈：自信和獨立思考 | Leaving comfort zone, confidence and independent thinking
(00:23:11) 成績不代表一切的證明 | Grades aren't everything
(00:25:58) 自信的無形蝴蝶效應 | The butterfly ball effect on building confidence
(00:27:13) 大學申請實習對課業影響 | Internships in college impact on their lives
(00:30:27) 大學除了課業以外 最大的收穫 | Biggest takeaways from school other than academics
(00:32:03) Eric 和 Ian的相識過程 | How Eric & Ian met
(00:32:50) 聊聊apple工程師和精算師的工作 | Jobs as Apple Engineer and Actuary science
(0037:03) 什麼時候埋下辭職的種子 | When the idea of quitting
(00:38:07) Ian首次公開的人生大事 | Ian's exclusive story
(00:41:30) 以下暴雷「靈魂急轉彎」請注意 | "Soul" the movie / spoiler alert
(00:42:27) 為什麼會想開Youtube頻道 | Why start YouTube channel?
(00:43:25) 剛開始拍Youtube的時候最難的是 | Hardest thing about starting a channel
(00:45:16) 會不會不適應成為Influencer要公開私生活？| Private life
(00:47:34) 還不成名的時候怎麼堅持 | Perseverance before fame
(00:48:38) 舊金山封城是轉折點 | Lockdown turnaround
(00:51:25) 數據放一邊 先做自己想做的 | Data aside, do what you want
(00:52:36) 犧牲很大 但觀看很少的影片 | Huge sacrifice, low reward videos
(00:53:30) 回覆酸民留言來了 | Here's to you haters
(00:56:23) YouTuber最容易被誤會的事 | Biggest misconception from being YouTubers
(00:57:10) 只有先準備好 才有爆紅的機會 | Luck is for those who are prepared
(00:59:45) 一開始有設立停損嗎 | Limit stop?
(01:00:49) YouTuber Role Model
(01:01:33) 影片想傳遞的核心價值 | Core value from videos
(1:02:24) 兩個人意見不同的時候 | When disagreement happens
(1:05:34) 成為YouTuber最大的成長 | Biggest learning from becoming YouTubers
(1:06:55) YouTuber的時間管理 | Time management as YouTubers
(1:09:29) 創造和技術類工作的差異 | Difference between a content creator and technical career

A day in the life of a Marine Engineer onboard 366 meter vessel "OOCL Brussels". In this episode we follow Alan who is the 4th engineer in charge of maintenance of various primary and auxiliary engines. You will get a glimpse into what life and what work is happening onboard a mega ship of this size. The Engine Room is the heart of the vessel in which it propels the ship and powers all equipment's onboard. Marine engineers are a critical part of the ship's operations as well as upkeep of all machineries.

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Support my photo/videos through my patreon and affiliate links!
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?==Our ship nearly crashed!=?
https://youtu.be/h1-wbV8PkmI

☣️==How Coronavirus COVID19 have affected our ship and shipping==☣️
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?️=Shipping a $4,000,000+ YACHT on a Mega-Ship!?==?️
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=====I Got Fired!? Demoted!? New ship!?=====
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=====Day in my life as Chief Officer onboard a ship=====
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?An Unusual Mooring Operation - to Palm Trees!??
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=====Docking a Mega-Ship=====
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=====30 Days Timelapse at Sea | 4K | Through Thunderstorms, Torrential Rain & Busy Traffic=====
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=====10 Reasons Why Maritime is AWESOME =====
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=====Navigation Bridge of a Mega Ship=====
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bj3_peT4u9M

=====A Tour of Mega Ship's Engine Room=====
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7BhBsVigZw

=====HEAVY SEAS! Bad Weather in Atlantic Ocean=====
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZA6gNeZ5G4

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An inside look into a day in life of a Chief Officer onboard a ship, the vessel YWAM PNG. A typical day at a not so typical location - as the ship operates in one of the most remote places on earth.
My role goes by many names, synonymous with Chief Mate / Chief Officer / FIrst Officer/ First Mate, but pretty much it is the head of the deck department.

If you enjoyed my content make sure to share this video!

Follow my Adventures on Instagram @jeffrey.hk
www.instagram.com/jeffrey.hk
Support my photo/videography by buying through my affiliate links!
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Fisheye lens used in 30 days timelapse https://amzn.to/30uE4Aw
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Drone https://amzn.to/2Qhxk98
BIG JUICE powerbank for everything https://amzn.to/304fKJq
Gaffer Tape (no residue) https://amzn.to/2LCRLYq
Silica Gel Packs https://amzn.to/2N083xJ
Good intervalometer https://amzn.to/2N1ETOS
Good Entry Tripod https://amzn.to/2ZWp8e7
Pro Tripod https://amzn.to/2NYSlCH
Budget Time lapse Motion Control https://amzn.to/2A4H7Vd
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?An Unusual Mooring Operation - to Palm Trees!??
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-HtIFMdhB0

=====Docking a Mega-Ship=====
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GyQN8zi8kk

=====30 Days Timelapse at Sea | 4K | Through Thunderstorms, Torrential Rain & Busy Traffic=====
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AHrCI9eSJGQ&t=305s

=====10 Reasons Why Maritime is AWESOME =====
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0U18AHZbS_M

=====10 Reasons Why Maritime SUCKS =====
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdMYEKwxTyo

=====How To Anchor a Mega-Ship =====
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62O7KYfb4GA

=====Navigation Bridge of a Mega Ship=====
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bj3_peT4u9M

=====A Tour of Mega Ship's Engine Room=====
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7BhBsVigZw

=====HEAVY SEAS! Bad Weather in Atlantic Ocean=====
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZA6gNeZ5G4