有些人對bias(偏見)一詞已經很熟,但如果不知道這個生詞,它的意思很接近另一個生詞prejudice(成見)。Confirmation bias(確認偏誤)是指人慣於尋找與注意能夠證實自己既有信念或希望相信的證據。舉例來說,在社交媒體上閱讀到與自己觀念相符的文章時,我們會去按讚或分享,反之若是相左則跳過不看。你有觀察到confirmation bias的情況嗎?是甚麼樣的事情呢?
Some of you are already familiar with the word "bias." If not, it is very similar in meaning to the word "prejudice." Confirmation bias describes our comfort in finding information that confirms things we know, believe in, or want to believe in. For example, a person might scroll on their social media feed, liking and sharing articles that confirm their beliefs, while skipping over ones that don't. Have you ever observed confirmation bias before? What happened? #DigitalCitizenship #AmericanEnglish
「what is confirmation bias」的推薦目錄:
- 關於what is confirmation bias 在 美國在台協會 AIT Facebook 的最讚貼文
- 關於what is confirmation bias 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於what is confirmation bias 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最佳解答
- 關於what is confirmation bias 在 Confirmation Bias | Ethics Defined - YouTube 的評價
- 關於what is confirmation bias 在 How to Break Out of Your Social Media Echo Chamber | WIRED 的評價
what is confirmation bias 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最佳貼文
[時事英文] XOXO, Gossip Time
為什麼大家都愛看藝人和政治人物的八卦? 你知道我在說誰。
You want to know more? Read below. You know you want to.
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《紐約時報報導》
Whether the subject is celebrities or politics, readers can be easy marks for comforting tales. Tabloid publishers know this. So do online trolls and click-hungry websites.
1. an easy mark (n.) 明顯、輕鬆的靶子;目標*
2. comforting tales 令寬慰的故事
3. tabloid publisher 通俗小報出版商
4. online trolls 網上愛惡搞的人**
5. click-hungry websites 渴望點擊量的網站
無論主題是名人還是政治,令人舒適的故事總能輕易打動讀者。小報出版商知道這一點。線上釣魚網站和渴望點擊量的網站也知道這一點。
*mark (11): https://bit.ly/3aVBk4p
**troll: http://bit.ly/2JFYcKI
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“Algorithmic behavior existed long before there was an algorithm,” said Janice Min, former top editor of The Hollywood Reporter, who is now overseeing content and news at Quib.
“Whether politics or celebrity, narratives are what matter to people — the details often don’t.”
6. algorithmic behavior 算法行為
7. algorithm 算法、演算法
8. oversee content and news 監管內容與新聞
9. mobile video startup 手機影片新創公司
10. narratives 敘事
「在演算法出現很久以前就有演算法行為,」《好萊塢報導》(Hollywood Reporter)前總編珍妮絲·閔(Janice Min)說, 她現在正負責監管Quibi的內容和新聞。
「無論是政治還是名人,敘事對人們來說都是重要的——而細節往往並不重要」。
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As Patrick Radden Keefe wrote in a recent article on “The Apprentice” for The New Yorker, Donald Trump’s star had dimmed in the years before it aired.
By papering over his business organizations’ bankruptcies, not to mention the fraud accusations against Trump University, the NBC prime-time hit “mythologized him anew, turning him into an icon of American success.”
11. dim (v.) (使)減弱,(使)變淡
12. air (v.) 廣播,播出,播送
13. paper over sth 掩蓋(尤指問題或分歧)
14. bankruptcy 企業或個人破產(的狀況)
15. not to mention 除…之外(還),更不必說
16. fraud accusations 詐欺指控
17. prime-time hit 黃金時段熱門節目
18. mythologize (v.)(對…)故弄玄虛
19. turn (someone/something) into someone/something 使某人/某物成為或變得某人/某物
20. an icon of …的偶像;象徵
正如派翠克·拉德登·基夫(Patrick Radden Keefe)最近為《紐約客》(The New Yorker)撰寫的一篇關於《誰是接班人》 的文章中所寫的那樣,唐納·川普的明星光環在該節目播出前的幾年已經暗淡下來。《誰是接班人》這檔NBC黃金時段熱門節目掩蓋了他的商業機構破產,還有對川普大學(Trump University)的欺詐指控,從而 「將他重新神化,使他成為美國成功的象徵」。
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Trump ran his campaign and at times runs his White House with a reliance on the same mix of fantasy and truthiness typical of supermarket tabloids and reality TV. Just as a large group of people can’t get enough of the tales about celebrities, a large constituency seems eager to believe a reality-show narrative about the 45th president.
21. run campaign 經營競選活動
22. at times = sometimes 有時
23. with a reliance on 依靠
24. a mix of fantasy and truthiness 幻想與真實相結合
25. constituency 選民
26. reality-show narrative 真人秀敘事
川普在競選活動中,以及在執掌白宮後,有時也會依靠這種超市小報和電視真人秀中典型的幻想與真實相結合的手法。就像一大群人對明星的故事欲罷不能一樣,一大群選民似乎也渴望相信有關美國第45任總統的真人秀式敘事。
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On “The Apprentice,” he was a straight-shooting, street-smart businessman. To rallygoers during his campaign, he was the outsider who sought to smash a calcified ruling elite. As president, he has been the man willing to fight off resistance from “the deep state” to do what’s right, even if it means shutting down the government.
27. The Apprentice《誰是接班人》
28. straight-shooting 正直的; 直接的*
29. street-smart 精明;適應都市生活的,具有都市生存智慧的
30. rallygoer = rally+goer (選舉)集會參與者
31. smash a calcified ruling elite 粉碎僵化精英統治
32. fight off 擊退
在《誰是接班人》裡,他是一位正直、精明的商人。在他競選期間的支持者看來,他是一個試圖粉碎僵化精英統治的局外人。作為總統,他一直願意擊退來自「深層政府」(deep state)的阻力,做正確的事情,即使這意味著關閉政府。
straight-shooting: https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/straight-shooting_2
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Driving the belief in political conspiracy theories and celebrity pregnancies alike is “a desire to have the truth fit” the heart’s desires, said Renée Ann Cramer, a professor of law, politics and society at Drake University in Iowa. “They want it to be true,” she said. An attractive narrative emits a powerful force, whether it’s about politics or things less serious, and we’re all susceptible to its allure.
33. drive a belief 驅動信念、想法
34. a political conspiracy theory 政治陰謀論
35. fit (v.) 符合
36. the heart’s desires 內心的渴望
37. an attractive narrative 吸引人的敘事
38. emit 發出,射出,散發(光、雜訊、氣味或氣體)
39. be susceptible to 容易受…影響
40. allure (n.) 誘惑
愛荷華州德雷克大學(Drake University)的法律、政治和社會教授蕾妮·安·克拉默(Renée Ann Cramer)說,促使人們相信政治陰謀論和名人懷孕的,都是「一種讓真相符合內心願望的渴望」。「他們希望這是真的,」她說。一種吸引人的敘事會釋放出一種強大的力量,無論是關於政治還是不那麼嚴肅的事情,我們都容易受到它的誘惑。
《紐約時報》完整報導: http://bitly.ws/8pHx
圖片出處:Google Search
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你可以稱這種愛八卦的現象為流暢性捷思(fluency heuristic)、思維被劫持 (hijacked thinking) 或顯而易見的確認偏誤(confirmation bias)。
人們喜歡閱讀八卦,因為他們想相信八卦是真實的,即使事實並非如此。 這便是小報(tabloids)存在的原因。
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時事英文講義: https://bit.ly/2XmRYXc
如何使用「時事英文」:https://bit.ly/3a9rr38
時事英文大全:http://bit.ly/2WtAqop
#時事英文
#名人英文
what is confirmation bias 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最佳解答
[時事英文新聞] Social Media and the Rise of Radicalism
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社群媒體會導致極端主義的興盛嗎? 社群媒體的發展應該提供大眾更多的平台分享彼此的看法,使社會更加和諧。可是從美國大選卻看出社群媒體使得社會大眾的意見走向分極化,各論壇的發言者也常為了一句話,無止盡的爭吵。這個問題會持續惡化下去嗎? 到底要如何解決?
同學看一下以下的時事英文,更了解這個問題的起因以及解決的方式!
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時事詞彙:
filter bubble 過濾泡泡; 個人化資料過濾
fringe groups 邊緣群體
mass influx of ...的大量湧入
the media 媒體
transnational melting pot 跨國的熔爐
cross-cultural dialog 跨文化的對話
freedom of expression 言論自由
offensive content 攻擊性內容
foment reactionary hatred 煽動反動仇恨
birds of a feather flock together 物以類聚
globalization 全球化
limbo 界外;被遺忘的地方
remove the physical barrier 移除物理障礙; 消除距離的障礙
rising radicalism 崛起的激進主義
serendipitous discovery 意外的獲得
echo chamber 回聲室; 回音室
confirmation bias 確認偏誤
prejudices and views 偏見和看法
algorithm 演算法
all-inclusive 包羅萬象
reinforce ideas 加強想法
a kernel of truth 一點事實
hegemony 領導權,支配權 (a situation in which one state or country controls others)
be threatened by 被…威脅
self-interest 自我利益
self-preservation 自我保護
conservatism 保守主義
isolationism 孤立主義
the tides are turning 潮汐正在轉向
(turn the tide: to cause a reversal in the direction of events)
a turn of events 形勢的變化
an unexpected turn of events 爆冷門
distort our view of society 扭曲了我們對社會的看法
eccentric古怪的, 反常的
out of the norm 不尋常 ; 超過正常的範圍
out of touch with society 與社會脫節
adjust our mindset 調整我們的心態
move forward 向前邁進
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In this fast-paced globalized world (全球化的世界), the social media is responsible for the mass influx of (...的大量湧入) personal opinions online. Nowadays almost everyone has a Facebook or Twitter account. The rise of (...的興起) social media has removed the physical barrier (物理障礙; 消除距離的障礙) between individuals of similar interests and allow them to have a common ground (共同點) for interaction. On the other hand, social media, while making it easier for people to present their opinions, may also encourage rising radicalism (崛起的激進主義). The fact that certain opinions that may be viewed as offensive (冒犯的), for instance, can cause social media to be a source of disputes (爭端的來源). Social media also serves to reinforce confirmation bias (加強確認偏誤). Once you've found your friends on Facebook, they share their news, gossip, and discoveries with you. This can be a source of serendipitous discovery (意外的發現) but it can serve as an echo chamber (回聲室; 回音室), slowly persuading you that everyone views the world the way you do, because the people you know on Facebook share your prejudices and views (偏見和看法). Hence, it should be the aim of social networks such as Facebook to help users broaden their perspectives by listening to a different set of (另外一組; 不同的) views than what they typically encounter in their daily lives.
Audio: https://soundcloud.com/eric-yang-51/social-media
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Sources:
https://theinitium.com/article/20160716-opinion-xian-internet/
http://bigthink.com/ideafeed/social-media-is-turning-us-into-thoughtless-political-extremists
http://www.voanews.com/a/social-media-orlando-shooting/3374048.html
http://edition.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/08/03/zuckerman.facebook.global/
Image source: https://sciolisticramblings.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/echo-chamber-7.jpg?w=584
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