[時事英文] Alzheimer’s Prediction May Be Found in Writing Tests
沒想到英文寫作可以用來預測阿爾茨海默症。
受試者當中應該沒有第二語言學習者吧。
音檔: https://bit.ly/3lcBTxr
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Alzheimer’s Prediction May Be Found in Writing Tests
阿爾茨海默症可以預測嗎?寫作測試也許提供了答案
Is it possible to predict who will develop Alzheimer’s disease simply by looking at writing patterns years before there are symptoms? According to a new study by IBM researchers, the answer is yes. And, they and others say that Alzheimer’s is just the beginning. People with a wide variety of neurological illnesses have distinctive language patterns that, investigators suspect, may serve as early warning signs of their diseases.
• Alzheimer’s disease 阿爾茨海默症
• symptoms 癥狀、症狀
• according to a new study 根據一個新研究
• a wide variety of 多種~的
• neurological illnesses 神經系統疾病
• distinctive language patterns 獨特的語言模式
• an early warning sign of ~的早期預警訊號
有沒有可能在出現癥狀之前的幾年裡,僅僅通過觀察書寫模式來預測誰會患上阿爾茨海默症? 根據IBM研究人員的一項新研究,答案是肯定的。而且,他們和其他一些研究人員表示,阿爾茨海默症的預測只是開始。研究人員懷疑,患有多種神經系統疾病的人都有著獨特的語言模式,可能是他們疾病的早期預警信號。
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The researchers examined the subjects’ word usage with an artificial intelligence program that looked for subtle differences in language. It identified one group of subjects who were more repetitive in their word usage at that earlier time when all of them were cognitively normal. These subjects also made errors, such as spelling words wrongly or inappropriately capitalizing them, and they used telegraphic language, meaning language that has a simple grammatical structure and is missing subjects and words like “the,” “is” and “are.”
• word usage 詞彙使用情況
• subtle differences 細微差別
• artificial intelligence 人工智慧
• repetitive 重複的
• telegraphic language* 電報式語言
• simple grammatical structure 簡單的語法結構
研究人員利用一個人工智慧程序,檢查受試者的詞彙使用情況,尋找語言上的細微差別。他們鑒定出一組受試者,在早期所有人的認知能力都正常的情況下,他們的用詞重複情況更為嚴重。這些測試對象還會犯一些錯誤,比如拼寫錯誤或者大寫使用不當,而且會使用電報式語言——語法結構簡單,漏掉主語以及「the」、「is」和「are」這樣的詞。
*telegraphic language is speech during the two-word stage of language acquisition in children, which is laconic and efficient but lack of function words, tense and plural endings on nouns.
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The members of that group turned out to be the people who developed Alzheimer’s disease. The A.I. program predicted, with 75 percent accuracy, who would get Alzheimer’s disease, according to results published recently in The Lancet journal EClinicalMedicine. “We had no prior assumption that word usage would show anything,” said Ajay Royyuru, vice president of health care and life sciences research at IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., where the A.I. analysis was done.
• develop a disease 患上疾病
• with % accuracy 準確率達~%
• no prior assumption 沒有先想到、先假設到
• usage (詞語或語言的)用法
• A.I. analysis 人工智慧分析
這群人後來都患上了阿爾茨海默症。根據《柳葉刀》(The Lancet)子刊《臨床醫學》(EClinicalMedicine)最近發表的研究結果,該人工智慧能夠預測誰將患上阿爾茨海默症,準確率達75%。「我們之前沒有想到用詞情況還有這個用途,」紐約州約克敦高地的IBM托馬斯·沃森研究中心(IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center)醫療保健和生命科學研究副總裁阿賈伊·羅伊尤魯(Ajay Royyuru)說。人工智慧分析就是在該中心進行的。
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文章來自《紐約時報》: https://nyti.ms/3pXsI5l
圖片來源: http://bit.ly/3qsX3sb
suspect用法 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最讚貼文
[詞彙區別] 同學們,在寫學術文章的時候是不是很難區分thus, therefore, hence?
雖然這幾個字都是副詞,字義上也大致被認為是「所以」,可是用法卻有細膩的區別。
★★★★Thus★★★★
1. Thus 的意思是「以這樣的方式」或「藉由如此」。
“Thus” means “in this/that way.” It relates to “HOW” - the manner in which - how something happens or comes about.
E.g. The university has drastically lowered its tuition, thus (in this way) allowing many more people the chance of higher education.
2. Thus 另外一個意思是「因此」或「於是」。
“Thus” also means as a result of something just mentioned. It, when used as a conjunctive adverb, is similar in meaning to “therefore.”
E.g. It has been discovered that using scents can trigger the sensations of love, comfort, and happiness. Thus, the sense of smell can be used as strategy to invoke new responses in consumers.
3. Thus far 的意思則是「到目前為止 」或「迄今」。
E.g. He has invested $ 12 million thus far. He will most likely invest more in the future.
★★★★Therefore★★★★
1. Therefore的意思是「出於某個原因」、「因為某個因素」或「建立在某個基礎上」。
Therefore 前面的句子提供了證據支持某個結論,而該結論將出現在下一個含有 therefore的句子中。Therefore在數學證明中是常見的。
“Therefore” means “for this reason,” or “because of this or that” - it relates to deductive reasoning, it tells WHY this or that is so, or happened.
E.g. He was late and therefore (for this reason) missed the bus.
E.g. There are frequent rock slides in that area. Therefore, no one is allowed to enter.
★★★★Hence★★★★
1. Hence意思是「 因此」或「 導致」,字義是跟therefore相同,但用法不同。
We suspect that the agency is trying to hide something, hence the need for an independent inquiry.
在這邊hence後面並非連接子句,而是接名詞片語!
2. Hence 在正式(科學)的文章可以當轉折詞,意思仍然是「 因此」。
The cost of transport is a major expense for an industry. Hence(,) factory location is an important consideration.
這邊逗號在正式寫作常省略掉。
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這三個字都有共同點,所以同學自然在使用時容易混淆,而且大部分母語者也分不太清楚這三者間的差異。但是同學在學術寫作時還是必須選擇適當的詞彙,才能精準表達自己的想法及觀點。若用字上不夠明確,很容易誤導讀者而失去原先欲傳遞的訊息。
建議同學還是要分清楚這三字細微的區別才能更精準、有效、流暢地呈現文章的要點間的連貫。
詞彙區別:http://goo.gl/xnhtQg
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Sources:
https://painintheenglish.com/case/4452/
https://goo.gl/s5VRv7
https://www.ldoceonline.com/
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
https://corpus.byu.edu/coca/
https://jakubmarian.com/so-thus-therefore-and-hence-in-english/
suspect用法 在 看電影學英文 Facebook 的最佳貼文
下班! 大家一起來大聲的唸10句英文對話, 開心一下!!
電影 醉後大丈夫!- The Hangover, 10 句精彩對話 Part 13
The cops and Phil(Bradley Cooper) worked out a deal. They have to be the volunteers for the real treat and demonstrate how to use a stun gun. What kind of a deal is this?
1.Do, uh, any of you gentlemen have a heart condition or anything like that?
你們有心臟 (heart condition) 相關的疾病嗎?
2. Okay, kids, you're in for a real treat today.
OK, 小朋友們, 今天你們參加 ( in可以這樣用) 的是實境體驗 (real treat) 活動
3. These gentlemen have kindly volunteered to demonstrate how a stun gun is used to subdue a suspect.
這幾位紳士自願示範如何使用電擊槍 (stun gun) 來擊退 (subdue) 壞蛋
4. Now, there's two ways to use a stun gun. Up close and personal. Or you can shoot it from a distance.
現在, 使用電擊槍的方式有兩種. 就是靠近他直接接觸! 或是遠距離開槍
5. Do I have any volunteers?
有任何自願者嗎 (用Do I 比較道地哦!) ?
6. Don't listen to this maniac. Let's think this through.
別聽這個瘋子的, 讓我們來好好想想 (think this through有要和對方和談找出和平解決的方式)
7. Right in the nuts! That was beautiful. Well done. Give her a hand, everybody.
正中目標 (the stun gun just right hit Phil's ... ) ! 做得好! 大家給她掌聲鼓勵一下!
8. You're holding 50,000 volts, little man. Don't be afraid to ride the lightning.
小朋友, 你手上這東東可是有5萬V的電壓. 別害怕駕馭 (ride 的用法) 閃電 (ride the lightning好像有其它含意, 求助高手!!)
9. I'll tell you another thing, 6-1 odds our car is beat to shit.
我告訴你們, 賭1賠 (odds很好用哦!) 6, 我們的車肯定成癈鐵了
10.That's enough. Alan's seriously worried, okay? Let's not freak him out any more.
夠了! Alan 真的在擔心, OK? 我們別再嚇他了( freak someone out 也很常用)
Finally they passed the horrible real treat demonstration. Now they have to figure out where Doug is.
To be continued...
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