關於 金剛菩提子樹 ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

《「拴馬索」——念珠之功德與作用之八 》
　
了悟禪師是惠空老和尚之高弟，他是我看過所有的修行人中念珠最長的一位，起初也不以為意，但後來隨著時日漸長，來往較頻，難免會注意到這位和尚胸前所掛的數珠為何有別於他人？某次因法務有所晤談，得閒便好奇地問：「和尚胸前這串念珠不知是何材質？從前並不多見。」和尚笑笑地回答：「木槵子，是老件，從我師公傳承下來……」

後來進一步了解，木槵子是何方聖物？恰好居住在新店的方老居士也有一串，不過沒有先前和尚的那麼多，和尚胸前經常佩掛的那串木槵子念珠據說有一千零八十顆，難怪可以在胸前繞圈圈，頗為醒目，再加上有些年代了，原本如黑漆色的珠質，乘以數代人的持唸，早已形成厚厚的一層漿膜，更增添些許的神秘能量。方老居士家中的那串木槵子念珠，說是早年用一位日本畫家竹久夢二的作品與其交換所得，老居士很珍惜這串念珠，據說弘一大師也熟悉這串木槵子念珠。關於豐子愷，是近代推動佛教極有力的一位居士，我也頗為讚嘆！方老居士說早期他和朱光潛和豐子愷都常有機會一起吃素食、聊佛法，據老居士所說，他茹素及信奉菩薩戒，完全也是受到大師德行之感著。我去過老居士在台所居新店碧潭河畔的「報恩小築」，除了整壁的佛經之外，可用家徒四壁來形容，我和居士有來往約是在八〇年代初期，當時他已近中壽之年，但依然朱顏鶴髮，毫無老相。我喜歡聽他訴說著他和民初幾位高僧的行誼往事，老居士一邊手持老念珠，一邊神采飛揚，當講到入勝之處，還會瞪大著他那雙炳若觀火、明亮的雙眼，完全阻擋不了他的話語……。

和老居士洽聊過程中，也提及到我所看過的那串一千零八十顆的老木槵子念珠：「在台灣，我也經常和一些中國來台的和尚有機會碰頭，我倒是沒看過有人佩戴過這種念珠，或許台灣不是產地，據我所知，在中國長江以南還是有這種果樹，據說印度和日本也有這種植物……」現代的唸佛人鮮少提及木槵子，但在過去的中國，在隋唐的年代裡，便經常有提及木槵子念珠，讓我印象最深刻的是淨土宗的祖師——道綽大師，他向來也都是使用木槵子做為計算佛數的法器。順便一提的是，這位老居士和我都是善導大師忠實的唸佛弟子，而善導大師便是道綽大師的弟子。中國的淨土宗也是由於善導大師的出現，整個弘揚傳承至今，也因為善導大師的「楷定古今」，從此中國的淨土宗儼然成為眾生往生極樂世界最重要的精神指標。善導大師是阿彌陀佛的再來，從十歲出家開始，便研讀一切大乘經典，尤其精通《法華經》和《維摩詰經》等了義經論。
　
當他十八歲的時候，他有機緣觀看到淨土的變相圖，此種變相圖有說是因循於北齊直至唐宋，至於最早之源流是否來自於印度，也有說法，但可以知道的是在善導大師的年代，類似如西方變相圖的曼荼羅是當時流傳極廣的一種圖騰，也因為如此，後世許多有關於西方極樂世界相屬的畫像，也都是依據淨土三經中的《觀無量壽佛經》做為藍圖。對於唐代以後所遺留下來敦煌諸窟中的變相圖，近代日本專研淨土真宗之學者絡繹不斷訪視於敦煌莫高窟和變相圖相關的諸種曼荼羅，此類曼荼羅也和後來的金剛乘中觀想部分的本尊曼達拉唐卡有延續之關聯，真言宗、東密諸部中曼荼羅的文化也和唐代所盛行的此種風格有極相似的畫風。
　
我也曾看見過另一種形態的變相圖，但此變相圖應該是依《無量壽經》中所描述的內容而畫，特別是阿彌陀佛為主，莊嚴地安住於極樂世界中蓮花池的蓮花座上，雙手呈現說法的手印，佛的兩側有常隨西方三聖中之觀世音菩薩和大勢至菩薩。畫中所畫的菩薩身上莊嚴之天衣、嚴飾應屬隋唐時期之服飾，再仔細觀察，便清晰可辨在蓮華池周圍尚有如雲海般大菩薩合掌恭敬圍繞著。如果對《無量壽經》熟稔的讀者，便可以依圖辨識出經中所說的三輩往生的情景，至於如何可以上輩、中輩、下輩往生之條件，經文中各有明述……，就如同佛在經中對阿難尊者所說的，就算是下輩往生，即便他無法在世時行使一切功德利益，但只要生起菩提心，一心至誠地唸誦阿彌陀佛聖號，同時發願投生安樂國，俱足三心，心中信願行俱足，毫無疑惑，哪怕是一念專誠地念誦……也必然在臨命終的時候夢見阿彌陀佛，可以往生……。總之觀看此變相圖時，依圖識經，印象更是無法忘懷……。
　
善導大師便是在他十八舞象風發之年，他見到了西方極樂世界的變相圖，歡喜莫名，感動之餘，毅然決然地心中立下了此生往生西方極樂世界的大願，從此之後他便朝著西方志業精進不懈怠地一路追尋。到了二十歲，值遇了《觀無量壽佛經》，更是悲喜讚嘆地說：「我過往所修行的法門中，幾乎都難以相應，唯獨只有此觀經法門決定可以超越生死。」大師沒經幾年的夙夜匪懈誦經唸佛，到了二十三歲那年，發心入終南山的悟真寺修持《觀無量壽佛經》，不斷地入定修持，不多久的時間進入了甚深三昧，在此定中，清楚如明鏡一般，整個極樂世界其中的八寶樓閣、蓮池、黃金寶座……等等勝境、不思議之景，就如同歷歷如繪在眼前呈現……如此成就在中國歷代高僧之中，可說是絕無僅有。
　
在此後幾年中，善導大師在唐貞觀十五年這一年，他去當時的玄中寺參謁道綽大師，與師見談之後，道綽大師極為欽賞善導大師的根器，歡喜之餘便傳授了《觀無量壽佛經》以及開示淨土宗之要義，此次見面更令善導大師發心弘揚淨土法門。事後布教卓錫於長安城，大力倡導念佛法門，一時之間淨土旗幟縱橫馳驟，大行其道，追隨其念佛之信眾短時間內便如雲屯霧集一般，散布各處，信眾多以阿彌陀佛再來恭敬之，從此道綽大師之衣鉢便傳承至善導大師之身上，大師以三十歲左右風茂之齡，儼然已成一代大師倡導淨土。（未完待續）
　
王薀老師
　
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《「拴馬索」——念珠之功德與作用之二 》
　
十幾歲時，我獲得了一串念珠，當時對於念珠的概念，並不像現在這麼在行，只覺得這串念珠，淡黃色上面佈滿了如星辰般密密麻麻，也像螞蟻築巢穴窩般的坑坑洞洞，極不規則，但拿在手裡就是有股說不出的溫暖和安心。這串一百零八顆的菩提子念珠，是來自於一位從中國福州鼓山的湧泉寺來台的老和尚，人們都管他叫傳心師父。傳心師父外型有一點酷似晚年的弘一大師，清瘦嶙峋，但卻有股不可言喻的、詩人般的氣質，風雅脫俗，我最早有些詩詞的啟蒙，也是來自此師。等到日後我讀書求學，跟隨了我的國文老師之後，愈發地覺得這老和尚本就是俱足古代翰林多墨般慧行才子，只可惜傳心老和尚當時業已圓寂多年。
　
傳心老和尚是一位禪淨雙修的老和尚，據說老和尚和虛雲老和尚也有段頗深的因緣，當時傳心老和尚還只是一位沙彌、學習僧，關於此事，和傳心老和尚稍熟之後，也曾聽聞虛雲老和尚在鼓山的一些玄妙事蹟，例如虛雲老和尚曾經在湧泉寺傳戒的時候，寺廟中的鐵樹竟然會無故開放出如同水盆般、奇大無比的花，這可是百年難得的奇聞。鐵樹也有人稱做鳳尾蕉，這原來聽老輩的講法，是有故事的，這故事又有一些傳奇，也說不清楚到底是多遙遠以前的故事，據說是來自於一隻鳳凰，這鳳凰被一位有錢的暴發戶拾獲，他便把牠關在籠子內，每天給他餵食最好的飼料和鳥食，希望博取這隻鳳凰的開心，據說如果可以見到鳳凰展翅飛翔或欣賞到曼妙的鳳姿，是極為喜慶的事，在中國一直是被看做吉祥的象徵，也是國祚綿延之兆，通常被稱為鳥中之王，也有一說，鳳凰是天龍後代。話說這土豪強學風雅，每天期盼著這隻鳳凰可以在他眼前振翅舞蹈，但沒想到，過了很長一段時間，從來未曾如願過，最後他火大，就將鳳凰一把火給燒死。鄰近多事的人，在焚燒過後的灰燼中卻發現長出了樹苗，附近的民眾便認為是鳳凰的靈魂不死所長出來的鐵樹。鐵樹也因為這段神話，常常被形容百折不撓，堅忍不拔的象徵。
　
根據傳心法師的描述，他少年時所見到的虛雲老和尚當時已經九十多歲，但卻身體極為矯健硬朗，並且日日出坡，還在寺中種植了多棵樹木。更有一件稀奇的事，那便是龍王曾經化現為一老者，求戒於虛雲老和尚的事蹟⋯⋯或許由於傳心法師的贈送菩提念珠以及經常耳聞虛老的事蹟，那段時期對於禪生起了極為深切的興趣，於是在這位傳心法師的啟蒙下，開始念誦《楞嚴經》、《心經》、《金剛經》等和宗門相關的經書⋯⋯。
　
傳心老法師是位解行並重、通達三藏的善知識，平日裡極為和善，溫潤有儀，因此頗得人心。特別對於年少孩童，他最常做的就是準備好一罐罐的瓶裝水，裡面通常會放上冬瓜糖等甜品混雜水中給小孩喝，原來他每天都會持誦一百零八次的大悲咒加持這些水，和來訪的眾生結緣。遇到比較有佛緣的小孩，他便會送一串念珠。只不過如此過了很多年，我始終看到的都是菩提子念珠與人結緣，後來有一次，當時我已經年歲漸長，回去他的精舍探望他老人家。他有一具從中國帶來的大銅缽，每次他都會放置許多星月菩提子念珠在缽內與人結緣。我便好奇地問老和尚：「師父，這麼多年來我始終看到的你和別人結緣都是用菩提子，不知道這其中是否另有因緣？」
　
師父用他一貫的慈悲溫暖的笑容回答說：「你既然問到了，我便告訴你，日後你也可查閱有一部經叫做《佛說校量數珠功德經》，這部經是文殊師利菩薩為了未來有情的眾生而講述，目的是要眾生了解念珠的功德是為了可以利益自己的善業成就，同時也可以保護眾生，這其中就有提到菩提子念珠。我個人認為菩提子念珠除了經文上有提，用菩提子念珠的人，不管是放置在手中，手指掐念，或者手持握菩提子念珠，只要用此念珠撥念一次，它的功德所得到的福報是無量無邊，沒有辦法用現在的數字來計算功德。就算沒有辦法用此念珠計算佛號，但只要持有此菩提子念珠，隨身手持，在行、住、坐、臥之中，不管所說言語內容如何，但因為此人保有菩提子念珠的緣故，他的福德因緣就如同持誦諸佛名號及咒語一般是無二無別的，所得到的功德也是無量無邊。但是如果要如理如法最好要滿數一百零八顆，才算圓滿。
　
如果作為手珠、提珠，也可以五十四顆，或者二十七顆，最少也可以用十四顆⋯⋯」老和尚一邊很熟練地講述著這部經的功德利益，一邊轉過身習慣性地吹口氣為在他身旁大缽內的一捆一捆用紅絲線牽綁的菩提子念珠加持，這是老和尚的習慣，他平常二六時中總是阿彌陀佛和大悲咒從不中斷地於心中默念，更了不得的是即便他和人聊天、說法、開示，也是心不散亂地默持心誦。原來這菩提子的功德殊勝是如此地無與倫比，並且經中還特別讚說，為何特別讚嘆用菩提子是獲得利益最殊勝的原因？
　
菩提子殊勝的功德因緣諸多，但經中曾經有說到在過去世佛出世的時候也是在菩提樹下悟道成佛，當時有邪見的外道毀謗三寶，其中有一位男眾值遇非人打殺，這外道就說：「如今是我道昌盛，不知道諸佛有什麼威神力？既然佛是在菩提樹下成佛，那這棵樹應該要很有感應才對！」就把男子置臥在菩提樹下，同時說：「此樹若是聖樹，此子必當完好如初、甦醒過來。」如此經過七日七夜，稱念佛的名號，後來其子果然復活，甦醒過來，這外道便讚嘆說：「一切佛的威德力我過去未曾見聞，但在佛成道的樹下，如此的示現甚為稀奇，如此大威大德真是不可思議。」因為這般因緣，所有的一切外道都改邪歸正，發菩提心，並且堅信佛力是不可思議的，因為如此，所有的人皆稱頌此樹為延命樹⋯⋯。
　
如今歲月如漏沙般，於指縫間頃刻流逝，傳心老和尚和我唯一心靈傳遞相通的，也只有幾幀發黃的照片及當時他和我結緣的菩提子念珠。這串念珠伴隨我持誦過不可數的佛號及咒語，珠身也從青澀薄黃，經由歲月的摩娑，一顆顆棗紅、咖啡色的珠子輪流在指縫間雁傳心語，願老和尚早日重返娑婆。（未完待續）
　
王薀老師
　
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「地獄空」攝影集即將在八月中元節前出版，由知名設計師與攝影家黃子欽設計，內附在下二位高徒精美繪製符咒、心經版畫書籤、愣嚴咒牌、尊勝咒語...等，感恩十方大德助印，希望疫情退散，平安喜樂，後記如下：

野放台灣五十餘年，貪狼獨坐，三方四正殺破狼格局，少年多舛，白手起家，隨展覽雲遊四海，如閒雲野鶴常持各類底片機流連廢墟、山川、宮廟忘返，遂設幻影堂自詡堂主，一日三省「凡所有相皆是虛妄」，常宅於暗房沖片放大通宵、鍾情黑白世界之單純，彩色照片俗世繽紛花俏做作甜美甚至比現實更現實故少拍也。知天命之年有餘，了悟人生一瞬、眨眼即逝，雖非仙人，亦無道骨，初聞離垢地生清淨心，但離華嚴「不動地」尚遠，待修持也。
2017年盛暑拍畢《巨神連線》，心律不整差點心肌梗塞向閻羅王報到，意識死神隨伺在側，人生苦短，如何了生脫死、盡斷煩惱、無所罣礙、遠離顛倒……總不得解，蒙釋迦摩尼佛開示飆淚三晝夜，聞佛法數載始知自我渺如塵埃，甚感慚愧。閒暇乃參訪名寺古剎，禮敬焚香佛陀菩薩羅漢諸神天仙王爺媽娘，台灣宮廟千奇百怪、宗派錯綜複雜（佛教、道教、一貫道、天主教、基督教、齋教、回教＆大同教、儒教鑾堂、天帝教＆天德教、慈惠堂＆勝安宮、軒轅教、道院、理教、萬國道德會、會靈山……）、神棍橫行（依人不依法、偶像崇拜、斂財、邪淫），因歷史變遷、社會動盪、政治鬥爭、意識形態等因素導致佛道混雜，但地獄造景稀少，後專注拍攝各殿閻王、判官、陰司、獄卒、七爺、八爺乃至一切罪人，各寺造景巧妙、耐人尋味，意境乖張溢於言表，造型扭曲非常人所能塑也，然匠心獨運、自成一格，專研西方藝術數十載方知真誠樸拙最美，絲毫不輸喬托（Giotto di Bondone，1267～1337）乃至米開朗基羅（Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni 1475 ~ 1564）矣。

創立於1986年的石門金剛宮風景優美可眺望北濱，雖主祀四面佛，儒釋道眾神尊也不含糊，可過七星橋解厄、繞行五百黝黑羅漢敲鑼印心、跪拜亞洲最大臥佛涅槃像，安太歲自不在話下，甲子太歲爺雙眼長出手掌印象甚深，1994年經閻羅王指示廟公建造一條肚內設極樂世界及陰曹地府之神龍，行走暗黑通道觸動感應機關，只見面容猙獰受刑者呼天搶地喊冤、身邊盡是血肉糢糊殘肢敗屍腦漿塗地，十殿閻羅各司其職、威儀攝人。新北市林口區青嶺湖北文紫祥宮包公廟則以壁面彩塑地獄浮雕獨步全台，粉嫩色彩搭配卡漫風格，尤為造型簡直恐怖到可愛透頂，該廟主祀森羅殿閻羅天子包拯（包青天），陽世冤屈者可至此參拜祭解，求破懸案者眾，逢中元普渡皆以紙紮船渡亡魂至彼岸，全台唯一閻羅天子巨像籌備中，四周環繞墓地，適合修不淨觀也。台灣首尊彰化八卦山大佛旁南天宮（1971）地府則是首座電動地府，規模精小但驚嚇度破表，略顯破敗但五光十色仍蠻凶悍，出自已故台南大道長金登富之作，而電動神明起始可追溯至1960年代北港朝天宮。倒是嘉義水上鄉白人牙膏觀光工廠「戴相府」、「將軍府」設置十殿地府出乎意料之外，乾淨亮麗、ㄧ殿ㄧ間、簡單樸實。由高雄蓮潭龍虎塔龍口入內可見全臺唯一交趾陶地獄牆面，尊尊栩栩如生，續入龍身乃進聞聲救苦白衣觀音大士三十三化身浮雕隧道，造型設色甚為古錐。高雄大岡山超峰寺入口處「西方三聖蓮池海會」（阿彌陀佛、觀世音菩薩、大勢至菩薩巨像）旁設靜態十殿閻羅（1970年代初），雖略為陳舊然韻味猶存，續往上行可抵「證菩提道－釋迦如來應化事迹」雕塑園區，一攬世尊畢生精華。如來年邁時，琉璃國王為報長期被釋迦族輕蔑之傲慢心，世尊雖三次單獨伽跌坐 阻擋大軍進攻之路，但因緣果報無法逆轉，昔日婢女所生王子瞋恨無以復加，還是滅了祖國。自持神通第一目犍連不忍無辜百姓慘遭屠殺，遂以缽盛救度五百族人，最終卻化為血水，佛言神通廣大仍不敵千百劫業力，因緣果報屢試不爽。其母死後墜入餓鬼道飢餓難耐，目犍連遂展神通救渡，但所食尚未入口皆化為赤火，佛陀囑咐農曆七月十五日僧眾解安居自恣日，於盆中設甘露美食供養十方僧眾，因此超度亡母。後世「盂蘭盆法會」乃至「水懺法會」、「瑜珈焰口法會 」皆為消業障、斷塵垢之超渡儀軌，既渡亡魂也自懺悔。

台南麻豆代天府規模宏大、造型豔麗，不但可遊十八層地獄尚可逛天堂（1979年興建，1983年開放)，燈光絢爛、聲響駭人，獨自漫步宛如觀落陰、地獄走一回。先過「心頭山」、入「清心池」、進「陰陽界」、抵「交簿廳」、達「鬼門關」、遊「補經所」、探「枉死城」、行「奈何橋」，至ㄧ殿泰廣王照「孽鏡台」現造惡原形，睹抱柱、火床等小地獄。二殿楚江王開「陰查簿 」判案定奪，觀糞尿泥、餓鬼、舞池、寒冰、膿血、鞭韃、舌犁、劍葉、戟腹拋接、砧截……等小地獄。三殿宋帝王刑罰為倒吊、銅鐵刮臉、挖眼、搗樁、倒烤、吸血、穿肋、抽筋、蛆蛀等小地獄……兼遊「四生（胎、卵、濕、化）回魂府」。四殿五官王掌管腰斬、拔舌、沸湯、刺嘴、剝皮、箭樹、車崩、射眼……等十六小地獄。隨五殿森羅王豋「望鄉臺」回眸親人最終眼後觀擊膝、誅心、刀山、飛刀火石……小地獄。六殿卞城王別稱「大叫喚大地獄」，轄火牛、虎啖、噬腎、鉗嘴含鍼、釘喉、磨摧、砍頭……等小地獄。七殿泰山王為「熱惱大地獄」，窺烙手指、抽腸、頂石蹲身、油釜滾烹、割舌穿腮……等十六小地獄。八殿都市王掌管「大熱惱大地獄」兼火狗、鐵汁、鐵蛇、鋸劈斷肢、釘板、灸脊、鐵丸、磅秤……等小地獄。九殿平等王直轄十八層「阿鼻大地獄」，直透地心、內中陰森、不見五指、滿溢地漿，皆為極犯，另轄紫赤毒蛇鑽孔、夾頂、鐵鴉、針雨、蜂蠍……等小地獄。至十殿輪轉王上「觀生臺」、「轉劫所八司」（查驗司 、稽善司 、考過司 、恩怨司 、壽命司 、支配司、掌劫司 、授生司）後至「孟婆亭」飲「醧忘湯」忘盡前塵往事，依前世功德過金、銀、玉、石、木、竹六種橋樑至「轉輪臺（紫河車）」入六道輪迴轉生投胎。據《十八泥犁經》記載，人過世後七七四十九天為「中陰生」，經閻羅王審判善惡業力判定去留或懲罰百千萬劫，犯五逆重罪則墮入「無間地獄（阿鼻地獄）」永劫不復。地藏王乃幽冥教主，統轄十殿閻羅，逢三曹普渡便在各殿設「講道所」超度尚存善根之鬼魂。

人類居於五趣（阿修羅、人、傍生、餓鬼、地獄）雜居地五濁惡世之堪忍世界，犯十惡業（殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、兩舌、惡口、綺語、貪慾、嗔恚、愚痴）者必墮三趣惡道。如何出「三界」（欲界、色界、無色界）二十八天？凡人無此意識，別說能破「十二因緣」（無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死）還滅門，更別想斷除「四聖諦」（苦、集、滅、道）集地八十一品見惑與八十八使思惑（五利使-身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見、五鈍使-貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑），了悟「五蘊」（色、受、想、行、識）本空、「十二入」（眼、耳、鼻、舌、意、色、聲、香、味、觸、法）空、「十八界」空，破俱生我執與分別我執、法執甚至空執，生十一處「善心所」（信、精進、慚、愧、無貪、無瞋、無痴、輕安、不放逸、行捨、不害），降二十六處「惡心所」（貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑、惡見、忿、恨、覆、惱、嫉、慳、誑、諂、害、憍、無慚、無愧、掉舉、惛沉、不信、懈怠、放逸、失念、散亂、不正知），須知善根斷盡則陷永劫輪迴、無垠轉世之苦。

地獄可能空滅嗎？若地獄空乏人間多鬼怪，地獄淨空世間何嘗非淨土？若能證空性何處現地獄？

地獄曠古來便廣泛流傳各部族間，老死生滅為自然運行之基礎、宇宙意識之核心，然今文明昌盛如咱城邦並非慾望消弭之所，惡性所及實無可根除，礙於憲法國家法律社會軍隊企業公司學校家庭團體之層層束縛不亞於十八層，乃遁於壓抑、束己情懷，暗埋心底、日久貪嗔痴慢疑怨噌會疊穢。而六塵未熄，心多妄念，妖魔鬼怪魑魅魍魎孤魂閃靈出沒於荒郊乃至人間，會靈於曠野密林以增性靈乃出世高人修煉之舉，我等凡人擅闖宛如迪士尼般之人造地獄，三魂七魄尚不足以出竅，驚邪恐怖淒厲猙獰倒滿足了自以為是的慚愧，豈不謬哉？

病毒肆虐年半有餘，全球確診者逼近一億八千萬，枉死者近四百萬，堪比戰爭規模，望眾生發慈悲心、令往生者安息、善待其他物種、平等有情眾生。地獄本空，唯妄念生起一切羨慕嫉妒恨而地獄現前。盡以此書作為世界新冷戰獨裁者、超限戰者、暗網駭客、陰險狡猾冷嘲熱諷落井下石者之良知備忘錄矣。

姚瑞中寫於2021年端午節

Postscript

I have been living recklessly in Taiwan for more than fifty years. According to Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology), Tan Lang is the sole star in my house of Self. This star, which represents xxx, forms an equilateral triangle with that star Qi Sha and Po Jun on the square chart and constitutes a Sha Po Lang pattern. The pattern indicates a kind of turbulence and change, a life of wandering with ups and downs and it tells a lot about my life. After my ill-fated youth, I started from scratch and traveled around the world with exhibitions that I participated. Like a flaneur, I wandered around ruins, nature, and temples with every type of film camera obliviously. Thus, I founded the Hall of Illusion and claimed to be the master of the hall. Several times a day, I pondered a quote from the Diamond Sutra, “Everything with form is unreal.” In addition, I usually stayed in the darkroom developing film and enlarging those negatives overnight. However, I treasured the simplicity of the black and white world. The earthly, gaudy, garish, phony and pleasing qualities within colored photos make the images even more realistic than the real world. It is not my cup of tea, so I seldom took colored photos. In Confucian thought, the age of fifty marks the stage knowing the mandate of Heaven. I am now at my fifties and realize how ephemeral human life is. However, I am not an immortal, nor having sagelike characteristics. I just learned that the stage of stainless (the second bhūmi) and develop a pure mind that is free from doubt and defilement. However, I’m still far from the immovable state and need to practice.

In the summer of 2017, after filming the work Incarnation, I experienced a severe heart rhythm problem which almost triggered myocardial infarction and could have killed me. Consequently, I realized that death was waiting for me and the life is too short to figure out how I can liberate myself from the cycle of Birth and Death. I couldn’t comprehend how to be free from all afflictions and worries and how to avoid delusive ideas. I wept for three days and nights after being enlightened by Shakyamuni Buddha. Up to the moment, I felt ashamed that I failed to realize that the self is as insignificant as dust after these years learning and practicing Buddhism. Since then, I have visited famous temples and monasteries in my spare time, worshiping Buddha, Bodhisattvas, arhats, and all the deities and immortals. Taiwan’s temples are myriad with a enormous number of sects, including Buddhism, Taoism, Yiguandao, Catholicism, Christianity, Chinese religions of fasting, Islam& Baháʼí Faith, Confucianism, Tiandiism& Tian-De Teachings, Xiwangmu cult, Yellow Emperor Sect, Precosmic Salvationism, Liism, World Wide Ethical Society, séance cult, etc. Some people even claim that they can mediate communication between the deities or spirits of the dead with human beings, having their believer rely on themselves instead of the orthodox dharma or dogma and pay excessive respect and admiration for the mediums or objects, accumulating wealth through such an unfair means or even harassing their believer sexually. Due to Taiwan’s historical changes, social turbulence, political struggles, and ideological issues, Buddhism and Taoism are somehow mixed. However, there are few emphases on the concept of the hell. As I took photographs of Yama of each court, judges, wardens of the underworld, jailers, General Fan and Hsieh (the ghost escorts) and all sinners, I found few temples cleverly created hellish scenes that are intriguing, exaggerating, and extraordinary. However, the creations are unparalleled unique. I have been studying Western arts for decades and then I came to realize that simplicity makes the most beautiful works of art. These hellish scenes can even compete with works of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337) and Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564).

Jingang Temple Shimen District, founded in 1986, overlooks the beautiful North shore. Although the temple is mainly dedicated to Phra Phrom (the Thai representation of Mahabrahma), spirits of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism can also be founded in the temple. The worshipper can go cross the Seven Star bridge to relieve bad luck, walk along the five hundred arhat statues and knock on the gong to affirm one’s Buddha nature. Furthermore, the worshipper can also prostrate themself before Asia’s largest statue of Buddha in Nirvana (the Reclining Buddha statue) and pacify the Taoist Tai Sui deity of the year. I was impressed by the Jia-Zi Tai Sui General that a pair of palms grow out of his eyes. In 1994, the biō-kong (the person taking charge of the temporal affairs of a temple) received a divine inspiration from Yama (the King of Hell) that he had to build a sacred hall in the shape of a divine dragon, with the interior designed according to the World of Ultimate Bliss and the Underworld. When the visitor walks in the dark hallway, they will see the tortured people (dioramas, of course) scrunching their faces and crying bitterly and loudly in excessive grief as the visitor triggers the mechanism. One will even find them in the midst of flesh, body liquid and blood, mutilated limbs, and rotten corpses. While each of the ten Yamas are focusing on their own duties, showing their sacred dignity that collect visitors’ attention. The Baogong Temple in Linkou District, New Taipei City exclusively features colorful depiction of hellish scenes in relief in Taiwan. With its pastel shades and cartoon-like style, the relief is both grotesque and adorable at the same time. This temple is dedicated to Bao Zhen (also known as Justice Bao) representing the incarnation of Yama. Living people who have been treated unjustly can come worshipping Bao Gong and receive exorcism. Therefore, many people come here for seeking to solve unsolved cases. In Zhongyuan Festival (the ghost festival), the temple will burn the Zhizha (paper craft) boat to ferry the ghosts to the other shore, which is the shore of enlightenment. The only giant statue of Yama in Taiwan is still in the making. The temple is surrounded by a cemetery, suitable for meditating on the loathsomeness and impurity. Nantian Temple (1971), located next to the Eight Trigram Mountains Buddha in Changhua, features the first animatronic underworld. Despite the small size, the animatronic underworld is intensely shocking. Though it’s slightly worn, the colorful dioramas are still brutally ferocious. The creator was the late venerable Dao Zhang (Taoist priest) Jing Deng-fu while the origin of animatronic deities can be traced back to the 1960s Beigang Chaotian Temple. On the contrary, the Whiteman Toothpaste Tourism Factory in Shuishang Township, Chiayi, features ten Yamas with individual booth. The place is unexpectedly clean and polished yet keeps a simple and modest tone. Then, the Dragon Pagoda of the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas at Lotus Lake in Zuoying, Kaohsiung, holds the only relief of hellish scenes made of Kochin ceramic. All the figures are vivid and life-like. If one goes further into the pagoda, they will see a relief tunnel of the thirty-three incarnations of the white-robed form of Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) on a white lotus, with a lovely and interesting design. Another Hall of Yama is built in the 1970s next to the entrance of Dagangshan Chaofeng Temple, located in the Alian District of Kaohsiung. Visitors will also see three statues of the Three Holy Ones of the Western Pureland (Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, Mahāsthāmaprāpta) which assemble at a lotus pond. Although the hellish scene looks somewhat antiquated, you may still find its previous charm. If one goes further, they will reach the sculptural garden of “Attaining the Bodhi Way: the Incarnation of Sakyamuni Buddha,” where the visitor can see the essence of Bhagavato’s (meaning the Blessed one, one of the common epithets for Buddha) life. When Tathāgata (another epithet for Buddha) was old, the king of Kosala wanted to avenge the arrogance of the tribe of Shakyas who had long despised him, regarding him as a son of a maiden. Although Buddha has sat in lotus position alone three times to stop the army from attacking his tribe. However, one can never reverse the cause and following karma. The prince born of a maiden was so furious that he eventually destroyed his homeland. Maudgalyāyana (one of the Buddha’s closest disciples), who is said to have had supernatural abilities that surpassed the other disciples, could not bear to see the slaughter of innocent people. Thus, he saved five hundred people of his tribe with a pātra (an eating utensil of Buddhist monks). Unfortunately, everything he did was in vain, those who were saved eventually turned into a puddle of blood. The Buddha said that the supernatural abilities cannot surpass the power of karma. The cause and effect work all the time. When Maudgalyāyana’s mother fell into the path of hungry ghost, he used his supernatural abilities to save his mother from hunger. However, all the food turned into fire before being fed to his mother. Later, the Buddha commanded the monks to put nectar and dishes in a basin on the 15th day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar for the monks from all directions to free his mother from reincarnation. In later times, the Ullambana Dharma Service, the Compassionate Samadhi Water Repentance, and the Yoga Collection for Feeding the Searing Mouths Dharma Service are rituals to eliminate karmic hindrance and to cease to worldly delusions. Through such practices, one can free the dead as well as confess their repentance.

Madou Daitian Temple is a magnificent and colorful temple in Tainan. Not only can the worshippers visit the eighteen levels of Hell but also the Heaven (it was built in 1979 and inaugurated in 1983) here. The lighting and sound effects are stunning and frightening. When walking alone in the space, one may feel like taking a Guan Luo Yin trip (a Taoist necromancy which leads people’s spirits to hell and communicate with the dead ones) to visit the underworld prison. Before arriving the first court of the underworld, the visitor will walk through the Mountain of Heart Summit, the Pure Heart Pond, the Frontier between the Living and the Dead Realms, the Soul Registry Hall, the Portico of Demons, the Center for Complementary Teaching of Canonical Books, the Citadel of Premature Death, and the Bridge of Vanity. When one arrives at the first court, they will see King Chin-guang, who is in charge of the court, using the Mirror of Retribution to show the earthly form of evil creatures and also witness the sub-hell of Pillar-Holding and Fire Bed, etc. At the second court, King Chu-jiang collates the register of sins the souls of the dead have committed to impose the punishments. Here, you will see the sub-hell of Excrement and Urine, Hungry Ghost, Burning Dance Floor, Ice, Pus and Blood, Whipping, Tongue-Raking, Sword Blade, Stomach-Piercing, Chopping, etc. Next, the dead at the third court, ruled by King Song-di, will receive the punishments including inversion tortures, face-skinning with steel and copper knife, eye-wrenching, pounding, blood-sucking, rib-piercing, roasting, tendon-taking, being eaten by maggots. The visitor can pay a visit to the Palace of Soul-Resuscitation for the Four Forms of Creatures (birth from an egg, birth from a womb, birth from moisture, and birth by transformation). King Wu-guan is in charge of the fourth court. There are sixteen sub-hells at the fourth court including Waist Chop, Tongue Removal, Boiling Pond, Mouth-stabbing, Skin-peeling, Sword Tree, Burning Wheels and Cart, Eye-shooting, etc. Next, at the fifth court, sinful souls are allowed to ascend the Tower of Hometown-Viewing to take a final look of their family. The visitor will witness sub-hells of Knee-striking, Heart-slicing, Blade Mountain, Flying Swords and Burning Stones, etc. The King of Bian City takes charge of the sixth court, which is also known as the “Great Hell of Screaming,” with sub-hells including Fire Cattle, Tiger-Biting, Kidney-Eating, Mouth-Poking, Throat-Nailing, Iron Mill, Decapitation, etc. The King of Tai-shan is in charge of the seventh court, the “Great Hell of Heat and Fire.” The sixteen sub-hells at this court include Finger-Searing, Bowel-Hauling, Stone-Bearing, Boiling Oil, Tongue-Removal and Cheek-Piercing, etc. Next, the King Du-shi is in charge of the eighth court, the “Great Hell of Intense Fire and Heat,” and the sub-hells including Fire Dogs, Molten Iron, Iron Snakes, Dismemberment, Steel Spikes, Burning-Marrow, Iron Ball, Scale, etc. The ninth court is ruled by the King Ping-deng. It is known as the biggest court, Avici Hell (the Hell of Incessant Suffering), which if the lowest level of the hell realm and the interior is gloomily and terrifyingly dark. Those who committed the most serious evil deed will be sent to the Avici Hell. Sub-hells such as Poisonous Snake, Brain-Removal, Crow-Gnawing, Raining Needles, Wasps and Scorpions are included at this court. After arriving the tenth court, ruled by the Great King of the Reincarnation Palace, one can visit the “Observatory of Life on earth” and the “eight bureaus of the Reincarnation Palace” (including the Bureau of Judicial Control, the Bureau of Good-Actions, the Bureau of Bad-Actions, the Bureau of Debts, Gratitude, and Vengeance, the Bureau of Longevity and Destiny, the Bureau of Familial Ties, the Bureau of the Reincarnated, and the Bureau of Birth). The sinful one will be sent to the Pavilion of Mengpo and made to drink the Soup of Forgetfulness to forget all past affairs. According to the sinful one’s merits of previous life, they will go across one of the six bridges (gold, silver, jade, stone, wood, bamboo) to the “Reincarnation-Wheel (Wheel on the Crimson River).” Finally, one is able to reborn in the six realms. According to the Aṣṭadaśa nāraka sutra ( the Eighteen Hells Sutra), after one passes away, they will enter an intermediate and transitional state between death and rebirth, known as antarābhava in Sanskrit, for forty-nine days. The being will be evaluated by Yama, who will decide if one should get reborn or get punished at the hell. Those who committed the Five Grave Offenses (killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an Arhat, shedding the blood of a Buddha, and creating a schism within the community of Buddhist monks and nun who practice for attaining enlightenment.) will be sent to the Avici Hell and stay there eternally. Kṣitigarbha is the Lord of the Nether World, ruling the ten court of Hell. The lord will set up the “Hall of Teaching” at each court to salvage those sinful ones who still obtain few merits at the offering rituals.

Human beings live the Sahā world (sahāloka in Sanskrit, meaning “endurance of suffering,” a concept of mundane world in Mahāyāna Buddhism) where they share with other reincarnations (including beings of the hells, of the preta, and of malevolent nature spirits) with five turbidities (the Kalpa turbidity, the view turbidity, the affliction turbidity, the living beings turbidity, and the life turbidity). Those who commit the ten evil deeds (killing, stealing, adultery, lying, using immoral language, slandering, equivocating, coveting, anger, and false views) must fall into the three evil paths (animals, preta, and hell). However, how can one escape from the three realms/ twenty-eight heavens (including the six heavens of the desire realm, the eighteen heavens of the form realm, and the four heavens of the formless realm)? Worldly people who don’t have such an awareness cannot leave the cycle of the twelve nidanas (meaning causes or motivations), let alone eliminate the eighty-one afflictions (that have been produced due to misunderstanding regarding reality) and the eighty-eight illusions (including five afflictions of advanced practitioners, also known as five views: view of self, extreme view, evil view, view of attachment to views, and view of morality; and five unintelligent temptations: desire, anger, stupidity, arrogance, and doubt) of thought within the three realms and four Arya satyas (noble truths, including suffering, arising, ending, and path). They cannot realize that the essence of the five skandhas (referring to aggregates of clinging, including the matter of form, sensation, recognition, mental formation, and consciousness) , the twelve ayatana (meaning sense base, including six internal bases: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind and six external bases: visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects), and the eighteen dhātavah (meaning compositional elements of human existence, including six consciousness, six faculties, and their objects) are the emptiness and the void. Furthermore, they cannot dispel the two reasons for clinging to the idea of the self and the attachment to elemental constructs and even believe in the two (false) tenets that that karma and nirvana are not real and that the ego and phenomena are real. As a consequence, they fail to develop the eleven wholesome mental factors (faith, energy, conscience, being ashamed, non-attachment, non-aggression, non-delusion, calmness, equanimity, conscientiousness, and non-injuriousness) and cease the sixteen unwholesome mental factors (desire, greed, anger, delusion, arrogance, doubt, wrong view, wrath, enmity, hypocrisy, vexation, jealousy, parsimony, deceit, flattery, harming, ambitiousness, stupidity, lacking of faith, idleness, being unrestrained, forgetting, distraction, non-discernment, ). One must bear in mind that once all our virtuous roots are discontinued, they will be trapped in the never-ending reincarnation and the suffering of infinite continuity.
Is it possible that the hell will be empty one day? If the beings in hell will become extinct while evil spirits inhabit the mundane world, the world could be considered as a pure land. If we could witness the nature of the void, then hell will exist no more.
Since ancient times, the concept of hell has been widely spread among all tribes. Aging, death, beginning, and end are the basis of nature and the core of cosmic consciousness. However, the prosperous civilization as our island is not a place where desire can be eliminated. It’s impossible to eradicate evil nature. Since fetters brought by the constitution, the state, the law, society, the military, corporations, schools, families, and groups are not less than the eighteen levels of hell, the mortals repress themselves, bury their feelings. Day after day, greed, anger, stupidity, arrogance, doubt, and resentment are stacking. However, since the six dust (visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects) has not yet been extinguished, people in the mundane world are still full of delusions. The demons, devils, evil spirits, and the wondering dead exist in the wilderness, while only advanced practitioners with transcendent would attempt to make contact with the dead in the wasteland and forest. Worldly people like us trespass in Disneyland-like man-made hell. It is absurd and ridiculous that the hellish scenes cannot stop us from perpetrating evil deeds, but the horrific and cruel scenes yet satisfy our self-righteous shame.

The pandemic has been boiling over for more than a year and a half. The number of infected patients worldwide is nearly a hundred and eighty million, and the death toll has risen to four million, which is equivalent to a war crisis. I hope that we can all be compassionate, give peace to the dead, treat all sentient beings well and equally. The hell is innately empty; however, deluded and misleading thoughts would give rise to all jealousy and hatred and then manifest the hell before us. This book merely serves as a memorandum of conscience for dictators of the world’s new cold war, supporters of unrestrained warfare, dark web hackers, and those who are cunning and contemptuous and maltreat others when knowing they have problems.

June 2021,

Yao Jui-chung

9/17為釋迦摩尼佛殊勝日🙏🙏🙏中華蓮花雨顯密佛學會在陽明山蓮花雨進行一項殊勝的儀式，相信有來過陽明山蓮花雨的佛友都知道，陽明山擁有一個佛教聖樹——菩提樹。這顆菩提樹是由菩提迦耶(Bodhgaya)，佛教的誕生地所來。

經典記載，佛陀釋迦牟尼經歷六年苦行之後，走到這裡的一棵菩提樹下，並在金剛座上打坐證悟十二因緣、四諦法等，而得到正覺，因此菩提樹也是「覺悟之樹」分枝而來，因為這棵樹現在越長越大了，菩提樹的葉子會長的像臉一樣大！

所以中華蓮花雨顯密佛學會為了讓菩提樹有良好的生長環境，特別在八大佛塔前規劃一個更大的空間讓菩提樹持續長大茁壯！也讓佛法持續廣傳人間，人人步上菩提路🙏🙏🙏

歡迎大家有空到陽明山走走，在菩提樹的樹蔭下感受佛陀加持，護佑大家吉祥如意！