【2021世銀碳價趨勢報告摘要】淨零競逐下 全球碳價收入達530億美元(06/01/2021 EIC環境資訊中心)
碳價是必要但不能只有碳價
2021年世界銀行全球碳價現況與趨勢報告出爐,開宗指出碳價對於低碳轉型十分重要,但要真正發揮作用,則另需要確保:(1)碳價水準達每噸40~80美元、(2)根據各國不同情況量身設計、(3)低碳轉型需要包裹政策,包含致力於低碳研發、破除減緩措施的非經濟障礙等。
文:倪茂庭(環境權保障基金會研究員)
1. 關鍵數字
全球61個碳價機制,管制21.5%溫室氣體排放
2021年全球碳價機制成長至64個,包含3個具體規劃中的碳價。其中61個已施行生效的碳價機制,共管制全球約21.5%的溫室氣體,主要的增幅來自2021年2月中國施行的全國碳交易。
全球碳價水準中,僅有3.76%的排放量符合巴黎協定水準
從各國減量自訂貢獻中,全球氣候行動仍不足以回應巴黎協定的目標,這同樣也反映在目前的碳價水準上,目前全球的碳價中僅有3.76%看齊應有的碳價水準,即世銀2017年給予符合巴黎協定2°C目標的碳價建議,分別於2020年、2030年時,每噸碳價應為40~80美元;50~100美元的水準。若要進一步達到1.5°C的目標,世銀報告也引用國際能源研究顧問公司WoodMac的分析,2030年碳價應達到每噸160美元的水準。
2021年碳價水準的典範(下圖灰色範圍),即高於40美元的碳價制度,也從去年的4個增加到9個,但也僅佔全球排放量的3.76%,分別是歐盟碳交易、法國碳稅、芬蘭碳稅、列支敦士登碳稅、盧森堡碳稅、挪威碳稅、瑞典碳稅以及瑞士的碳稅與排放交易制度。
全球碳價收入來到530億美金
2020年全球碳價收入高達530億美金,相較於2019年提高了80億美元,主要的貢獻來自於歐盟碳交易價格的漲幅,管制全境39%溫室氣體的平均價格為49.8美金,收入約計225億4800萬美金。其次,碳價收入排名依序是法國碳稅96億3200萬、法國碳稅96億3200萬、加拿大碳稅34億700萬、日本碳稅23億6500萬、瑞典碳稅的22億8400萬。(※碳價收入的高低涉及該國實際管制的排放量、碳價等因素,排序僅為概況的說明。)
全球500大企業中近半數採行企業內部碳價;9.8%的內部碳價高於每噸80美金
全球500大企業中近半數採行企業內部碳價(共226家,包含預期兩年內施行)。2020年全球也有853家企業採行內部碳價,1159家企業預期兩年內施行,統計約27兆資本額加入。企業內部碳價的採行,主要乃為了強化低碳投資的需求。儘管內部碳價的實質影響受到質疑,但相關研究與具體實踐的經驗中也逐漸優化內部碳價機制設定的標準與分析實際減量成效。
此外,也有許多企業的內部碳價水準已經高於政府碳價機制。雖平均來說企業內部的平均碳價並未符合巴黎協定要求,但有超過16.1%的企業內部碳價符合每噸40美元~80美元的碳價水準,更有9.8%的企業採行更高水準的碳價。
2. 關鍵訊息
碳價的韌性挺過新冠疫情,更為綠色振興創造財源
儘管新冠肺炎疫情衝擊經濟活動的同時也影響著全球碳價,影響包含遞延排放盤查的期限、暫緩調升碳價的措施等,但自2020年1月31日世界衛生組織發布全球大流行起開始觀察幾個全球主要排放交易市場中的碳價表現,可以發現絕大多數都有約計40%以上的漲幅,包含歐盟、紐西蘭、美國區域溫室氣體倡議(RGGI)。除整體淨零氣候承諾的維繫外,排放交易制度本身透過其價格供給調整機制(price or supply adjustment mechanisms, PSAMs)支撐碳交易市場。另一方面,仍有如加拿大、愛爾蘭等國如期提高碳稅稅率。此外,自願性額度市場同樣也挺過來了。這些發展都可以看見碳價制度的韌性。
碳價亦扮演著疫情衝擊下綠色振興的重要角色,短期內確保低碳永續的產業維持競爭力、創造就業及維持經濟成長外,長期可實踐淨零目標。此外,藉由碳價的收取可增加綠色振興所需的財源,無論是投資低碳技術或創造低碳產業職缺,例如加拿大2020年12月提出共119億美金的健康環境與經濟計劃中(Healthy Environment and Healthy Economy Plan),即擬利用碳價收入打造未來10年的產業轉型創新的來源,碳價將每年提高每公噸11.94美元,預期2030年達到每噸135.3美元的碳價水準。
碳價的政治經濟分析與政策溝通策略越顯重要
根據2021年聯合國開發計畫署《UNDP: The Peoples' Climate Vote》民調的120萬份調查中發現,全球調查的50個國家中約計有64%的受訪者視氣候變遷為緊急狀態,特別是小島國家聯盟與高收入國家皆有超過70%的受訪者同意。同意的受訪者中,又有近6成(59%)認同國家應採取必要且立即的氣候政策。然而,6大領域共18項的具體氣候政策中「污染者付費」的政策選項,僅獲得39%的支持,位列第10名應採行的優先措施。相對地,於高所得國家中污染者付費工具的政策支持度則比較高,獲得55%受訪者支持。
這些民調顯示碳價的施行與碳價水準高低維繫於社會接受度,從企業端觀察,過去為主要的反對遊說勢力,但近期因氣候管制的手段已勢不可擋的情況下,也有越來越多企業開始轉向支持碳價政策。至於公眾則比較關注於碳價制度的公平性、碳價收入的使用是否帶來低碳投資、減低其他稅賦或提高社會福利等,例如愛爾蘭碳價用於社會福利保障、德國碳價用於減低電力稅、通勤補貼等措施。據此,相關碳價的推動都開始聚焦政治經濟分析、制度公平性與社會溝通策略。
淨零競逐下,全球碳價前景看好
全球淨零競逐下,結至2020年底已有127個國家、823座城市、101個地區與1541家企業承諾2050年淨零目標。碳價該如何回應各國淨零的競逐?一方面可以發現歐盟碳價創了歷史新高、加拿大、德國、愛爾蘭、紐西蘭等國的碳價也相應的向上修正;另一方面,碳邊境調整機制的想像也預期逐漸落實,包含歐盟、美國、加拿大、日本等主要經濟體,預期今年6月主辦G7峰會的英國,也將強調碳邊境調整機制的落實。
同時,私部門方面,一方面企業加入淨零行動也增加自願碳價機制的量能,但值得注意的是,私部門的碳價參與固然重要,特別是自願的碳價市場多以碳權額度市場為主,涉及高度的異質性、減量真實性與重複計算的質疑,重點仍應擺在實質減量的努力,應視碳權額度的參與為輔助的措施,並更進一步確保額度交易的透明度、減量真實性。
同樣的外,也越來越多金融投資機構,如Goldman Sachs、Morgan Stanley以及Lansdowne Partners等也開始參與碳市場,據統計,2020年43.7%的歐盟碳交易市場碳權由投資機構購入,雖然可強化碳市場流通性與參與碳價誘因,但相對的必須注意碳權及其衍生性金融商品的金融監管機制。
3. 亮點實踐經驗
中國碳交易
今年度受溫室氣體管制的成長貢獻主要來自2021年2月公布的中國碳交易,預期將於今年6月底前啟動線上交易,預期將初步管制全國2225個發電業者,共計約40億噸的碳排量。目前全國碳交易註冊登記系統(中碳登)也刻正進行開戶手續。受管制的電業今年將首次針對過去兩年的碳排放償付碳價,若未能履行碳價義務則預期將處以高於市場碳價2~5倍的處罰。
然而,根據《2019-2020年全國碳排放權交易配額總量設定與分配實施方案(發電業)》初期尚未有總量的限制,將會視未來更多具體部門別目標設定以及《十四五》計畫的內容後,決定中國碳交易的總量目標。另外,除了已於2020年開始施行的再生能源配比制度外,中國國家發展改革委員會也預期將於2021年底,針對「能源密集」產業施以「能源消費配額機制」,這些都將影響碳交易市場的總量設定與運行。
歐盟碳價:碳交易改革、碳邊境調整機制
歐盟綠色政綱宣布以來已經完成氣候法的制定,正式將2030年氣候減量的目標設定於減量1990年標準55%,2050年淨零排放;2040年的目標預期將於全球盤點後6個月內提出。為了回應歐盟新氣候目標,也將連同調整歐盟碳價制度,即包含修訂歐盟碳交易與頒布碳邊境調整機制。首先,針對歐盟碳交易制度,預期修正的方向包含收緊碳總量的設定、重新檢視市場穩定存量機制、強化航空業排放管制,並思考是否擴大排放管制部門,如新增海運、運輸與建築部門。其次,針對碳邊境調整機制方面,首批將針對原先於碳交易制度中屬於亦受碳洩露風險影響的水泥、鋼鐵等產業,同時取消免費核配碳權,改以碳邊境調整機制緩解境內外碳價差異。相關具體調整皆預期於今年6月後公布細節。
歐洲國家碳價趨勢:英國、德國、荷蘭
脫歐後的英國也正式於今年1月停止參與歐盟碳交易制度,取而代之的是英國獨立碳交易市場,相關制度的設計則仍維持歐盟第四交易期的規則,涵蓋電業、製造業、國內航空業等,預期每年減少420萬噸排放,2024年後將進一步重新校正。
德國也針對運輸、建築,兩個非歐盟排放交易管制部門,進行德國境內的碳交易制度,約計管制40%的德國排放量。
再次突破氣候訴訟想像的荷蘭,也於2021年1月開始施行產業碳稅法(Industry Carbon Tax Act / Wet CO₂-heffing industrie),每噸碳稅設定於35.24美元,管制的對象包含原本已包含於歐盟排放交易的產業外,也包含廢棄物焚化等產生氧化亞氮的部門,預期管制235家企業共284個廠址,目標2030年限制產業排放量為143萬噸。原本已包含於歐盟排放交易的產業,針對排放超過歐盟標準的部分,需另外依2030年產業減量目標並計算權重後,額外繳納碳稅(top up fee),若低於排放標準則可獲得抵減碳權(dispensation rights),作為交易或獲得過去五年裡依法繳納碳稅的退稅依據。
亞洲國家重點
日本除現行的地球溫暖化對策稅與東京市、埼玉市的排放交易制度外,日本政府2021年2月起,也分別由環境部、經產省各自展開碳定價機制與低碳成長的策略研究,例如從環境部的《Our Shared Future》報告中,預期2030年碳稅水準達到100歐元(122美金),預期未來10年將有95億歐元的氣候行動基金收入,並規劃其中的30億用於社會福利、避免能源貧窮以及公正轉型;50億用於建築物翻修;15億用於永續農業上。此外,排放交易的部分也會規劃碳底價的制度確保碳價水準。
南韓碳交易則於2021年進入第三交易期,擴大了原本管制範圍,新增大型運輸公司、與營建公司等,管制排放量約計全韓國73.5%;拍賣碳權的比例也來到10%。另外,也鬆綁關於投資機構參與碳權次級市場、以及國際額度碳權使用的限制。
此外,印尼於2021年3月開始碳交易試行,涵蓋80家燃煤電廠,並展開碳交易法制的擬定,預期2025年上路;越南於2020年11月修正通過《環境保護法》,提供排放交易制度的母法依據,預期於2025年試運行、2027年正式施行。
參考資料
“World Bank. 2021. State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2021. Washington, DC: World Bank. © World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
完整內容請見:
https://e-info.org.tw/node/231316
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Chiếc video dễ thương này sẽ giải thích cho chúng ta hiểu rõ hơn cơ chế chặn lũ của rừng ngập mặn đó.
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Take it out on Hong Kong! |Lee Yee
The rash chap was wronged out there, and went home to beat up his wife and son. Ah Q muttered an insult to the fake foreigner, who beat him up with a mourning stick. Ah Q dared not argue, turned around and provoked Whiskers Wang, whom he despises, and the weak and lowly Young D. Except Whiskers Wang and Young D beat Ah Q, what a slap in the face! Therefore he pinched the young nun in the cheeks to vent.
The US has launched a series of blows against China in the ultra-cold war, with the latest development being the announcement that US Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar will visit Taiwan. Although there are precedents for the US cabinet members to visit Taiwan, it is now during a pandemic, with the particular highlights of this sensitive period being: that Taiwan has been rejected by the World Health Organization (WHO), that the WHO has joined forces with China, and that the US has withdrawn from the WHO and is preparing to form a new health alliance. In addition, it is rumored that Sun Lijun, the deputy minister of the Ministry of Public Security, who was investigated in April this year, was dismissed for leaking information about the Wuhan epidemic from laboratories. The relevant information has fallen into the hands of Australia and the US, which may trigger a global accountability operation.
As the US and Taiwan get closer, they repeated inch towards the bottom line of China’s tolerance. The next step could be the stationing of US troops in Taiwan, which could even lead to the establishment of diplomatic relations with Taiwan that might not be that surprising.
On the other hand, the US gave up unilateral diplomacy, and Pompeo called on the free world to unite to resist China, a declaration that was welcomed by many countries thanks to the Hong Kong national security law. Britain proposed to form the D-10, a group that is consisted of the Five Eyes, plus Japan, India, South Korea, France, and Germany, with the possibility of ASEAN countries to follow. The latest development is that in Switzerland, which has always maintained a neutral attitude in international affairs and has never been involved in international wars since 1815, Foreign Minister Ignazio Cassis told the media on Aug 2 that Hong Kong’s national security law endangers Hong Kong Swiss enterprises, and if the CCP insists on pursuing it, Western countries will respond more resolutely.
As everyone knows, Swiss banks are famous for their measures against leaking depositors’ information, and therefore money from laundering is often stored in Swiss banks. Last year, Jia Kang, an economist and former director of the Finance Department of the Chinese Ministry of Finance, forwarded the news published by Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS) that about 100 Chinese people had deposits of 7.8 trillion yuan, which equals to 1 trillion USD in UBS. The average deposit per person is more than 10 billion USD.
The Swiss Foreign Minister said that Hong Kong’s national security law “endangers Swiss enterprises in Hong Kong”, alluding to the next steps which could well be divestitures. Minus Hong Kong, corrupt Chinese officials have one fewer, and the most convenient, place to hide their money.
Faced with the increasing pressure from the US and Western countries, China’s response has been relatively mild. Except for the babbling from the Ministry of Foreign Arguments, none from the top tier spoke out, and the media reiterated that they would remain “open to the outside world”.
A month ago, Global Times editor-in-chief Hu Xijin posted that China needed to increase the number of nuclear warheads to more than a thousand; a week ago, Old Hu once again proclaimed, “Hurry up and build more nuclear missiles to deter the American lunatics, turn on the steam”. These Weibo posts have hundreds of thousands of likes. However, on Jul 31, Yang Chengjun, high-level military, and nuclear arms control expert, issued a document that slammed, without naming names, Hu’s remarks as “having the foremost purpose of inciting dissatisfaction with the Central government, the Military Commission, and the military”, that it was heinous and “a lie that is extremely detrimental to national security”.
Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi said in an interview with Xinhua News Agency that, “We can restart dialogues with all levels and fields with the US any moment. Any issue can be brought to the table for discussion”, “refuse to decouple, maintain cooperation; resist zero-sum, share responsibility”.
Not daring to play hardball with the US? Take it out on Hong Kong. Therefore, the policy towards Hong Kong is only going to become increasingly outrageous. Hongkongers must prepare for the worst.
Lu Xun said, “An angry hero brandishes his sword to challenge the mighty; an angry coward turns his sword to bully the vulnerable”. The next two lines that follow are, “In a hopeless nation, there will be many heroes glaring only at the children. Those wussies!” Wussy [pinyin: can tou]," means a bully who preys on the weak in the Chinese northern dialect.
If the wussies think that little Hong Kong is good to bully, then what has last year’s anti-ELAB movement do to the political, economic, internal, and external environment in the CCP? Winston Churchill said, “Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts.”
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Watch Dogs ไทย
ซื้อเกมได้ที่ https://store.epicgames.com/legendaus...
Watch Dogs is an action-adventure game, played from a third-person view. The player controls hacker Aiden Pearce, who uses his smartphone to control trains and traffic lights, infiltrate security systems, jam cellphones, access pedestrians' private information, and empty their bank accounts. System hacking involves the solving of puzzles. The game is set in a fictionalized version of Chicago ("Windy City"), an open world environment which permits free-roaming. It has a day-night cycle and dynamic weather system, which changes the behavior of non-player characters (NPCs). For melee combat, Pearce has an extensible truncheon; other combat uses handguns, shotguns, sniper rifles, machine guns, and grenade launchers. There is a slow motion option for gunplay, and the player can use proximity IEDs, grenades, and electronic lures. Lethal and non-lethal mission approaches can be enacted.
Pearce can scale vertical surfaces, hack forklifts and aerial work platforms to reach places otherwise unreachable, and can crouch behind walls to hide from enemies. The player has an array of vehicles with which to navigate the setting, including motorcycles, muscle cars, off-road vehicles, SUVs, luxury vehicles, sports cars, and speedboats.
The car radio is customizable, with about fifty songs.
If the player steals a car, its driver can summon the police;
if the player has a good reputation, the driver may acquiesce. A good reputation may be gained by detecting (and stopping) crimes, and a bad reputation results from committing crimes.
The skill tree is upgraded with points earned from hacking, combat, driving, and crafted items.
Money can be used to purchase guns, outfits, and vehicles.
There are several minigames, ranging from killing aliens to controlling a large, robotic spider.
world bank environment 在 Phương Ly Youtube 的最佳貼文
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