2020年的語言演變
社會動盪、全球的緊張局勢持續升級,身為讀者與消費者的我們在面臨不斷湧入的資訊時,必須意識到那些在宣傳(propaganda)中刻意含糊其詞(intentional ambiguity)的情況日益加劇。
在政治場域裡,我們看到「雙言巧語」(doublespeak)正在增加,這種語言刻意掩蓋、扭曲或顛倒語意。喬治・歐威爾(George Orwell,1903-1950)於其名著《1984》中以「新語」(Newspeak)和「雙重思想」(doublethink)說明此一詞彙。 新語雖遵循著英文語法,但詞彙量卻不斷減少,原本複雜而完整的詞意不斷被簡化為既定觀點的詞語(loaded words)。社群網站的興起,助長了媒體與政治人物對「雙言巧語」的使用。例如,在政治語境中,先制的空中打擊(preemptive airstrikes)可被稱為「降溫策略」(de-escalation tactics),以為和平鋪路。又比如,有些針對特定種族的集中營(internment camps)被稱為教育與訓練中心(vocational education and training centers)。
歐威爾還創造了「雙重思想」一詞,意指受試者被迫接受兩種自相矛盾的信念是正確的。該意識形態的三個核心教義為——「戰爭即和平」(war is peace)、「自由即奴役」(freedom is slavery)以及「無知即力量」(ignorance is strength)。這些教條是否讓你聯想到世上那些極權政府(totalitarian regimes)的宣傳?
由於嚴厲的審查制度,以及相關法規的懲處機制,人們不斷發明新的詞彙來躲避演算法的審查,並以間接言語行為(indirect speech act)來表達自身觀點。在中國最廣為人知的諧音詞 (homophone) 就是——「河蟹」。「河蟹」是對中國前國家主席胡錦濤「和諧社會」倡議的一種嘲諷。該倡議試圖打壓異議,而「河蟹」的語音則近於「和諧」。起初,網民嘲諷政府的審查員藉由刪除貼文來「和諧」網路上的異議人士。最終,「被和諧」一詞遂演變為「被河蟹」,以規避政府的審查,並被許多中國的網路社群廣泛使用。
如今,以此類方式來規避審查 (evade censorship) 已變得更為普遍。按美國實驗心理學家、認知科學家兼科普作家史迪芬・平克(Steven Arthur Pinker)於2008年所指出者,間接言語行為係指人們未明確表達自身觀點,反而將其意圖隱藏在字面意義之下。在間接言語行為的脈絡中,唯有說話者才能確定其意涵(individual knowledge),而他人則須依靠前後文來仔細推敲。但若單就字面意思 (literal meaning) 來看,每個人都能輕易地理解該詞意涵(mutual knowledge)。例如,在極權政府治下,於網路上公開批評政府對公衛危機的處理不當,將引來相關法律的制裁,因為可能會被人舉報。但也可藉由讚揚「政府的行動非常有效,連死者都要感謝政府的辛勤付出」來間接表達自己的不滿。這種誇張的說法顯然與事實不符,但只有說話者知曉個中意涵,而他人只能自行揣測,這為說話者提供了一定程度的保障。因此,隨著審查制度的擴大,間接言語行為亦將蓬勃發展,以滿足自由交流與表達自身觀點的需求。
身為網路公民的我們能做些什麼?對宣傳中那些試圖掩蓋並扭曲真相的語言,保持警覺;持續創造新的表達方式,來規避那些箝制思想與言論自由的審查;提醒自己進行批判性思考,以辨識邏輯謬誤並做出明智的決定。
參考資料:
Huaxia. (2019, August 16). Full Text: Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang. Retrieved July 04, 2020, from http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/16/c_138313359.htm
McManus, D. (2020, January 05). Column: Trump's Orwellian doublespeak on Iran. Retrieved July 04, 2020, from https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-01-05/column-trumps-orwellian-double-speak-on-iran
Minin-White, D. (2017). Political Speech, Doublespeak, And Critical-Thinking Skills In American Education.
Monitor, I. (2018, June 21). The Chinese Language as a Weapon: How China's Netizens Fight Censorship. Retrieved July 04, 2020, from https://medium.com/berkman-klein-center/the-chinese-language-as-a-weapon-how-chinas-netizens-fight-censorship-8389516ed1a6
Orwell, George (2008). 1984. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-103614-4.
Pinker, S., Nowak, M. A., & Lee, J. J. (2008). The logic of indirect speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of sciences, 105(3), 833-838.
圖片出處:https://www.tumblr.com/tagged/ingsoc
★★★★★★★★★★★★
什麼是模糊性(ambiguity),為什麼學生需要它?
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同時也有10000部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過2,910的網紅コバにゃんチャンネル,也在其Youtube影片中提到,...
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剛剛的北美之行,在演出之餘,當然也勾結了不少的當地的媒體。
#lgbtqInHongKong #CensorshipInChina #FreedomOfSpeech #LiberateHongKong #StandWithHongKong #CantoPop
//Anthony Wong’s Forbidden Colors
Out Hong Kong Canto-pop star brings his activism to US during his home’s protest crisis
BY MICHAEL LUONGO
From 1988’s “Forbidden Colors,” named for a 1953 novel by gay Japanese writer Yukio Mishima to this year’s “Is It A Crime?,” commemorating the 30th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square Massacre, Hong Kong Canto-pop star Anthony Wong Yiu-ming has combined music and activism over his long career. As Hong Kong explodes in revolt against Beijing’s tightening grip with the One Country, Two Systems policy ticking to its halfway point, Wong arrived stateside for a tour that included ’s Gramercy Theatre.
Gay City News caught up with 57-year-old Wong in the Upper West Side apartment of Hong Kong film director Evans Chan, a collaborator on several films. The director was hosting a gathering for Hong Kong diaspora fans, many from the New York For Hong Kong (NY4HK) solidarity movement.
The conversation covered Wong’s friendship with out actress, model, and singer Denise Ho Wan-see who co-founded the LGBTQ group Big Love Alliance with Wong and recently spoke to the US Congress; the late Leslie Cheung, perhaps Asia’s most famous LGBTQ celebrity; the threat of China’s rise in the global order; and the ongoing relationship among Canto-pop, the Cantonese language, and Hong Kong identity.
Wong felt it was important to point out that Hong Kong’s current struggle is one of many related to preserving democracy in the former British colony that was handed back to China in 1997. While not his own lyrics, Wong is known for singing “Raise the Umbrella” at public events and in Chan’s 2016 documentary “Raise the Umbrellas,” which examined the 2014 Occupy Central or Umbrella Movement, when Hong Kong citizens took over the central business district for nearly three months, paralyzing the city.
Wong told Gay City News, “I wanted to sing it on this tour because it was the fifth anniversary of the Umbrella Movement last week.”
He added, “For a long time after, nobody wanted to sing that song, because we all thought the Umbrella Movement was a failure. We all thought we were defeated.”
Still, he said, without previous movements “we wouldn’t have reached today,” adding, “Even more so than the Umbrella Movement, I still feel we feel more empowered than before.”
Hong Kong’s current protests came days after the 30th anniversary commemorations of the Tiananmen Square Massacre, known in China as the June 4th Incident. Hong Kong is the only place on Chinese soil where the Massacre can be publicly discussed and commemorated. Working with Tats Lau of his band Tat Ming Pair, Wong wrote the song “Is It A Crime?” to perform at Hong Kong’s annual Tiananmen commemoration. The song emphasizes how the right to remember the Massacre is increasingly fraught.
“I wanted our group to put out that song to commemorate that because to me Tiananmen Square was a big enlightenment,” a warning of what the Beijing government will do to those who challenge it, he said, adding that during the June 4 Victoria Park vigil, “I really felt the energy and the power was coming back to the people. I really felt it, so when I was onstage to sing that song I really felt the energy. I knew that people would go onto the street in the following days.”
As the genre Canto-pop suggests, most of Wong’s work is in Cantonese, also known as Guangdonghua, the language of Guangdong province and Hong Kong. Mandarin, or Putonghua, is China’s national language. Wong feels Beijing’s goal is to eliminate Cantonese, even in Hong Kong.
“When you want to destroy a people, you destroy the language first, and the culture will disappear,” he said, adding that despite Cantonese being spoken by tens of millions of people, “we are being marginalized.”
Canto-pop and the Cantonese language are integral to Hong Kong’s identity; losing it is among the fears driving the protests.
“Our culture is being marginalized, more than five years ago I think I could feel it coming, I could see it coming,” Wong said. “That’s why in my music and in my concerts, I kept addressing this issue of Hong Kong being marginalized.”
This fight against the marginalization of identity has pervaded Wong’s work since his earliest days.
“People would find our music and our words, our lyrical content very apocalyptic,” he explained. “Most of our songs were about the last days of Hong Kong, because in 1984, they signed over the Sino-British declaration and that was the first time I realized I was going to lose Hong Kong.”
Clarifying identity is why Wong officially came out in 2012, after years of hints. He said his fans always knew but journalists hounded him to be direct.
“I sang a lot of songs about free love, about ambiguity and sexuality — even in the ‘80s,” he said, referring to 1988’s “Forbidden Colors.” “When we released that song as a single, people kept asking me questions.”
In 1989, he released the gender-fluid ballad “Forget He is She,” but with homosexuality still criminalized until 1991, he did not state his sexuality directly.
That changed in 2012, a politically active year that brought Hong Kongers out against a now-defunct plan to give Beijing tighter control over grade school curriculum. Raymond Chan Chi-chuen was elected to the Legislative Council, becoming the city’s first out gay legislator. In a concert, Wong used a play on the Chinese word “tongzhi,” which has an official meaning of comrade in the communist sense, but also homosexual in modern slang. By flashing the word about himself and simultaneously about an unpopular Hong Kong leader considered loyal to the Chinese Communist Party, he came out.
“The [2012] show is about identity about Hong Kong, because the whole city is losing its identity,” he said. “So I think I should be honest about it. It is not that I had been very dishonest about it, I thought I was honest enough.”
That same year he founded Big Love Alliance with Denise Ho, who also came out that year. The LGBTQ rights group organizes Hong Kong’s queer festival Pink Dot, which has its roots in Singapore’s LGBTQ movement. Given the current unrest, however, Pink Dot will not be held this year in Hong Kong.
As out celebrities using their star power to promote LGBTQ issues, Wong and Ho follow in the footsteps of fellow Hong Konger Leslie Cheung, the late actor and singer known for “Farewell My Concubine” (1993), “Happy Together” (1997), and other movies where he played gay or sexually ambiguous characters.
“He is like the biggest star in Hong Kong culture,” said Wong, adding he was not a close friend though the two collaborated on an album shortly before Cheung’s 2003 suicide.
Wong said that some might think he came to North America at an odd time, while his native city is literally burning. However, he wanted to help others connect to Hong Kong.
“My tool is still primarily my music, I still use my music to express myself, and part of my concern is about Hong Kong, about the world, and I didn’t want to cancel this tour in the midst of all this unrest,” he said. “In this trip I learned that I could encourage more people to keep an eye on what is going on in Hong Kong.”
Wong worries about the future of LGBTQ rights in Hong Kong, explaining, “We are trying to fight for the freedom for all Hong Kongers. If Hong Kongers don’t have freedom, the minorities won’t.”
That’s why he appreciates Taiwan’s marriage equality law and its leadership in Asia on LGBTQ rights.
“I am so happy that Taiwan has done that and they set a very good example in every way and not just in LGBT rights, but in democracy,” he said.
Wong was clear about his message to the US, warning “what is happening to Hong Kong won’t just happen to Hong Kongers, it will happen to the free world, the West, all those crackdowns, all those censorships, all those crackdowns on freedom of the press, all this crackdown will spread to the West.”
Wong’s music is banned in Mainland China because of his outspokenness against Beijing.
Like other recent notable Hong Kong visitors including activist Joshua Wong who testified before Congress with Ho, Wong is looking for the US to come to his city’s aid.
Wong tightened his body and his arms against himself, his most physically expressive moment throughout the hour and a half interview, and said, “Whoever wants to have a relationship with China, no matter what kind of relationship, a business relationship, an artistic relationship, or even in the academic world, they feel the pressure, they feel that they have to be quiet sometimes. So we all, we are all facing this situation, because China is so big they really want the free world to compromise.”
(These remarks came just weeks before China’s angry response to support for Hong Kong protesters voiced by the Houston Rockets’ general manager that could threaten significant investment in the National Basketball Association by that nation.)
Wong added, “America is the biggest democracy in the world, and they really have to use their influence to help Hong Kong. I hope they know this is not only a Hong Kong issue. This will become a global issue because China really wants to rule the world.”
Of that prospect, he said, “That’s very scary.”//
ambiguity meaning 在 Hock Chai’s【让味道说话】Flavours Talk Facebook 的最讚貼文
刚刚又有顾客突然问起,为何起个那么怪的品牌名称。【哈咪豆】。您也想知道吗? 让我把陈旧的老贴再分享一次!
Customer questioned. Why we called ourselves [HamiDouRoll]? Curious? Let me share again our story!
【双语贴 Bilingual Post】
哈咪豆~我们的故事
我们创始于1992年间。长辈们凭着一辆旧摩多,一个铁架子,一个四方铁桶,就这样在巴刹的路边摆起了路边摊。售卖的就只有妈妈最拿手制作的五香肉卷。当时受到了很多顾客的青睐。虽然生意就连一个小招牌也没有,但顾客还是可以凭着食物的味道还有售卖者的模样,一再的前来光顾,支持!
当时这门小生意算不上很成功,但养家糊口总不是问题。多年以后,由于经济和科技的发展,商家集团开始采用机械化生产,开始了价格攻略。使得很多小贩小商们面对很大的压力。再来就是很多当小贩的家长,都希望自己的孩子可以读好书,未来找到更理想的工作。不愿看到孩子们继承自己的行业,像自己一样汗流浃背,辛苦劳累。就种种因素,很多行业开始找不到合适的继承人续而成了夕阳行业,无以得续。
某一年,我迎来了30多年来最为低落的人生。家庭里的烦心事,我成了单亲妈妈。工作上的不顺心,我成了无业游民。这突如其来,犹如炸弹般的变化,我一时接受不了,茫然了!这时候,上了年纪的爸妈恰巧开始有了退休的念头。眼看着这经营多年的心血付诸东流,而自己这时也没什么好做的,突然就茗生了接过棒子的念头。一来可以试试自己当老板,二来还可以继承这已有数十载的槟城老味道,心想为何不让自己试试呢!
但生意总不可以像以前那样,没有任何的招牌和品牌。在我琢磨着要给生意起什么名字比较合适的当儿。身边当时才5岁的孩子突然就冒出了一句,“家庭和工作都没有了,就要hamidoulou。 hami(虾米是福建话什么的意识)doulou (都捞是粤语都做的意识)”,寓意什么都做。这么一句话,深深的吸引了我。一个5岁的孩子,竟然懂得说出那样一句话,我感动了。孩子那么小,都懂得马死落地行的道理,我这个当妈妈的,还有什么好畏惧的,还有什么坚持不了的?就这样取个谐音 HamiDouRoll 就成了我们今天的品牌。这品牌代表的不只是一个拥有数十载历史的老味道,对我来说,他更是时刻提醒了我,“不畏惧与坚持”的座右铭。
如今我们添加了销售渠道,除了在巴刹,夜市,指定的零售商店可以找到我们,顾客还可以通过网购的方式购买,有诚意有担当的美味食品就会送到府上。虽然销售渠道多了,但我们的制作工序是唯一不变的。我们任然坚持着纯手工制作,确保食材新鲜,食品有担当,不添加任何添加物,防腐剂。借此我们希望新旧顾客们都会像从前那样,凭着味道,辨识我们,寻找我们,继续支持我们!
HamiDouRoll~ Our story
The lobak business was founded by my parents in year 1992. In the beginning, it had no brand name, but its doing quite well. A lot of loyal customers keep buying repeatedly.
I consider myself a happy little women for the past 30 over years. However, personal crisis hit me out of sudden. Due to family problems, i divorced and at the same time i lost my work. Divorced and jobless take away all my beliefs and hopes. At that time, i feel so ambiguity and hopeless, and some more had two small kids to take care. My parents feeling so bad for seeing me like that. Thus, they offer me to take over their business since they are ready to retired. For living and for my kids, i telling myself, i have to be strong. I decided to take up the offer.
I realize that business can't go further if without a brand name, thus I trying to get one. While i'm brainstorming about the brand name, my kid who is 5years old at that time standing beside me. Out of sudden, something come out from his mouth. He said: "family lost liao, work lost liao. Hami pun boh liao. Since nothing we have now, we need {hami doulou}."
*Hami in Hokkien means what.
*Doulou in Cantonese means something like all doing.
His quote impressed me a lot. I can't imagine a young boy like him also know to say this kind of sentence. He is trying to motivate me to keep stronger and keep moving forward for living. So i decided to use what he said as brand. I trying to get the "nearest pronunciation" word to make the brand meaning come closer to what i'm doing and selling. Since then, HamiDou Roll become the brand name i use till now.
* Many people who don't know, they thought that it's a Japanese name. :P
To me, HamiDouRoll is not just a brand, but also my Motto in life!
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