「地獄空」攝影集即將在八月中元節前出版,由知名設計師與攝影家黃子欽設計,內附在下二位高徒精美繪製符咒、心經版畫書籤、愣嚴咒牌、尊勝咒語...等,感恩十方大德助印,希望疫情退散,平安喜樂,後記如下:
野放台灣五十餘年,貪狼獨坐,三方四正殺破狼格局,少年多舛,白手起家,隨展覽雲遊四海,如閒雲野鶴常持各類底片機流連廢墟、山川、宮廟忘返,遂設幻影堂自詡堂主,一日三省「凡所有相皆是虛妄」,常宅於暗房沖片放大通宵、鍾情黑白世界之單純,彩色照片俗世繽紛花俏做作甜美甚至比現實更現實故少拍也。知天命之年有餘,了悟人生一瞬、眨眼即逝,雖非仙人,亦無道骨,初聞離垢地生清淨心,但離華嚴「不動地」尚遠,待修持也。
2017年盛暑拍畢《巨神連線》,心律不整差點心肌梗塞向閻羅王報到,意識死神隨伺在側,人生苦短,如何了生脫死、盡斷煩惱、無所罣礙、遠離顛倒……總不得解,蒙釋迦摩尼佛開示飆淚三晝夜,聞佛法數載始知自我渺如塵埃,甚感慚愧。閒暇乃參訪名寺古剎,禮敬焚香佛陀菩薩羅漢諸神天仙王爺媽娘,台灣宮廟千奇百怪、宗派錯綜複雜(佛教、道教、一貫道、天主教、基督教、齋教、回教&大同教、儒教鑾堂、天帝教&天德教、慈惠堂&勝安宮、軒轅教、道院、理教、萬國道德會、會靈山……)、神棍橫行(依人不依法、偶像崇拜、斂財、邪淫),因歷史變遷、社會動盪、政治鬥爭、意識形態等因素導致佛道混雜,但地獄造景稀少,後專注拍攝各殿閻王、判官、陰司、獄卒、七爺、八爺乃至一切罪人,各寺造景巧妙、耐人尋味,意境乖張溢於言表,造型扭曲非常人所能塑也,然匠心獨運、自成一格,專研西方藝術數十載方知真誠樸拙最美,絲毫不輸喬托(Giotto di Bondone,1267~1337)乃至米開朗基羅(Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni 1475 ~ 1564)矣。
創立於1986年的石門金剛宮風景優美可眺望北濱,雖主祀四面佛,儒釋道眾神尊也不含糊,可過七星橋解厄、繞行五百黝黑羅漢敲鑼印心、跪拜亞洲最大臥佛涅槃像,安太歲自不在話下,甲子太歲爺雙眼長出手掌印象甚深,1994年經閻羅王指示廟公建造一條肚內設極樂世界及陰曹地府之神龍,行走暗黑通道觸動感應機關,只見面容猙獰受刑者呼天搶地喊冤、身邊盡是血肉糢糊殘肢敗屍腦漿塗地,十殿閻羅各司其職、威儀攝人。新北市林口區青嶺湖北文紫祥宮包公廟則以壁面彩塑地獄浮雕獨步全台,粉嫩色彩搭配卡漫風格,尤為造型簡直恐怖到可愛透頂,該廟主祀森羅殿閻羅天子包拯(包青天),陽世冤屈者可至此參拜祭解,求破懸案者眾,逢中元普渡皆以紙紮船渡亡魂至彼岸,全台唯一閻羅天子巨像籌備中,四周環繞墓地,適合修不淨觀也。台灣首尊彰化八卦山大佛旁南天宮(1971)地府則是首座電動地府,規模精小但驚嚇度破表,略顯破敗但五光十色仍蠻凶悍,出自已故台南大道長金登富之作,而電動神明起始可追溯至1960年代北港朝天宮。倒是嘉義水上鄉白人牙膏觀光工廠「戴相府」、「將軍府」設置十殿地府出乎意料之外,乾淨亮麗、ㄧ殿ㄧ間、簡單樸實。由高雄蓮潭龍虎塔龍口入內可見全臺唯一交趾陶地獄牆面,尊尊栩栩如生,續入龍身乃進聞聲救苦白衣觀音大士三十三化身浮雕隧道,造型設色甚為古錐。高雄大岡山超峰寺入口處「西方三聖蓮池海會」(阿彌陀佛、觀世音菩薩、大勢至菩薩巨像)旁設靜態十殿閻羅(1970年代初),雖略為陳舊然韻味猶存,續往上行可抵「證菩提道-釋迦如來應化事迹」雕塑園區,一攬世尊畢生精華。如來年邁時,琉璃國王為報長期被釋迦族輕蔑之傲慢心,世尊雖三次單獨伽跌坐 阻擋大軍進攻之路,但因緣果報無法逆轉,昔日婢女所生王子瞋恨無以復加,還是滅了祖國。自持神通第一目犍連不忍無辜百姓慘遭屠殺,遂以缽盛救度五百族人,最終卻化為血水,佛言神通廣大仍不敵千百劫業力,因緣果報屢試不爽。其母死後墜入餓鬼道飢餓難耐,目犍連遂展神通救渡,但所食尚未入口皆化為赤火,佛陀囑咐農曆七月十五日僧眾解安居自恣日,於盆中設甘露美食供養十方僧眾,因此超度亡母。後世「盂蘭盆法會」乃至「水懺法會」、「瑜珈焰口法會 」皆為消業障、斷塵垢之超渡儀軌,既渡亡魂也自懺悔。
台南麻豆代天府規模宏大、造型豔麗,不但可遊十八層地獄尚可逛天堂(1979年興建,1983年開放),燈光絢爛、聲響駭人,獨自漫步宛如觀落陰、地獄走一回。先過「心頭山」、入「清心池」、進「陰陽界」、抵「交簿廳」、達「鬼門關」、遊「補經所」、探「枉死城」、行「奈何橋」,至ㄧ殿泰廣王照「孽鏡台」現造惡原形,睹抱柱、火床等小地獄。二殿楚江王開「陰查簿 」判案定奪,觀糞尿泥、餓鬼、舞池、寒冰、膿血、鞭韃、舌犁、劍葉、戟腹拋接、砧截……等小地獄。三殿宋帝王刑罰為倒吊、銅鐵刮臉、挖眼、搗樁、倒烤、吸血、穿肋、抽筋、蛆蛀等小地獄……兼遊「四生(胎、卵、濕、化)回魂府」。四殿五官王掌管腰斬、拔舌、沸湯、刺嘴、剝皮、箭樹、車崩、射眼……等十六小地獄。隨五殿森羅王豋「望鄉臺」回眸親人最終眼後觀擊膝、誅心、刀山、飛刀火石……小地獄。六殿卞城王別稱「大叫喚大地獄」,轄火牛、虎啖、噬腎、鉗嘴含鍼、釘喉、磨摧、砍頭……等小地獄。七殿泰山王為「熱惱大地獄」,窺烙手指、抽腸、頂石蹲身、油釜滾烹、割舌穿腮……等十六小地獄。八殿都市王掌管「大熱惱大地獄」兼火狗、鐵汁、鐵蛇、鋸劈斷肢、釘板、灸脊、鐵丸、磅秤……等小地獄。九殿平等王直轄十八層「阿鼻大地獄」,直透地心、內中陰森、不見五指、滿溢地漿,皆為極犯,另轄紫赤毒蛇鑽孔、夾頂、鐵鴉、針雨、蜂蠍……等小地獄。至十殿輪轉王上「觀生臺」、「轉劫所八司」(查驗司 、稽善司 、考過司 、恩怨司 、壽命司 、支配司、掌劫司 、授生司)後至「孟婆亭」飲「醧忘湯」忘盡前塵往事,依前世功德過金、銀、玉、石、木、竹六種橋樑至「轉輪臺(紫河車)」入六道輪迴轉生投胎。據《十八泥犁經》記載,人過世後七七四十九天為「中陰生」,經閻羅王審判善惡業力判定去留或懲罰百千萬劫,犯五逆重罪則墮入「無間地獄(阿鼻地獄)」永劫不復。地藏王乃幽冥教主,統轄十殿閻羅,逢三曹普渡便在各殿設「講道所」超度尚存善根之鬼魂。
人類居於五趣(阿修羅、人、傍生、餓鬼、地獄)雜居地五濁惡世之堪忍世界,犯十惡業(殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、兩舌、惡口、綺語、貪慾、嗔恚、愚痴)者必墮三趣惡道。如何出「三界」(欲界、色界、無色界)二十八天?凡人無此意識,別說能破「十二因緣」(無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死)還滅門,更別想斷除「四聖諦」(苦、集、滅、道)集地八十一品見惑與八十八使思惑(五利使-身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見、五鈍使-貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑),了悟「五蘊」(色、受、想、行、識)本空、「十二入」(眼、耳、鼻、舌、意、色、聲、香、味、觸、法)空、「十八界」空,破俱生我執與分別我執、法執甚至空執,生十一處「善心所」(信、精進、慚、愧、無貪、無瞋、無痴、輕安、不放逸、行捨、不害),降二十六處「惡心所」(貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑、惡見、忿、恨、覆、惱、嫉、慳、誑、諂、害、憍、無慚、無愧、掉舉、惛沉、不信、懈怠、放逸、失念、散亂、不正知),須知善根斷盡則陷永劫輪迴、無垠轉世之苦。
地獄可能空滅嗎?若地獄空乏人間多鬼怪,地獄淨空世間何嘗非淨土?若能證空性何處現地獄?
地獄曠古來便廣泛流傳各部族間,老死生滅為自然運行之基礎、宇宙意識之核心,然今文明昌盛如咱城邦並非慾望消弭之所,惡性所及實無可根除,礙於憲法國家法律社會軍隊企業公司學校家庭團體之層層束縛不亞於十八層,乃遁於壓抑、束己情懷,暗埋心底、日久貪嗔痴慢疑怨噌會疊穢。而六塵未熄,心多妄念,妖魔鬼怪魑魅魍魎孤魂閃靈出沒於荒郊乃至人間,會靈於曠野密林以增性靈乃出世高人修煉之舉,我等凡人擅闖宛如迪士尼般之人造地獄,三魂七魄尚不足以出竅,驚邪恐怖淒厲猙獰倒滿足了自以為是的慚愧,豈不謬哉?
病毒肆虐年半有餘,全球確診者逼近一億八千萬,枉死者近四百萬,堪比戰爭規模,望眾生發慈悲心、令往生者安息、善待其他物種、平等有情眾生。地獄本空,唯妄念生起一切羨慕嫉妒恨而地獄現前。盡以此書作為世界新冷戰獨裁者、超限戰者、暗網駭客、陰險狡猾冷嘲熱諷落井下石者之良知備忘錄矣。
姚瑞中寫於2021年端午節
Postscript
I have been living recklessly in Taiwan for more than fifty years. According to Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology), Tan Lang is the sole star in my house of Self. This star, which represents xxx, forms an equilateral triangle with that star Qi Sha and Po Jun on the square chart and constitutes a Sha Po Lang pattern. The pattern indicates a kind of turbulence and change, a life of wandering with ups and downs and it tells a lot about my life. After my ill-fated youth, I started from scratch and traveled around the world with exhibitions that I participated. Like a flaneur, I wandered around ruins, nature, and temples with every type of film camera obliviously. Thus, I founded the Hall of Illusion and claimed to be the master of the hall. Several times a day, I pondered a quote from the Diamond Sutra, “Everything with form is unreal.” In addition, I usually stayed in the darkroom developing film and enlarging those negatives overnight. However, I treasured the simplicity of the black and white world. The earthly, gaudy, garish, phony and pleasing qualities within colored photos make the images even more realistic than the real world. It is not my cup of tea, so I seldom took colored photos. In Confucian thought, the age of fifty marks the stage knowing the mandate of Heaven. I am now at my fifties and realize how ephemeral human life is. However, I am not an immortal, nor having sagelike characteristics. I just learned that the stage of stainless (the second bhūmi) and develop a pure mind that is free from doubt and defilement. However, I’m still far from the immovable state and need to practice.
In the summer of 2017, after filming the work Incarnation, I experienced a severe heart rhythm problem which almost triggered myocardial infarction and could have killed me. Consequently, I realized that death was waiting for me and the life is too short to figure out how I can liberate myself from the cycle of Birth and Death. I couldn’t comprehend how to be free from all afflictions and worries and how to avoid delusive ideas. I wept for three days and nights after being enlightened by Shakyamuni Buddha. Up to the moment, I felt ashamed that I failed to realize that the self is as insignificant as dust after these years learning and practicing Buddhism. Since then, I have visited famous temples and monasteries in my spare time, worshiping Buddha, Bodhisattvas, arhats, and all the deities and immortals. Taiwan’s temples are myriad with a enormous number of sects, including Buddhism, Taoism, Yiguandao, Catholicism, Christianity, Chinese religions of fasting, Islam& Baháʼí Faith, Confucianism, Tiandiism& Tian-De Teachings, Xiwangmu cult, Yellow Emperor Sect, Precosmic Salvationism, Liism, World Wide Ethical Society, séance cult, etc. Some people even claim that they can mediate communication between the deities or spirits of the dead with human beings, having their believer rely on themselves instead of the orthodox dharma or dogma and pay excessive respect and admiration for the mediums or objects, accumulating wealth through such an unfair means or even harassing their believer sexually. Due to Taiwan’s historical changes, social turbulence, political struggles, and ideological issues, Buddhism and Taoism are somehow mixed. However, there are few emphases on the concept of the hell. As I took photographs of Yama of each court, judges, wardens of the underworld, jailers, General Fan and Hsieh (the ghost escorts) and all sinners, I found few temples cleverly created hellish scenes that are intriguing, exaggerating, and extraordinary. However, the creations are unparalleled unique. I have been studying Western arts for decades and then I came to realize that simplicity makes the most beautiful works of art. These hellish scenes can even compete with works of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337) and Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564).
Jingang Temple Shimen District, founded in 1986, overlooks the beautiful North shore. Although the temple is mainly dedicated to Phra Phrom (the Thai representation of Mahabrahma), spirits of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism can also be founded in the temple. The worshipper can go cross the Seven Star bridge to relieve bad luck, walk along the five hundred arhat statues and knock on the gong to affirm one’s Buddha nature. Furthermore, the worshipper can also prostrate themself before Asia’s largest statue of Buddha in Nirvana (the Reclining Buddha statue) and pacify the Taoist Tai Sui deity of the year. I was impressed by the Jia-Zi Tai Sui General that a pair of palms grow out of his eyes. In 1994, the biō-kong (the person taking charge of the temporal affairs of a temple) received a divine inspiration from Yama (the King of Hell) that he had to build a sacred hall in the shape of a divine dragon, with the interior designed according to the World of Ultimate Bliss and the Underworld. When the visitor walks in the dark hallway, they will see the tortured people (dioramas, of course) scrunching their faces and crying bitterly and loudly in excessive grief as the visitor triggers the mechanism. One will even find them in the midst of flesh, body liquid and blood, mutilated limbs, and rotten corpses. While each of the ten Yamas are focusing on their own duties, showing their sacred dignity that collect visitors’ attention. The Baogong Temple in Linkou District, New Taipei City exclusively features colorful depiction of hellish scenes in relief in Taiwan. With its pastel shades and cartoon-like style, the relief is both grotesque and adorable at the same time. This temple is dedicated to Bao Zhen (also known as Justice Bao) representing the incarnation of Yama. Living people who have been treated unjustly can come worshipping Bao Gong and receive exorcism. Therefore, many people come here for seeking to solve unsolved cases. In Zhongyuan Festival (the ghost festival), the temple will burn the Zhizha (paper craft) boat to ferry the ghosts to the other shore, which is the shore of enlightenment. The only giant statue of Yama in Taiwan is still in the making. The temple is surrounded by a cemetery, suitable for meditating on the loathsomeness and impurity. Nantian Temple (1971), located next to the Eight Trigram Mountains Buddha in Changhua, features the first animatronic underworld. Despite the small size, the animatronic underworld is intensely shocking. Though it’s slightly worn, the colorful dioramas are still brutally ferocious. The creator was the late venerable Dao Zhang (Taoist priest) Jing Deng-fu while the origin of animatronic deities can be traced back to the 1960s Beigang Chaotian Temple. On the contrary, the Whiteman Toothpaste Tourism Factory in Shuishang Township, Chiayi, features ten Yamas with individual booth. The place is unexpectedly clean and polished yet keeps a simple and modest tone. Then, the Dragon Pagoda of the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas at Lotus Lake in Zuoying, Kaohsiung, holds the only relief of hellish scenes made of Kochin ceramic. All the figures are vivid and life-like. If one goes further into the pagoda, they will see a relief tunnel of the thirty-three incarnations of the white-robed form of Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) on a white lotus, with a lovely and interesting design. Another Hall of Yama is built in the 1970s next to the entrance of Dagangshan Chaofeng Temple, located in the Alian District of Kaohsiung. Visitors will also see three statues of the Three Holy Ones of the Western Pureland (Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, Mahāsthāmaprāpta) which assemble at a lotus pond. Although the hellish scene looks somewhat antiquated, you may still find its previous charm. If one goes further, they will reach the sculptural garden of “Attaining the Bodhi Way: the Incarnation of Sakyamuni Buddha,” where the visitor can see the essence of Bhagavato’s (meaning the Blessed one, one of the common epithets for Buddha) life. When Tathāgata (another epithet for Buddha) was old, the king of Kosala wanted to avenge the arrogance of the tribe of Shakyas who had long despised him, regarding him as a son of a maiden. Although Buddha has sat in lotus position alone three times to stop the army from attacking his tribe. However, one can never reverse the cause and following karma. The prince born of a maiden was so furious that he eventually destroyed his homeland. Maudgalyāyana (one of the Buddha’s closest disciples), who is said to have had supernatural abilities that surpassed the other disciples, could not bear to see the slaughter of innocent people. Thus, he saved five hundred people of his tribe with a pātra (an eating utensil of Buddhist monks). Unfortunately, everything he did was in vain, those who were saved eventually turned into a puddle of blood. The Buddha said that the supernatural abilities cannot surpass the power of karma. The cause and effect work all the time. When Maudgalyāyana’s mother fell into the path of hungry ghost, he used his supernatural abilities to save his mother from hunger. However, all the food turned into fire before being fed to his mother. Later, the Buddha commanded the monks to put nectar and dishes in a basin on the 15th day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar for the monks from all directions to free his mother from reincarnation. In later times, the Ullambana Dharma Service, the Compassionate Samadhi Water Repentance, and the Yoga Collection for Feeding the Searing Mouths Dharma Service are rituals to eliminate karmic hindrance and to cease to worldly delusions. Through such practices, one can free the dead as well as confess their repentance.
Madou Daitian Temple is a magnificent and colorful temple in Tainan. Not only can the worshippers visit the eighteen levels of Hell but also the Heaven (it was built in 1979 and inaugurated in 1983) here. The lighting and sound effects are stunning and frightening. When walking alone in the space, one may feel like taking a Guan Luo Yin trip (a Taoist necromancy which leads people’s spirits to hell and communicate with the dead ones) to visit the underworld prison. Before arriving the first court of the underworld, the visitor will walk through the Mountain of Heart Summit, the Pure Heart Pond, the Frontier between the Living and the Dead Realms, the Soul Registry Hall, the Portico of Demons, the Center for Complementary Teaching of Canonical Books, the Citadel of Premature Death, and the Bridge of Vanity. When one arrives at the first court, they will see King Chin-guang, who is in charge of the court, using the Mirror of Retribution to show the earthly form of evil creatures and also witness the sub-hell of Pillar-Holding and Fire Bed, etc. At the second court, King Chu-jiang collates the register of sins the souls of the dead have committed to impose the punishments. Here, you will see the sub-hell of Excrement and Urine, Hungry Ghost, Burning Dance Floor, Ice, Pus and Blood, Whipping, Tongue-Raking, Sword Blade, Stomach-Piercing, Chopping, etc. Next, the dead at the third court, ruled by King Song-di, will receive the punishments including inversion tortures, face-skinning with steel and copper knife, eye-wrenching, pounding, blood-sucking, rib-piercing, roasting, tendon-taking, being eaten by maggots. The visitor can pay a visit to the Palace of Soul-Resuscitation for the Four Forms of Creatures (birth from an egg, birth from a womb, birth from moisture, and birth by transformation). King Wu-guan is in charge of the fourth court. There are sixteen sub-hells at the fourth court including Waist Chop, Tongue Removal, Boiling Pond, Mouth-stabbing, Skin-peeling, Sword Tree, Burning Wheels and Cart, Eye-shooting, etc. Next, at the fifth court, sinful souls are allowed to ascend the Tower of Hometown-Viewing to take a final look of their family. The visitor will witness sub-hells of Knee-striking, Heart-slicing, Blade Mountain, Flying Swords and Burning Stones, etc. The King of Bian City takes charge of the sixth court, which is also known as the “Great Hell of Screaming,” with sub-hells including Fire Cattle, Tiger-Biting, Kidney-Eating, Mouth-Poking, Throat-Nailing, Iron Mill, Decapitation, etc. The King of Tai-shan is in charge of the seventh court, the “Great Hell of Heat and Fire.” The sixteen sub-hells at this court include Finger-Searing, Bowel-Hauling, Stone-Bearing, Boiling Oil, Tongue-Removal and Cheek-Piercing, etc. Next, the King Du-shi is in charge of the eighth court, the “Great Hell of Intense Fire and Heat,” and the sub-hells including Fire Dogs, Molten Iron, Iron Snakes, Dismemberment, Steel Spikes, Burning-Marrow, Iron Ball, Scale, etc. The ninth court is ruled by the King Ping-deng. It is known as the biggest court, Avici Hell (the Hell of Incessant Suffering), which if the lowest level of the hell realm and the interior is gloomily and terrifyingly dark. Those who committed the most serious evil deed will be sent to the Avici Hell. Sub-hells such as Poisonous Snake, Brain-Removal, Crow-Gnawing, Raining Needles, Wasps and Scorpions are included at this court. After arriving the tenth court, ruled by the Great King of the Reincarnation Palace, one can visit the “Observatory of Life on earth” and the “eight bureaus of the Reincarnation Palace” (including the Bureau of Judicial Control, the Bureau of Good-Actions, the Bureau of Bad-Actions, the Bureau of Debts, Gratitude, and Vengeance, the Bureau of Longevity and Destiny, the Bureau of Familial Ties, the Bureau of the Reincarnated, and the Bureau of Birth). The sinful one will be sent to the Pavilion of Mengpo and made to drink the Soup of Forgetfulness to forget all past affairs. According to the sinful one’s merits of previous life, they will go across one of the six bridges (gold, silver, jade, stone, wood, bamboo) to the “Reincarnation-Wheel (Wheel on the Crimson River).” Finally, one is able to reborn in the six realms. According to the Aṣṭadaśa nāraka sutra ( the Eighteen Hells Sutra), after one passes away, they will enter an intermediate and transitional state between death and rebirth, known as antarābhava in Sanskrit, for forty-nine days. The being will be evaluated by Yama, who will decide if one should get reborn or get punished at the hell. Those who committed the Five Grave Offenses (killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an Arhat, shedding the blood of a Buddha, and creating a schism within the community of Buddhist monks and nun who practice for attaining enlightenment.) will be sent to the Avici Hell and stay there eternally. Kṣitigarbha is the Lord of the Nether World, ruling the ten court of Hell. The lord will set up the “Hall of Teaching” at each court to salvage those sinful ones who still obtain few merits at the offering rituals.
Human beings live the Sahā world (sahāloka in Sanskrit, meaning “endurance of suffering,” a concept of mundane world in Mahāyāna Buddhism) where they share with other reincarnations (including beings of the hells, of the preta, and of malevolent nature spirits) with five turbidities (the Kalpa turbidity, the view turbidity, the affliction turbidity, the living beings turbidity, and the life turbidity). Those who commit the ten evil deeds (killing, stealing, adultery, lying, using immoral language, slandering, equivocating, coveting, anger, and false views) must fall into the three evil paths (animals, preta, and hell). However, how can one escape from the three realms/ twenty-eight heavens (including the six heavens of the desire realm, the eighteen heavens of the form realm, and the four heavens of the formless realm)? Worldly people who don’t have such an awareness cannot leave the cycle of the twelve nidanas (meaning causes or motivations), let alone eliminate the eighty-one afflictions (that have been produced due to misunderstanding regarding reality) and the eighty-eight illusions (including five afflictions of advanced practitioners, also known as five views: view of self, extreme view, evil view, view of attachment to views, and view of morality; and five unintelligent temptations: desire, anger, stupidity, arrogance, and doubt) of thought within the three realms and four Arya satyas (noble truths, including suffering, arising, ending, and path). They cannot realize that the essence of the five skandhas (referring to aggregates of clinging, including the matter of form, sensation, recognition, mental formation, and consciousness) , the twelve ayatana (meaning sense base, including six internal bases: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind and six external bases: visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects), and the eighteen dhātavah (meaning compositional elements of human existence, including six consciousness, six faculties, and their objects) are the emptiness and the void. Furthermore, they cannot dispel the two reasons for clinging to the idea of the self and the attachment to elemental constructs and even believe in the two (false) tenets that that karma and nirvana are not real and that the ego and phenomena are real. As a consequence, they fail to develop the eleven wholesome mental factors (faith, energy, conscience, being ashamed, non-attachment, non-aggression, non-delusion, calmness, equanimity, conscientiousness, and non-injuriousness) and cease the sixteen unwholesome mental factors (desire, greed, anger, delusion, arrogance, doubt, wrong view, wrath, enmity, hypocrisy, vexation, jealousy, parsimony, deceit, flattery, harming, ambitiousness, stupidity, lacking of faith, idleness, being unrestrained, forgetting, distraction, non-discernment, ). One must bear in mind that once all our virtuous roots are discontinued, they will be trapped in the never-ending reincarnation and the suffering of infinite continuity.
Is it possible that the hell will be empty one day? If the beings in hell will become extinct while evil spirits inhabit the mundane world, the world could be considered as a pure land. If we could witness the nature of the void, then hell will exist no more.
Since ancient times, the concept of hell has been widely spread among all tribes. Aging, death, beginning, and end are the basis of nature and the core of cosmic consciousness. However, the prosperous civilization as our island is not a place where desire can be eliminated. It’s impossible to eradicate evil nature. Since fetters brought by the constitution, the state, the law, society, the military, corporations, schools, families, and groups are not less than the eighteen levels of hell, the mortals repress themselves, bury their feelings. Day after day, greed, anger, stupidity, arrogance, doubt, and resentment are stacking. However, since the six dust (visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects) has not yet been extinguished, people in the mundane world are still full of delusions. The demons, devils, evil spirits, and the wondering dead exist in the wilderness, while only advanced practitioners with transcendent would attempt to make contact with the dead in the wasteland and forest. Worldly people like us trespass in Disneyland-like man-made hell. It is absurd and ridiculous that the hellish scenes cannot stop us from perpetrating evil deeds, but the horrific and cruel scenes yet satisfy our self-righteous shame.
The pandemic has been boiling over for more than a year and a half. The number of infected patients worldwide is nearly a hundred and eighty million, and the death toll has risen to four million, which is equivalent to a war crisis. I hope that we can all be compassionate, give peace to the dead, treat all sentient beings well and equally. The hell is innately empty; however, deluded and misleading thoughts would give rise to all jealousy and hatred and then manifest the hell before us. This book merely serves as a memorandum of conscience for dictators of the world’s new cold war, supporters of unrestrained warfare, dark web hackers, and those who are cunning and contemptuous and maltreat others when knowing they have problems.
June 2021,
Yao Jui-chung
同時也有3部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過17萬的網紅無臉,也在其Youtube影片中提到,山本元柳斎重國 屍魂界護廷十三隊的創始人, 初代總隊長,也是初代一番隊隊長, 在屍魂界擁有絕對權威, 他的一生幾乎等同於屍魂界的歷史。 火影忍者播放列表 https://goo.gl/FPRVms 死神播放列表 https://goo.gl/uwXPtA 家庭教師播放列表 https:...
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疫情爆發以來,藝術家能做的事不多,平常就閉關在家其實挺習慣,但是總想為社會做些事、幫上忙,想了半天安撫人心也許還行吧!於是另一本「地獄空」將趕在中元普渡八月初出版上市,由典藏出版社社長發心首肯出版,設計名家黃子欽操刀,附贈很多符咒給大家趨吉避凶。諸惡莫作,眾善奉行,疫情消退,平安喜樂。附上後記給大家解封後參訪這些宮廟,觀照自己的心所。全文如下:
野放台灣五十餘年,貪狼獨坐,三方四正殺破狼格局,少年多舛,白手起家,隨展覽雲遊四海,如閒雲野鶴常持各類底片機流連廢墟、山川、宮廟忘返,遂設幻影堂自詡堂主,一日三省「凡所有相皆是虛妄」,常宅於暗房沖片放大通宵、鐘情黑白世界之單純,彩色照片俗世繽紛花俏做作甜美甚至比現實更現實故少拍也。知天命之年有餘,了悟人生一瞬、眨眼即逝,雖非仙人,亦無道骨,初聞離垢地生清淨心,但離華嚴「不動地」尚遠,待修持也。
2017年盛暑拍畢「巨神連線」,心律不整差點心肌梗塞向閻羅王報到,意識死神隨伺在側,人生苦短,如何了生脫死、盡斷煩惱、無所罣礙、遠離顛倒…總不得解,蒙釋迦摩尼佛開示飆淚三晝夜,聞佛法數載始知自我渺如塵埃,甚感慚愧。閒暇乃參訪名寺古剎,禮敬焚香佛陀菩薩羅漢諸神天仙王爺媽娘,台灣宮廟千奇百怪、宗派錯綜複雜(佛教、道教、一貫道、天主教、基督教、齋教、回教&大同教、儒教鸞堂、天帝教&天德教、慈惠堂&勝安宮、軒轅教、道院、理教、萬國道德會、會靈山…)、神棍橫行(依人不依法、偶像崇拜、斂財、邪淫),因歷史變遷、社會動盪、政治鬥爭、意識形態等因素導致佛道混雜,但地獄造景稀少,後專注拍攝各殿閻王、判官、陰司、獄卒、七爺、八爺乃至一切罪人,各寺造景巧妙、耐人尋味,意境乖張溢於言表,造型扭曲非常人所能塑也,然匠心獨運、自成一格,專研西方藝術數十載方知真誠樸拙最美,絲毫不輸喬托(Giotto di Bondone,1267~1337)乃至米開郎基羅(Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni 1475 ~ 1564)矣。
創立於1986年的石門金剛宮風景優美可眺望北濱,雖主祀四面佛,儒釋道眾神尊也不含糊,可過七星橋解厄、繞行五百黝黑羅漢敲鑼印心、跪拜亞洲最大臥佛涅槃像,安太歲自不在話下,甲子太歲爺雙眼長出手掌印象甚深,1994年經閻羅王指示廟公建造一條肚內設極樂世界及陰曹地府之神龍,行走暗黑通道觸動感應機關,只見面容猙獰受刑者呼天搶地喊冤、身邊盡是血肉糢糊殘肢敗屍腦漿塗地,十殿閻羅各司其職、威儀攝人。新北市林口區青嶺湖北文紫祥宮包公廟則以壁面彩塑地獄浮雕獨步全台,粉嫩色彩搭配卡漫風格,尤為造型簡直恐怖到可愛透頂,該廟主祀森羅殿閻羅天子包拯(包青天),陽世冤屈者可至此參拜祭解,求破懸案者眾,逢中元普渡皆以紙紮船渡亡魂至彼岸,全台唯一閻羅天子巨像籌備中,四周環繞墓地,適合修不淨觀也。台灣首尊彰化八卦山大佛旁南天宮(1971)地府則是首座電動地府,規模精小但驚嚇度破表,略顯破敗但五光十色仍蠻凶悍,出自已故台南大道長金登富之作,而電動神明起始可追溯至1960年代北港朝天宮。倒是嘉義水上鄉白人牙膏觀光工廠「戴相府」、「將軍府」設置十殿地府出乎意料之外,乾淨亮麗、ㄧ殿ㄧ間、簡單樸實。由高雄蓮潭龍虎塔龍口入內可見全臺唯一交趾陶地獄牆面,尊尊栩栩如生,續入龍身乃進聞聲救苦白衣觀音大士三十三化身浮雕隧道,造型設色甚為古錐。高雄大岡山超峰寺入口處「西方三聖蓮池海會」(阿彌陀佛、觀世音菩薩、大勢至菩薩巨像)旁設靜態十殿閻羅(1970年代初),雖略為陳舊然韻味猶存,續往上行可抵「證菩提道-釋迦如來應化事迹」雕塑園區,一攬世尊畢生精華。如來年邁時,琉璃國王為報長期被釋迦族輕蔑之傲慢心,世尊雖三次單獨伽跌坐阻擋大軍進攻之路,但因緣果報無法逆轉,昔日婢女所生王子瞋恨無以復加,還是滅了祖國。自持神通第一目犍連不忍無辜百姓慘糟屠殺,遂以缽盛救度五百族人,最終卻化為血水,佛言神通廣大仍不敵千百劫業力,因緣果報屢試不爽。其母死後墜入餓鬼道飢餓難耐,目犍連遂展神通救渡,但所食尚未入口皆化為赤火,佛陀囑咐農曆七月十五日僧眾解安居自恣日,於盆中設甘露美食供養十方僧眾,因此超度亡母。後世「盂蘭盆法會」乃至「水懺法會」、「瑜珈焰口法會」皆為消業障、斷塵垢之超渡儀軌,既渡亡魂也自懺悔。
台南麻豆代天府規模宏大、造型豔麗,不但可遊十八層地獄尚可逛天堂(1979年興建,1983年開放),燈光絢爛、聲響駭人,獨自漫步宛如觀落陰、地獄走一回。先過「心頭山」、入「清心池」、進「陰陽界」、抵「交簿廳」、達「鬼門關」、遊「補經所」、探「枉死城」、行「奈何橋」,至ㄧ殿泰廣王照「孽鏡台」現造惡原形,睹抱柱、火床等小地獄。二殿楚江王開「陰查簿」判案定奪,觀糞尿泥、餓鬼、舞池、寒冰、膿血、鞭韃、舌犁、劍葉、戟腹拋接、砧截…等小地獄。三殿宋帝王刑罰為倒吊、銅鐵刮臉、挖眼、搗樁、倒烤、吸血、穿肋、抽筋、蛆蛀等小地獄…兼遊「四生(胎、卵、濕、化)回魂府」。四殿五官王掌管腰斬、拔舌、沸湯、刺嘴、剝皮、箭樹、車崩、射眼…等十六小地獄。隨五殿森羅王豋「望鄉臺」回眸親人最終眼後觀擊膝、誅心、刀山、飛刀火石…小地獄。六殿卞城王別稱「大叫喚大地獄」,轄火牛、虎啖、噬腎、鉗嘴含鍼、釘喉、磨摧、砍頭…等小地獄。七殿泰山王為「熱惱大地獄」,窺烙手指、抽腸、頂石蹲身、油釜滾烹、割舌穿腮…等十六小地獄。八殿都市王掌管「大熱惱大地獄」兼火狗、鐵汁、鐵蛇、鋸劈斷肢、釘板、灸脊、鐵丸、磅秤…等小地獄。九殿平等王直轄十八層「阿鼻大地獄」,直透地心、內中陰森、不見五指、滿溢地漿,皆為極犯,另轄紫赤毒蛇鑽孔、夾頂、鐵鴉、針雨、蜂蠍…等小地獄。至十殿輪轉王上「觀生臺」、「轉劫所八司」(查驗司 、稽善司 、考過司 、恩怨司 、壽命司 、支配司、掌劫司 、授生司)後至「孟婆亭」飲「醧忘湯」忘盡前塵往事,依前世功德過金、銀、玉、石、木、竹六種橋樑至「轉輪臺(紫河車)」入六道輪迴轉生投胎。據「十八泥犁經」記載,人過世後七七四十九天為「中陰生」,經閻羅王審判善惡業力判定去留或懲罰百千萬劫,犯五逆重罪則墮入「無間地獄(阿鼻地獄)」永劫不復。地藏王乃幽冥教主,統轄十殿閻羅,逢三曹普渡便在各殿設「講道所」超度尚存善根之鬼魂。
人類居於五趣(阿修羅、人、傍生、餓鬼、地獄)雜居地五濁惡世之堪忍世界,犯十惡業(殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、兩舌、惡口、綺語、貪慾、嗔恚、愚痴)者必墮三趣惡道。如何出「三界」(欲界、色界、無色界)二十八天?凡人無此意識,別說能破「十二因緣」(無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死)還滅門,更別想斷除「四聖諦」(苦、集、滅、道)集地八十一品見惑與八十八使思惑(五利使-身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見、五鈍使-貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑),了悟「五蘊」(色、受、想、行、識)本空、「十二入」(眼、耳、鼻、舌、意、色、聲、香、味、觸、法)空、「十八界」空,破俱生我執與分別我執、法執甚至空執,生十一處「善心所」(信、精進、慚、愧、無貪、無瞋、無痴、輕安、不放逸、行捨、不害),降二十六處「惡心所」(貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑、惡見、忿、恨、覆、惱、嫉、慳、誑、諂、害、憍、無慚、無愧、掉舉、惛沉、不信、懈怠、放逸、失念、散亂、不正知),須知善根斷盡則陷永劫輪迴、無垠轉世之苦。
地獄可能空滅嗎?若地獄空乏人間多鬼怪,地獄淨空世間何嘗非淨土?若能證空性何處現地獄?
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自費反清復明的故事01 :我要成為海賊王
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根據〈石井本宗族譜〉
鄭成功的祖先,先是在唐僖宗光啟年間,因為黃巢之亂搬遷到南方的。
具體來說,是由河南光州固始,南遷到福建。
那本族譜裡面的「石井」,是中國福建省泉州市南安市下轄的一個鎮。
也是公認的,鄭成功的故鄉。
鄭芝龍的父親鄭士表,是泉州城內一個小官吏,收入很微薄。
還好,住在泉州,這是個不缺機會的地方。
1621年,也就是小木匠皇帝上台的那一年。
鄭芝龍帶著兩個弟弟,去投靠香山澳(澳門)經商的舅父黃程。
鄭芝龍在此學習了葡萄牙語,接觸各國的海商。
為了取得外國商人的信任,他受天主教的洗禮,教名為:
「尼古拉斯·嘉思巴特(Nicolas caspard)」。
鄭芝龍在澳門的兩年,認識了影響他一生的貴人:
「時常往來與日本與澳門的大海商李旦。」
(時人稱為Captain China,中國隊長?)
1623年,一艘李旦的大船,從泉州開往日本長崎平戶島。
船上有白糖、奇楠、麝香、鹿皮等貨物,以及一個將改變很多人命運的男人。
在長崎,鄭芝龍碰到日本人田川氏。
田川氏是平戶藩士田川七左衛門之女,但是有資料顯示,她母親改嫁中國人。
所以,她可能對中國人很熟悉。
為什麼忽然這種八卦呢?
因為,這位女性的感情生活很重要。
1624年,田川氏在平戶島生下一子,取名鄭森。
這個孩子,就是名揚四海的鄭成功。
先不說小鄭成功,先說說鄭芝龍的奮鬥史。
1624年初,鄭芝龍因李旦推薦,前往澎湖擔任荷蘭人的翻譯及通事。
(鄭芝龍通曉閩南語、南京官話、日語、西班牙語、葡萄牙語且可能通曉荷蘭語。)
(真是人才~)
為什麼是澎湖呢?
因為此時荷蘭人,還不知道台灣島在哪…
而澎湖,荷蘭人18年前就來過了。
那一次,留下了「沈有容諭退紅毛番韋麻郎等」的石碑。
這一年,荷蘭人第二次佔據澎湖,想在中國沿海創造一個貿易根據地。
然後,又被明朝逼退。
同年初秋,荷蘭人撤退至台灣南部,鄭芝龍當然也跟著來了。
其實,你可以說,鄭芝龍是去荷蘭人陣營臥底的。
由於明朝和荷蘭的爭執,影響到李旦在陸、日、台間的商業利益。
因此,李旦派鄭芝龍去荷蘭人那邊當翻譯,算是跟荷蘭人開始合作吧。
從此時開始,鄭芝龍將事業重心自日本遷到臺灣。
至於是什麼事業呢?
說穿了,就是當海盜。
荷蘭人給鄭芝龍的任務是:
「在台灣海峽截擊往馬尼拉與西班牙人通商的中式帆船。」
根據荷蘭第二任大員長官(1625–1627)傑拉德·韋特(Gerard Frederiksz de With)的說法是:
「通事一官,率領約三十艘中式帆船去進行截擊與俘獲的業務。」
就在鄭芝龍努力搶劫的時候…
1624年8月27日,田川氏於平戶島千里濱
生下了那個將撼動東亞海面的孩子。
鄭成功出生之後,鄭芝龍也決定自立門戶了。
反正搶劫,幹的都是刀頭舔血的營生,為什麼不自己當老大?
隔年1625年4-5月間,鄭芝龍離開荷蘭人,開始了成為海賊王的旅程。
一名荷蘭船長是這樣紀載當時的場景:
4月27日星期天
...突然首領一官後隨手執刀劍的銃手七八名,作為代表,向我們寒暄。
當時,這一行的王者,就是李旦。
只是鄭芝龍要崛起之時,也是李旦生命走到盡頭的時候了….
1625年8月2日,李旦在從台灣回平戶途中去世。
李旦在台灣的產業和士卒,從此轉歸鄭芝龍控制。
而於廈門的產業,則落入另一個大海到許心素的手裡。
此後,鄭芝龍與許心素,互相對抗多年。
附帶一提,在台灣流傳很廣的「顏思齊開拓傳說」,其實在歷史上很難找到根據
歷史學界始終都比較相信:
「顏思齊其實是李旦的化名。」
(當然,也有可能是李旦的副手。)
總之,鄭芝龍現在開始,真的叫鄭芝龍了。
1626至1628年,鄭芝龍以台灣魍港(嘉義縣布袋鎮)為基地
劫掠福建及廣東數地,使明朝官兵疲於奔命。
由於鄭芝龍的業務能力太強,明朝決定收編他。
只是,條件一直談不攏。
鄭在台海縱橫兩年六個月,搶得不亦樂乎。
1627年,鄭芝龍旗下已有700艘船。
嚴重威脅老對手許心素的業務。
許心素找上荷蘭東印度公司,想聯手打擊鄭芝龍,但東印度公司未允。
鄭芝龍則乾脆一舉滅殺對手許心素,成為台海第一海盜。
直到1628年年底,福建巡撫熊文燦招安鄭芝龍成功。
熊文燦是四川敘永人,官至兵部尚書。
曾掌管南畿、河南、山西、陝西、湖廣、四川軍務,權傾一時。
後因圍剿張獻忠不力,被崇禎帝下獄處死。
總之,透過熊大人,鄭芝龍開始當官(海防遊擊)了。
當然,這個官不大,也就是個少校營長。
但是,好歹是個開始。
雖說官階只是四品武官,但是鄭海盜手下人不少。
1628,鄭芝龍投降明朝時,部眾3萬餘人,船隻千餘艘。
有了正式的官方招牌之後,鄭芝龍在老家安平鎮,當起了地頭龍。
他打破官方的海禁,繁榮海市,吸引各國商人。
他的武裝船隊旗幟鮮明,戈甲堅利,戰鬥力驚人。
定期航行於中國沿海、臺灣、澳門和日本、菲律賓等東南亞各地之間。
幾乎壟斷了中國與海外諸國的貿易。
1633年,荷蘭臺灣長官漢斯·普特曼斯攻打廈門,被鄭芝龍打的大敗。
後來雙方達成和解:
「荷蘭東印度公司保證不再來中國大陸沿海。」
「改由鄭芝龍派船至臺灣進行貿易。」
當然,事業做大之後,光靠搶劫賺錢,就顯得太小家子氣了…
「必須企業化。」
鄭芝龍設立「五商」,掌控中國境內進出口的商品銷售管道。
「山五商」:
設於杭州,分「金、木、水、火、土」。
負責收購中國絲綢、瓷器、珍玩等各地特產至廈門。
「海五商」:
設於廈門,分「仁、義、禮、智、信」。
負責運作海路商船隊,將貨品運銷至東北亞及東南亞各地。
1633年,鄭芝龍事業做的如日中天。
這一年,同時也是日本鎖國的一年,但是這鎖不住鄭老大。
歷史課本往往都寫:
日本鎖國時,只准荷蘭及中國帆船進出。
這裡說的「中國帆船」,其實就是鄭老大獨家的。
接下來十年,直到明朝滅亡,掛著鄭氏旗號的中國商船壟斷東亞貿易。
華船(大部份是鄭芝龍的)進出日本的數字,比荷蘭船多出7至11倍。
什麼是海賊王?
這就是。
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自費反清復明的故事02 :
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上一段,講了鄭芝龍慷慨激昂的前半生。
本來只是想為鄭成功登場做個引子。
只是,臺灣史的這一段,考試挺熱門的,歷史敘述卻又有很多迷思…
每次都有學生來問,時間短又說不清楚,乾脆一次寫清楚,方便大家參考
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先交代一下鄭芝龍的結局。
1644年,李自成攻入北京,崇禎皇帝自縊於煤山。
大明江山,半壁崩塌了。
在這種大時代,最考驗人的政治判斷力。
讀者諸君擁有「歷史之眼」,當然可以預見鄭芝龍的悲慘下場。
這裡就不詳述了。
1646年,清軍逼近福建,鄭芝龍心存觀望。
將駐軍撤離仙霞關,讓出天險。
讓滿洲清軍入閩,自己則退守泉州安平。
隨後,鄭芝龍的泉州同鄉,同時也是「大號明奸」洪承疇出面勸降鄭芝龍。
鄭芝龍獲得空頭王爵許諾,以及一個翻臉的兒子。
1647年,鄭芝龍後被誘劫往北京,封同安侯。
同一年,清兵逼殺田川氏,鄭成功決心殺父報國,誓死抗清。
1655年,鄭芝龍入獄。
1661年,鄭成功東征台灣,年底,鄭芝龍被斬首於北京柴市。
接著,故事要轉到鄭成功身上了。
鄭芝龍投降滿清之後,不願投降的部屬,就轉由鄭成功領導。
這裡,就是我這段故事要說的主題了。
接下來的十多年,鄭成功在東南沿海,聚攏了十多萬兵力,誓師抗清。
1658年,鄭成功甚至動員了17萬大軍北伐南京。
這基本上是鄭成功自費的軍事活動,是他私人的反清復明事業。
問題是,錢從哪裡來的呢?
學者估計,以明末的物價,這種規模的軍事行動:
「每年平均需消耗300-360萬兩白銀。」
「作戰規模大的時候,甚至需要400萬兩。」
以閩南沿海彈丸之地,鄭氏集團是如何籌集這麼多資金的呢?
要知道崇禎年間,握有天下的朝廷財政收入,也不過400餘萬兩。
看過上集的朋友,應該知道答案了:
「關鍵,就是貿易。」
這次,我就來詳述一下,貿易的利潤與規模。
鄭氏靠海商起家,全盛時期旗下船艦高達千艘,承包了最賺錢的貿易路線。
就以對日本的貿易來說吧:
1647年至1662年之間,也就是鄭成功接班後的15年。
航抵日本長崎的中國船隻,主要仍然來自鄭成功的勢力範圍。
據紀載:
「1650年,抵達日本長崎的七十艘船中…」
「有五十九艘,來自鄭成功所統治的地區。」
這種情形大致年年相同。
也就是說,鄭氏集團至少佔有80%的對日貿易份額。
那麼,做的是什麼生意呢?
江戶初期的日本,熱銷商品是中國的生絲,絲綢與糖。
商品價差之大,讓經營現代國際貿易的商人流口水啊…
據統計,從1622年到1660年間:
「從中國輸送到日本的生絲,每百斤價格平均為377兩白銀。」
「生絲生意的利潤率,平均可高達277%。」
生絲貿易不只好賺,而且還是「大規模」的好賺。
經鄭氏貿易船隊輸入日本的生絲,每年高達十餘萬斤。
另一項輸日大宗商品是糖。
1655年,輸日砂糖就高達141萬7430斤。
價差呢?
「每百斤砂糖,在中國賣2.5兩白銀。」
「運到日本後,每百斤8兩。」
砂糖貿易,利潤高達220%。
除了出口,鄭氏船隊還從日本大量進口貨物,尤其是日本大量出產的銅:
「每百斤銅,在日本僅僅13.5兩。」
「當時中國的銅價,則為每百斤白銀20兩。」
銅類貿易,利潤率達到48%。
從1650年到1660年,鄭氏船隻往來台灣、日本、中國沿海。
將生絲,糖等貨物運到日本,再從日本載回鉛和銅等貨物。
據統計,單單從事對日本的進出口貿易,就能收入141萬兩白銀利潤。
而南洋方面的貿易,一年也帶來93-128萬兩白銀的利潤。
單憑貿易,以足以維持一隻規模龐大、有戰鬥力的軍隊了。
但是,這些還不是全部。
別忘了,鄭家是從海盜起家的,除了做生意,老本行不能放下。
從鄭芝龍那個時代開始,收保護費就已經是重要的固定收入了。
當時的船隻保護費,稱之為「牌餉」。
通過東亞海面的船隻,必須依其大小,繳納牌餉。
否則後果自負…
按照規矩繳費後,可得到一面牌,在海上就可不受劫掠。
注意,不是「不被鄭家海軍搶劫」,是沒有「任何人敢搶」。
如果沒有這種一言九鼎的本事,怎麼收保護費。
在那幾十年裡,鄭氏將海上貿易分為東洋、西洋二線。
西洋船:從事暹羅貿易。
東洋船:從事日本貿易。
西洋船的牌餉金額不明,東洋牌餉應納餉銀是:
「大者二千一百兩一年,小者五百兩一年。」
注意,要繳這筆錢的,不只是亞洲商船。
荷蘭,英國,葡萄牙等西歐商船,也必須按照規矩繳費。
如果沒有懸掛「鄭」字令旗,就自己出海隨便搞,隨時可能被送進海底。
鄭氏這種保護費收的有多誇張?
來看一個例子:
鄭成功在決定攻打台灣後,軍隊還沒出發…
就已經授權何斌,在臺灣向當地貿易船隊發放牌餉,收取餉銀。
還有,鄭成功在日本的胞弟,田川七左衛門,也幫鄭成功發放牌餉,收取餉銀。
「著訊守兵、地方官盤驗,遇有無牌及舊牌之船、貨,船沒官,船主、舵工拿解。」
--鄭成功寫給他弟弟田川七左衛門的信
看看這種說話的口氣,有沒有大海霸主的氣魄?
單是一項保護費每年收入就令人乍舌。
說了這麼多,鄭氏集團平均一年能收多少白銀?據楊彥傑《1650至1662年鄭成功海外貿易的貿易額和利潤額估算》一文估計,當時鄭氏集團年利潤可達2000萬或3000萬兩白銀。小編對這個數字不太相信,但是即使砍半再砍半,也有500萬-750萬兩白銀了。
正是有巨額的收入來源,鄭成功才能維持一隻擁有十幾萬員額的軍隊。
市丸銀斬魄刀 在 無臉 Youtube 的精選貼文
山本元柳斎重國 屍魂界護廷十三隊的創始人,
初代總隊長,也是初代一番隊隊長,
在屍魂界擁有絕對權威,
他的一生幾乎等同於屍魂界的歷史。
火影忍者播放列表
https://goo.gl/FPRVms
死神播放列表
https://goo.gl/uwXPtA
家庭教師播放列表
https://goo.gl/HtDzFb
西行記播放列表
https://goo.gl/ukwYH8
要聽神明的話
https://goo.gl/NVxYsC
鬼畜島播放列表
https://goo.gl/DtKUih
南瓜魅夜播放列表
https://goo.gl/trka2N
封神紀播放列表
https://goo.gl/XprCS8
恐惧本源
https://goo.gl/UhBiXs
無臉VLog
https://goo.gl/Y9q4ms
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Youtube : https://goo.gl/pJq4vc
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/nofacemoviepopcorn
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/GVlDDWG7kkc/hqdefault.jpg)
市丸銀斬魄刀 在 無臉 Youtube 的精選貼文
碎蜂 護廷十三隊二番隊隊長和
她也是隱密機動總司令官及第一分隊“刑軍”團長、
而且她非常崇拜四楓院夜一
火影忍者播放列表
https://goo.gl/FPRVms
死神播放列表
https://goo.gl/uwXPtA
家庭教師播放列表
https://goo.gl/HtDzFb
西行記播放列表
https://goo.gl/ukwYH8
要聽神明的話
https://goo.gl/NVxYsC
鬼畜島播放列表
https://goo.gl/DtKUih
南瓜魅夜播放列表
https://goo.gl/trka2N
封神紀播放列表
https://goo.gl/XprCS8
恐惧本源
https://goo.gl/UhBiXs
無臉VLog
https://goo.gl/Y9q4ms
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Youtube : https://goo.gl/pJq4vc
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/nofacemoviepopcorn
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/e1sdkjH39ZE/hqdefault.jpg)
市丸銀斬魄刀 在 無臉 Youtube 的精選貼文
市丸銀 護挺十三隊三番隊隊長
直到他出賣尸魂界跟隨藍染的道路
火影忍者播放列表
https://goo.gl/FPRVms
死神播放列表
https://goo.gl/uwXPtA
家庭教師播放列表
https://goo.gl/HtDzFb
西行記播放列表
https://goo.gl/ukwYH8
要聽神明的話
https://goo.gl/NVxYsC
鬼畜島播放列表
https://goo.gl/DtKUih
南瓜魅夜播放列表
https://goo.gl/trka2N
封神紀播放列表
https://goo.gl/XprCS8
恐惧本源
https://goo.gl/UhBiXs
無臉VLog
https://goo.gl/Y9q4ms
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Youtube : https://goo.gl/pJq4vc
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/nofacemoviepopcorn
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/zQ9teXjcaRY/hqdefault.jpg)
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[閒聊] 市丸銀的斬魄刀 · 我今天在用捲尺的時候,念頭一閃將捲尺放在腰間喊出「射殺他吧!神槍。」然後在快速將捲尺收回來,但過程間段的按著按鈕以防回來甩 ... ... <看更多>
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