[時事英文] Alzheimer’s Prediction May Be Found in Writing Tests
沒想到英文寫作可以用來預測阿爾茨海默症。
受試者當中應該沒有第二語言學習者吧。
音檔: https://bit.ly/3lcBTxr
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Alzheimer’s Prediction May Be Found in Writing Tests
阿爾茨海默症可以預測嗎?寫作測試也許提供了答案
Is it possible to predict who will develop Alzheimer’s disease simply by looking at writing patterns years before there are symptoms? According to a new study by IBM researchers, the answer is yes. And, they and others say that Alzheimer’s is just the beginning. People with a wide variety of neurological illnesses have distinctive language patterns that, investigators suspect, may serve as early warning signs of their diseases.
• Alzheimer’s disease 阿爾茨海默症
• symptoms 癥狀、症狀
• according to a new study 根據一個新研究
• a wide variety of 多種~的
• neurological illnesses 神經系統疾病
• distinctive language patterns 獨特的語言模式
• an early warning sign of ~的早期預警訊號
有沒有可能在出現癥狀之前的幾年裡,僅僅通過觀察書寫模式來預測誰會患上阿爾茨海默症? 根據IBM研究人員的一項新研究,答案是肯定的。而且,他們和其他一些研究人員表示,阿爾茨海默症的預測只是開始。研究人員懷疑,患有多種神經系統疾病的人都有著獨特的語言模式,可能是他們疾病的早期預警信號。
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The researchers examined the subjects’ word usage with an artificial intelligence program that looked for subtle differences in language. It identified one group of subjects who were more repetitive in their word usage at that earlier time when all of them were cognitively normal. These subjects also made errors, such as spelling words wrongly or inappropriately capitalizing them, and they used telegraphic language, meaning language that has a simple grammatical structure and is missing subjects and words like “the,” “is” and “are.”
• word usage 詞彙使用情況
• subtle differences 細微差別
• artificial intelligence 人工智慧
• repetitive 重複的
• telegraphic language* 電報式語言
• simple grammatical structure 簡單的語法結構
研究人員利用一個人工智慧程序,檢查受試者的詞彙使用情況,尋找語言上的細微差別。他們鑒定出一組受試者,在早期所有人的認知能力都正常的情況下,他們的用詞重複情況更為嚴重。這些測試對象還會犯一些錯誤,比如拼寫錯誤或者大寫使用不當,而且會使用電報式語言——語法結構簡單,漏掉主語以及「the」、「is」和「are」這樣的詞。
*telegraphic language is speech during the two-word stage of language acquisition in children, which is laconic and efficient but lack of function words, tense and plural endings on nouns.
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The members of that group turned out to be the people who developed Alzheimer’s disease. The A.I. program predicted, with 75 percent accuracy, who would get Alzheimer’s disease, according to results published recently in The Lancet journal EClinicalMedicine. “We had no prior assumption that word usage would show anything,” said Ajay Royyuru, vice president of health care and life sciences research at IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., where the A.I. analysis was done.
• develop a disease 患上疾病
• with % accuracy 準確率達~%
• no prior assumption 沒有先想到、先假設到
• usage (詞語或語言的)用法
• A.I. analysis 人工智慧分析
這群人後來都患上了阿爾茨海默症。根據《柳葉刀》(The Lancet)子刊《臨床醫學》(EClinicalMedicine)最近發表的研究結果,該人工智慧能夠預測誰將患上阿爾茨海默症,準確率達75%。「我們之前沒有想到用詞情況還有這個用途,」紐約州約克敦高地的IBM托馬斯·沃森研究中心(IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center)醫療保健和生命科學研究副總裁阿賈伊·羅伊尤魯(Ajay Royyuru)說。人工智慧分析就是在該中心進行的。
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文章來自《紐約時報》: https://nyti.ms/3pXsI5l
圖片來源: http://bit.ly/3qsX3sb
plural meaning 在 多益達人 林立英文 Facebook 的最讚貼文
The origins of ‘fool’
Wednesday is April 1, when people in many countries worldwide celebrate the custom ( ) of “April Fool’s Day.” On this day, they play pranks ( ) on each other, the pranksters gleefully ( ) calling those hapless ( ) enough to fall for ( ) the joke an “April Fool.”
Nobody really knows for certain ( ) when, where or why the custom started. We have more certainty over the origins of the word “fool” itself, although some details remain unclear.
The word, which refers to ( ) a silly, stupid, or ignorant ( ) person, is thought to originate ( ) in the early 13th century, deriving ( ) from Old French fol, meaning a madman or insane person. The French word, in turn, comes from the Latin follis, meaning a leather bag or a bellows ( ) and, by extension later on, an empty-headed ( ) person.
Fool also referred to a rogue ( ) or a sinful ( ), wicked ( ) or lecherous ( ) person — around 1300, a “fool woman” meant a prostitute ( ), for example — and also a court ( ) jester ( ), a person whose purpose was to entertain ( ) the king and court, whether because they were pretending to be buffoonish ( ) or whether they actually were like that.
One theory is that the idea of the court jester “fool” derives from folles — the plural form of follis (bellows) — referring to the puffed cheeks of a buffoon.
It is unclear which sense came first, that of the idiot or the jester.
「愚人」的起源
下週三是四月一日,許多國家的人在這天都有過「愚人節」的慣例,互相捉弄,惡作劇的人樂不可支地把那些不幸被騙倒的人稱作「April Fool」(四月的愚人)。
沒有人能確知愚人節這習俗到底是在何時、何地或為何開始的,但我們對「fool」(傻瓜)一字的由來比較能夠掌握多,儘管有些細節仍不甚明瞭。
「fool」這個字,現今指的是傻氣、愚笨或無知的人,通常被認為是源自十三世紀初期的古法語字「fol」,意指瘋子或精神失常的人。而這個字又是源於拉丁文「follis」,意為皮製的袋子或風箱,後來引伸為腦袋空空的人。
「fool」亦指惡棍或有罪、惡毒或淫蕩的人──例如在西元一三○○年左右,「fool woman」指的是妓女,亦指弄臣,也就是在宮廷中負責娛樂國王和朝臣的人,無論這些弄臣是故意裝瘋賣傻,還是本來就如小丑般滑稽。
有一說則是認為,「fool」字的「弄臣」之意,是源於「folles」──即「follis」(風箱的拉丁文複數形)──指的是小丑鼓脹的臉頰。
「fool」一字是先有「傻子」之意,還是先有「弄臣」之意,我們並不清楚。
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plural meaning 在 IELTS Thanh Loan Facebook 的精選貼文
Từ vựng và ý tưởng IELTS Writing theo chủ đề – Money/ Finance/ Business
👉ĐK học thử MIỄN PHÍ: https://bit.ly/3soHuDX
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VOCABULARY
money management (compound noun)
Meaning: The control of one’s spending and earning
Vietnamese: Quản lí tài chính
run into debts (verb phrase)
Meaning: To owe a lot of money to other people
Vietnamese: Nợ nần chồng chất
overspend (verb) ~ squander
Meaning: To spend more than the expected or available amount of money
Vietnamese: Chi tiêu quá mức
expenditure (noun) = spending
Meaning: An amount of money spent
Vietnamese: Khoản chi tiêu
emergency (noun)
Meaning: A serious, unexpected incident that requires immediate attention
Vietnamese: Tình huống cấp bách
human labor (noun phrase)
Meaning: skills and knowledge brought to the production process by human
Vietnamese: sức lao động của con người
qualified (adjective) = experienced
Meaning: having the experience to do a particular job
Vietnamese: có kinh nghiệm
impart something to somebody (verb)
Meaning: to pass information, knowledge, etc. to other people
Vietnamese: truyền đạt cái gì cho ai
curriculum (noun) -> curricula (plural)
Meaning: the subjects that are included in a course of study or taught in a school, college, etc.
Vietnamses: chương trình học
tertiary education (compound noun)
Meaning: university education
Vietnamses: giáo dục đại học
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plural meaning 在 Is "means" plural or singular? - English StackExchange 的推薦與評價
According to Oxford Dictionaries it can be "treated as singular or plural". Personally, I find the plural form more natural in your example. ... <看更多>
plural meaning 在 Plural Meaning - YouTube 的推薦與評價
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