⛔ KINH NGHIỆM TĂNG từ 6.0 đến 8.5 READING sau 3 THÁNG ⛔
- Mặc dù đã học ngoại ngữ từ những năm trung học nhưng IELTS đòi hỏi 4 kỹ năng không dễ dàng. Khi bắt đầu ôn luyện, mình cảm thấy các kỹ năng đều khó vì đề IELTS dài, thời gian làm bài nặng. Nhưng, từ đọc bình thường, các kỹ năng đều không tốt lắm nhưng bây giờ, mình đã tự tin hơn rất nhiều đặc biệt là kỹ năng Reading. Kỳ thi vừa rồi, mình đã đạt 8.5 Reading, 7.0 Speaking ☺☺
Đợt mình thi là vào tháng đầu tháng 12, đề speaking không quá khó nhưng theo mình khá thiếu ý để nói. Mình xin review lại cho các bạn:
Part 1:
Do you work or are you a student?
Do you usually go on time? Why?
What do you feel when people are not punctual?
Do you like having plant at home? Why?
Do you have experience of taking care of plant?
Part 2:
Talk about the time when you have to change your plan?
Part 3:
Do you think who are easier to change their mind, women or men? Why?
What should I do to change Vietnamese people mindset?
What would be the cost for changing plan?
Why do people not want to change their plan?
(còn một vài câu nữa mà mình không nhớ rõ)
Dưới đây là một số điều về kinh nghiệm học, hy vọng sẽ hữu ích với các bạn:
Trước đây mình chỉ học tiếng anh trên ghế nhà trường và các buổi học thêm ngoài giờ, không có thời gian và cơ hội đến các trung tâm anh ngữ lớn. Thật ra tiếng Anh là ngôn ngữ yêu thích của mình, và đã được tiếp xúc từ nhỏ do luôn học các lớp tiếng anh tăng cường ở trường qua các cấp. Do đó mình đã có nền tảng cơ sở khá vững chắc. Tuy nhiên, việc học từ vựng cao cấp và cấu trức ngữ pháp phức tạp luôn khiến mình gặp khó khăn trong suốt quá trình học tập, dẫn tới kĩ năng đọc và viết không quá tốt.
Vì thế, khó khăn nhất khi học hai kĩ năng Reading và Writing. Mình đã phải tự ôn luyện rất nhiều bằng cách làm thêm bài tập và tham khảo các mẫu viêt điểm cao với lối dùng từ và cách hành văn có thể lấy từ ielts-simon.com hoặc cuốn Academic Writing for IELTS by Sam McCarter.
Và mình viết nhiều nhất có thể. Chọn học tại IELTS Fighter là một điều may mắn của mình. Nhờ bạn bè giới thiệu về chất lượng giảng dạy, mình đã biết đến trung tâm anh ngữ uy tín IELTS FIGHTER. Đặc biệt sau khi tham khảo các khóa học của trung tâm, mình rất hài lòng với thời lương khóa học cũng như học phí. Không như các trung tâm anh ngữ khác thường kéo dài thời gian học, IELTS Fighter cung cấp các buổi học với kiến thức nền tảng vững chắc, cùng với việc đảm bảo đầu ra.
Trong quá trình học, thầy giáo luôn rất nhiệt tình, tận tâm và giúp đỡ các học viên trong suốt quá trình học. Thầy luôn cho những bài tập làm thêm bổ ích cũng như mở rộng những từ ngữ nâng cao. Mình thường viết thêm nhiều bài Writing nộp cho thầy chấm sau giờ học, thầy cũng giải đáp thắc mắc của mình khi gặp khó khăn. Ngay cả khi đã kết thúc khóa học và tự ôn luyện, mình cũng thường được sự hỗ trợ của thầy qua việc gửi những bộ đề ôn tập.
Bên cạnh sự giúp đỡ của thầy, để đạt được điểm số này, đặc biệt là kĩ năng Reading với mức điểm ngoài mong đợi 8.5, mình đã phải tự làm mỗi ngày một đề Reading trong cuốn Cambridge từ cuốn 8-13 để vững chắc mức cơ sở, sau đó vào hai tuần cuối trước khi thi mình làm reading trong bộ “IELTS Practice test plus 1.2 3” vì được biết bộ này rất khó nhưng lại sát với đề thi.
Lúc mới đầu làm mình vẫn còn gặp nhiều khó khăn, nhưng nhờ cách hướng dẫn kĩ năng đọc skimming và scanning của thầy dạy và luyện tập thường xuyên mà cải thiện rõ rệt. Thêm vào đó còn có các kĩ năng gạch chân từ khóa, phân bố thời gian hợp lí bằng việc bấm giờ và tự phân tích lỗi sai sau khi làm bài.
Với Reading thì mình thường chú ý theo các mẹo hay ra trong đề thi. Đặc biệt là với tên người hay tên các project, object mà đặc biệt, time number, thì mình lướt nhanh trong bài, không cần đọc hết bài mà xem những từ chính của câu hỏi xuất hiện ở những đoạn nào. Và thường matching, true false, mtp choice, heading thì theo thứ tự các đoạn liên tiếp nhau.
Thiệt sự thì với Reading điều quan trọng là phải làm thường xuyên thôi, thì mỗi người sẽ tự nghiệm ra cách làm riêng mình. Vì reading tổng thời gian ôn mình chỉ bắt đầu ôn trong 2 tháng, mỗi ngày làm một để 3 test, sau khi làm xong bộ Cam từ 8-13 là mình từ mức 6 chấm mà lên 7-7.5 luôn. Nên mình nghĩ để cải thiện được đến 8.5 Reading từ band điểm không cao như mình thì việc làm thường xuyên là quan trọng nhất. Và khi làm bài thì cần phải bấm giờ để giúp bản thân quen với áp lực giờ giấc.
Còn về listening, mình làm trong cuốn Cambridge cũng từ 8-13 và theo sau đó là bộ “IELTS listening recent actual test”, khá sát so với bài thi thực tế. Trong lúc ôn luyện, mình cũng áp dụng được những mẹo đoán đáp án hay loại từ của nó bằng những từ cho trước, để ý các synonym và antonym,…Những bộ sách này mình đều download từ page của trung tâm tại trang web http://ielts-fighter.com đó.
Tiếp theo đó kĩ năng Speaking và Writing, mình học theo giáo trình của trung tâm và thầy Khánh có cung cấp cho mình những bài mẫu để luyện tập, đặc biệt là speaking. Với speaking đòi hỏi có sự luyện tập hằng ngày với những mẩu câu hỏi và dạng chủ đề, vì Speaking với số lượng chủ đề có hạn nên chỉ cần luyện tập nhiều thì khi thi sẽ không bị bỡ ngỡ. Cuốn sách mà mình cảm thấy hữu ích khi luyện tập Speaking chính là “Intensive IELTS speaking” màu xanh lá có thể tìm thấy ở các nhà sách quận trung tâm.
Bên cạnh đó, việc rèn luyện thường xuyên với các bạn trong lớp cũng giúp mình học hỏi được rất nhiều kinh nghiệm và cải thiện kĩ năng nói hơn, giúp mình phản xạ tự nhiên và quen với việc trình bày trước mọi người, tăng tự tin khi vào phòng thi. Dù lúc đầu còn hơi ngại nhưng sau hai tháng, cảm thấy bản thân đã tiến bộ rất nhiều.
Part 3 với mỗi câu hỏi thì mình phân bố phần trả lời gồm 4-5 câu dài. Cấu trúc là statement-example, kiểu mình đưa ý đầu sau đó cho ví dụ về ý đó, và tiếp theo ý thứ hai làm tương tự vậy. Mình nói chi tiết thì sẽ có nhiều ý để nói hơn. Còn về ví dụ có thể cho chung chung hoặc liên hệ bản thân hay thực trạng xã hội.
Nói tóm lại thì mình đã cày và tự luyện mỗi ngày. Có lẽ yếu tố chăm chỉ và luyện tập thường xuyên cùng với sự hỗ trợ có được khi học tại trung tâm là điều quan trọng nhất giúp mình tăng band điểm như hôm nay!
Các bạn có thể tải tài liệu học theo link:
- Academic Writing for IELTS by Sam McCarter: http://bit.ly/2D8N0T5
- IELTS Practice test plus 1.2 3: http://bit.ly/2UbnaDT
- Cambridge IELTS 1-13 trọn bộ + giải chi tiết: http://bit.ly/2VXyogy
- IELTS listening recent actual test: http://bit.ly/2uXmwja
- Intensive IELTS trọn bộ: http://bit.ly/2TOyHc5
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Hiện nay nhu cầu tuyển dụng đòi hỏi trình độ song ngữ khá cao, đặc biệt là tiếng Anh. Cùng với sự phổ biến của các chứng chỉ, IELTS dường như đã trở thành thước đo cho mức độ thành thạo về ngôn ngữ không chỉ ở Việt Nam mà còn ở các nước quốc tế.
Do đó, mình đã quyết định ôn luyện chứng chỉ này nhằm trau dồi kiến thức, tìm kiếm các công việc partime cho sinh viên với môi trường làm việc năng động sáng tạo. Hơn thế nữa, việc sở hữu tấm bằng IELTS với mức điểm cao đã trở thành ước mơ của mình khi đó là điều kiện tiên quyết để du học, hay thậm chí xin học bổng.
Mình thấy chọn học tại IELTS Fighter là đúng đắn giúp mình có định hướng và được hỗ trợ nhiều hơn.
Vì thế, theo cá nhân mình, nếu có điều kiện các bạn nên học trung tâm trước. Bạn cần chọn học IELTS với trung tâm uy tín như IELTS Fighter mà mình đã chọn. Từ đó phát huy được khả năng và tránh việc “đi đường vòng”, cũng như có được những nguồn tài liệu quý giá. Tiếp theo cần có sự rèn luyện chăm chỉ của mỗi cá nhân trong suốt quá trình tự học.
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From: Đặng Hoàng Tuyết Nhi - học viên 7.5 IELTS.
Cảm ơn Nhi đã tin tưởng và lựa chọn IELTS Fighter trong suốt quá trình học tập của bản thân. Chúc bạn nhiều sức khỏe và thành công trong tương lai! Chắc chắn với nỗ lực của bản thân, nhiều cơ hội sẽ rộng mở với bạn!
IELTS Fighter hướng tới giúp hàng triệu người Việt tiếp cận và đạt 6.5 IELTS, hòa nhập quốc tế, phát triển tương lai sự nghiệp! Các bạn cần tư vấn học IELTS, hãy cmt ngay cùng IELTS Fighter nhé!
「change synonym」的推薦目錄:
- 關於change synonym 在 IELTS Fighter - Chiến binh IELTS Facebook 的最佳解答
- 關於change synonym 在 謙預 Qianyu.sg Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於change synonym 在 Firdaus Wong Wai Hung Facebook 的最佳解答
- 關於change synonym 在 Can changes in synonyms.txt file take effect without reindex? 的評價
- 關於change synonym 在 Change » Definition, Meaning, Pronunciation, Origin ... 的評價
change synonym 在 謙預 Qianyu.sg Facebook 的最佳貼文
It has been a good 5 months since I last did a Wealth Manifestation Home Feng Shui Workshop.
You may think it's the norm to have a Wealth-themed workshop pre-CNY.
But nah, that wasn't the first thought on my mind.
Remember my husband and I used to be $180K in debt?
You know when was the worst time I felt really miserable and remorseful for all that I have done wrong financially?
Yes, Chinese New Year.
When I should be buying new clothes, giving extra money to my parents and in-laws, decorating our home with CNY decor and just buying more of our favourite CNY goodies, setting aside angpow money for the children and elder relatives...
I was just crying and crying inside at a bank account that only had $0.60 and I would shake every time I had to open a letter that remotely resembled a bill.
I didn't dare to tell my parents and relatives what was happening to me.
3 Lunar New Years, my friend.
For THREE Lunar New Years, I dreaded waking up. I wished I could just sleep the whole 15 days away, without having to see anyone, in my old and worn clothing.
During one Lunar New Year, my sister-in-law loaned my husband $2000. Actually, more like give. She didn't set a timeline for him to return. So that we would have enough to tide over the CNY period and beyond.
Both the Husband and I are the eldest in the family. To borrow money from our younger siblings, parents or relatives is like a huge slap across our faces.
How irony right? It's like pretending to that we are doing good, yet everything was falling down like dominoes in reality. Still have to laugh and talk to relatives at CNY gatherings.
I swear I almost went crazy from having to hear 恭喜發財 one more time then.
From that day on, I vowed that NEVER again I would reach that low in my life.
For every synonym you have for the word "painful", I probably have experienced it during that three years to pull myself up, with Feng Shui and Buddhist practices.
Perhaps you are lucky enough not to have went through what I did TWICE in my life, to be as poor as a pauper.
But my friend, if money had been a struggle for you, or you know your finances can certainly do better with a shakeup in your Home Feng Shui, come hear what I have to say next Sunday.
2017 is the Year of the Fire Rooster. Trust me, when I say it wouldn't be an easy year for the global economy, and definitely it would affect our tiny nation, Singapore.
However, if your Home Feng Shui is in tip top condition, you don't have to fall when everyone else is. Remember this, there's always money to be made in times of downturn and conflicts. So why can't that person be you?
I am still doing a FREE Room Feng Shui audit at my workshop for the the early birds. It is my signature offering every workshop and my participants can vouch that how amazing it is to learn the thought process of a Feng Shui practitioner LIVE!
PLUS for this workshop, I am offering you an option to ask me the ONE burning question in your mind about your career/wealth luck for the Year of the Fire Rooster.
Say, should you change job? Is it time to further your studies? Or can you finally start that business of yours? etc etc...
After 12 workshops, I have gotten a better understanding of my participants, so let's set the record straight here.
If you prefer fantasizing to taking action, don't buy my ticket.
If you like to whine about things and send me PMs in the middle of the night, yet NEVER acting on my advice, don't buy my ticket.
If you think my ticket is soooo expensive, don't buy my ticket.
I'm not here for the bargain hunters, whiners or the skeptics.
In the past 4 weeks alone, I have seen two ends of the spectrum.
My participants who had taken action, and those who after 6 months, still never acted.
The results speak for themselves.
And one last thing, out of respect, I don't serve my Shifu's clients too, unless he asks me to. Please don't buy my ticket or seek my services. I think it's dumb that you approach me when you have someone that level of divinity serving you.
Don't be fooled by my supposedly friendlier demeanour. I'm known to be strict and serious, when dealing with the destinies and home Feng Shui of clients. I don't toy with people's futures because any miscalculated advice can ruin a family's happiness.
So pardon me if I had to refund your ticket before the workshop. Nothing personal here, just my work value preferences.
I hope none of you had to struggle financially. But if you are or worry that you might in the upcoming times of uncertainy, I welcome you to come seek my customized solutions for you this Sunday. :)
.....................
春節講座:迎接2018財到我家!
2018 CNY Wealth Manifestation Feng Shui Workshop
14 January 2018, Sunday
3pm-530pm
http://qianyu.sg/wealth-2018
change synonym 在 Firdaus Wong Wai Hung Facebook 的最佳解答
[The Evolution of Religions in India]
In the early days, India had a great civilization. From 3000-2000 BC, Harappa and Mohenjodaro were the great civilizations there. The actual occupants of India who lived there were the Dravidia race. The Dravidia were the indigenous people who have lived in Harrapa which was located in Punjab and North Karachi around 3000-2000 BC [1].
Dravidia was known to believe in politheist that is believing in multiple Gods. This can be segregated into many for instance, God in fertility and God in prosperity [2]. According to Ernest Mackay in his book titled Early Indus Civilizations, most of the Indus worshipped animals such as crocodiles and elephants and trees like peepal [3]. Moreover, rituals such as slaughtering animals were held to be presented in front oftheir Gods. Apart from that, they found a man-made pool where a ritual called “Great Bath” was performed. The “Great Bath” was the holy bath ritual and this was found in Mohenjodaro. The purpose of this worship and ritual was to show their gratitude towards the Gods to receive blessing and prosperity upon them [4].
There is a famous theory interpreted as the change of the India social life structure in those days. This theory relates to Arya entering India. Around 1800-1000 BC, the Arya which was originated from Iran entered India. The word Arya means noble and they were noble race. Their facial features were fair skin with pointed nose and were famous for their art of war. The Dravidia were not good in war and therefore they were defeated by the Arya. Hence, the Dravidia people migrated to the South part of India [5]. The evidence of this war was proven by the archaeologist who performed the excavation in Harappa. They found lots of dead human skeleton which proves that the war happened between Arya and Dravidia and Arya defeated Dravidia. Apart from that, the Harappa city was demolished [6].
Introduction of Monotheism By Arya to India
In India, the structure of the religion was influenced by the Arya until Brahma was introduced or also known as Hindu today. Way before Arya entered India, they had their own belief and it was called Arya Dharma [7]. Dharma means ‘Way of Life’ and therefore Arya Dharma means ‘Arya Way of Life’[8]. The concept of Arya Dharma is that they believe in one God and this is referring to the monotheism [9]. Most of the westerner researchers claimed that Arya Dharma was influenced by the Zoroaster religion which was originated from Iran. This is because there are similarities in the Book of Veda and the Holy Book of Zoroaster that is the Gathas according to Mary Boyce in her research from the Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices.
Another source claims that Arya Dharma was influenced by the Abraham or Ibrahim from Mesopotamia. Prof Uthaya Naidu mentioned in his book titled “Bible of Aryan Invasions: Aryan Invasions & Genocide of Negroes, Semites & Mongols The Bible of Aryan Invasions” that in between 1500 BC and 800 BC there were 4 attacks following by the Aryan entering India. The 4 attacks were called:
1. Arya Rigvedic (1500 BC)
2. Aryan II (1400 BC)
3. Ras Arya Krishnaite (1200 BC)
4. Ras Arya Mahabharata (900-800 BC)
The first invasion which is known as Arya Rigvedic was the major attack caused by Arya to India and fought with Dravidia which was the first people to attack the civilization in Indus river. It resulted in Dravidia was defeated and were expelled to South India. In the following century which was known as the second entry of Arya to India it was known as Indo-Arya civilization. The Arya conquered two main parts in India: Punjab and Doab [10]. After the entrance of Aryan II to India, the Book of Veda was written in Sanskrit as the main language. This is because the Aryan II spread their belief and religion to India. The belief and religion that was brought to India by Arya was influenced by monotheism.
They worshipped a God named Brahman. Apart from that, they also believed in multiple Gods that represents world such as Pretivi as the God of Earth, Surya as the God of Sun, Vayu as the God of Wind, Varuna as the God of Ocean and Agni as the God of Fire [11]. Although the names of the Gods had only existed after the writing of Book of Veda, the spiritual belief towards the Gods were there way before that [12].
Vedic Era
When Aryan started to migrate to India, the mixture of the culture and religion occurred and therefore this was how the Book of Veda was written around 1400 to 1000 BC. It was known as the Vedic Era [13]. The Book of Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Athraya Veda were written based on the mixture of Arya theology and Dravidia. Moreover, they had also written another Holy book which was called Upanishads. The content of Books of Veda and Upanishads were combined and called as the Holy Book of Sruti was revealed [14].
Veda was originally called as Brahma religion and the language of this religion was called the Sanskrit. The believers mastered this language [15]. Originally, the Sanskrit was mastered by the Aryan only. But after mastering the language, the people were slowly not interested to master the language anymore. Hence, the mixture of the Sanskrit language with the language used by Dravidia, came in the new languages such as the Kannada, Telugu and Malayali. These new languages were originated from the ancient language of Proto Dravida which was mixed from the halt of the usage of the Sanskrit by the Brahmin [16].
This is because the Brahmin or the priests of the Brahmin were originally from the Arya clan and therefore, they were responsible to teach the Indians in Sanskrit language [17].
The Birth of Non-Caste Religion in India
In the 7th Century BC, the Brahmin had introduced the caste system that is the hierarchical system [18]. This hierarchical system consisting of religionist, rulers (government), companies and those people who followed the religion. In 600 BC, a ruler for the Jainism religion came into picture and was known as Vardhmana or Mahavira. This religion did not practice the caste system like the Brahma did. The language used in Jainism was Prakrit but this religion was only practiced inside India. No sign of development of this religion outside India.
After a few years later, around 563 BC, the Siddharta Gautama Buddha was born. He introduced his religion which was called Buddha without the caste system. He used Pali as the langugage to convey the religion. He had so many students under him and this made the Buddhism to be spread world wide. When these two religions (Jainism and Buddhism) were developing, the Vedic or the Brahma was slowly degenerating.
The Introduction to the writing of Holy Book of Smriti
As the time, culture and geography changed, the Sanskrit language had diminished. But the effort was still there to make sure that the Sanskrit language preserved. Wendy Doniger mentioned in her book titled The Hindus: An Alternative History that a new wave existed which had historical and saga elements and these books are Mahabhrata and Ramayana. The writing of these scriptures started in 300 BC-200 C and some historians claimed that the writing of the two books started in 400 BC [19].
This time around was known as the Wiracarita where a big epic war occurred between Arjuna, Krishna (Mahabhrata) and Sri Rama (Ramayana). In Mahabhrata, it consists of stories that relates to the existence of multiple Gods that led to the development of the Book of Purana [20]. The writing and the development of this Book was meant to maintain the usage of Sanskrit language among the Aryan people in India.
During 300 BC till 500 C was the time of new development in Brahma. It was known as Puranic time where the writing of the other scriptures began besides the Book of Sruti (Veda and Upanishads) in order to be used in Brahma [21]. The writing of the other Holy Book besides Sruti was known as the writing of Smriti. Among the Holy Books that were written during this time comprising Books of Sutra Dharma, Shastras, Mahabhrata, Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita, Pura and others.
During Puranic time, the construction of the statue of Greece or Hellenism had started to enter India and influenced the Brahma. Apart from that, Dravidia was the main religion that introduced polytheism and it also reflect in the writings of the holy books and Purana story-line. In the early history, the Brahma was not known as worshipperof multiple Gods (polytheism). They only believed in one God. Around 1500 BC to 300 BC (Vedic), no signs of holy statues found and worshipped by the people during that time.
Why the era of Vedic do not have statue?
In the era of vedic (1500 SM- 500 SM), there were no idol or image of God worshipped by the people during that time. It is due to the law which forbid to create idols in the image of God as stated in the book of Veda and Upanishads (Sruti). Furthermore, the book Veda and Upanishads should be their reference. Following verse shows the prohibition of worshipping idols:
1) “na tasya pratima asti
“God do not have any image.” (Yajurveda 32:3)
2) “shudhama poapvidham”
“God do not have established body and it is pure.” (Yajurveda 40:8)
3) “Andhatama pravishanti ye asambhuti mupaste”
“Those worshipper of nature (air, water, fire or soil) will enter darkness and even goes in deeper for those who worship idols.(Yajurveda 40:9)
Even during this era, the characteristics of monotheism of God was emphasized in the Rig Veda and Upanishads.
1) “Ekam sadvipra bahudhaavadanti
“God is one and intelligent people praise God with various name” ( Rigveda book 1: hymn 164 verse 46)
2) “Ekam eva advityam Brahman”[22]
“God is one, there is no two” (Chandogya Upanishad chapter 6 hymn 2 verse 1)
Moreover, there are many verses similar to it but the religion started to grow with the additional Holy Book in year of 300 SM. It is known as the wave writing of the Smriti Book which gave an impact towards Brahma religion till the story of God’s and King’s that rapidly persuaded by own verse interpretations. It can be seen in the book of Mahabhrata and the book of Purana. The book of Purana contained many parts which well known as Mahapurana which divided into 18 books such as;
a) Brahmapurana, b) Padmapurana, c) Visnupurana, d) Bhagavatapurana, e) Naradapurana, f) Markandeypurana, g) Agnipurana, h) Bhavisyapurana, i) Brahmavaiavartapurana, j) Lingapurana, k) Varahapurana, l) Skandapurana, m) Kurmapurana, n) Matsyapurana, o) Garudapurana, dan p) Brahmandapurana.
This book was gathered within a long duration and known as the written period of Puranic. [23] There were mixed and additional information with regards to the question of God in Brahma religion happened in this era. It started from this era which the doctrine of pantheism and polytheism started to expand and grow within the Brahma adherent. The doctrine which believed that everything are able to provide benefits which constituted the elements of God (pantheism), worshipping idols and make God more than one which align with the incarnation of God. It undergo through creature body with various types (avatar) and henotheism.
New command of inventing Idols
The book Purana encourage the Hindu adherent to invent idols. There are text in the book Matsya Purana which explained about it and located under the topic of Arsetektur (base on the reference of I Wayan Maswinara.
“There are idols that must be placed inside the temple. The idol of God Visnu need to be designed with four hands and eight hands. If the design consist of 8 hands, the hand, we must hold the Sankha (Skin of a shell), gada, arrow and lotus. Left hand need to hold the arc, Padma, and a cakra. If they invent only four hands, gada and Padma consist in my right hand while cakra and sankha will be on left hand. Visnu will be pictured by standing on the early. Garuda the king of bird will move around it. Then, Garuda will be at the right leg of Visnu. Idols of Laksmi Goddess will be on the left side of Visnu idols and Laksmi idols need to hold the Lotus flower. The good idols will be created by gold, silver, copper, jewelry, stone, wood and a mix of metal. The size of Gods and Goddess has to be true.”[25]
Same goes to other Gods. Purana has outlined the picture and image of their God until the idols needs to be created. For example, the face and structure of Siva has been outlined in the Purana:
”Idol of Lord Siva need to be created using a loose long hair and need to put a moon on the forehead. The idols need to describe Siva at the age of 16 years old. Siva need to wear clothes which created by animal fur and has snake necklace on his neck. The ear will be attach with peacock fur. If the stick need to be attached, it has to be on the left side. Furthermore, Siva ride on a cow which the idols have two hands and if the idols of Siva is made in situation of dancing, the idols need to consist of 10 hands. Moreover, if the idols is meant to show Lord Siva destroying the Tripura, the idols need to have 16 hands.”[26]
The book of Purana explained the story about the requirement of designing the Idols. It shows the development which do not belongs to the actual teaching of Veda. Even Siva did not mention in the earliest book such as Veda and Upanishads. [27] In the Era in which is the rising of second Hindu religion which there were many additional doctrine of the Veda teaching.
In the era of Puranic, the religion of Hindu was influenced by polytheism. Besides, the development and expanding of worshipping the idols at temples happened. After that, the religion of Brahma started to extinct. During the rulings time of Asoka in India, under the empire of Maurya. King Asoka declared the Buddhism as their official religion. In year 269-232 SM. King Asoka emphasized on the language usage of Pali in order to spread the religion of Buddha. [28]
At the ruling time of Asoka, the development and preaching of Hinduism in India was stunted due to expanding of Buddhism religion rapidly towards the east. After a while, Brahma religion gain new opportunity when the empire of Gupta took over the ruling dominantly in India.
During this era, the usage of Sanskrit language was revived and indicates Hinduism religion as an official religion. Moreover, during the rising of Gupta empire (320 M- 500 M) shows the development of Hinduism traditions which is to create few flow that focuses towards the Lords inside the community. For example, Vaishnavisme ( focused on Vishnu), Shaivisme ( focused on Siva ) and Shaktisme ( focused on head of Goddess). That’s the reason why the Hindu temple was influenced by God from Siva, Vishnu and Devi family. There was no temples focus on Brahma result to different types of Brahma which rarely spoken by the Hindu followers.[29]
Based on Wendy Doniger books entitle The Hindus, the written of Smriti book was successfully completed and gathered during the Gupta empire and was made as reference for Hindu followers. The books of Purana was made as an important reference of the infrastructure of idols inside the temples. The image of Gods inside the temples was majoritydesigned according to the book of Purana.[30] Therefore, the practice of Hinduism in this era are mostly influenced with the development of Puranic and Gupta empire.
Discussion about the Hinduism name.
The word Hindu or Hinduism was not found in any holy book of Hinduism even the word was been newly introduced.[31] Based on Pundit Jawahar LaI Nehru inside the book, Discovery of India, the word Hindu was firstly used by the Persian which refers to the Indus River. They called it as Hindus.[32]
After that, the word Hindu was used by an author from British in the year of 1830. It refers to the teachings and religion professed by the community overthere. Polemic occurred among the scholars in India towards the name of religion professed by the Hindu follower. They embraced the Veda scriptures. They enjoyed with the name Vedanta which means a person who followed the Veda scripture. There is also other name such as Sanatana Dharma which means the eternal truth (natural law). They are also synonym with Brahma religion while the word Hindu do not agree whole among their scholar. Moreover, the word was expand and become a specific name towards the religion embraced by a group of people who follow the Veda scriptures and culture of India.
Conclusion
The original teaching of Veda and Upanishads is emphasized on the concept of monotheism. The concept of God and Goddess was changed whilst entering the era when smriti is written. After that, it developed and expanded through the introduction of types of worshipping according to the classes of their Gods such as Siva, Vishnu and Dewi. It continued till the era which the Hinduism owns the history and faced the up and down phased in a long duration. It also includes the Modern era which consist of few figures such as Ram Mohan Roy, Sri Ramakrishna, Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi and many more that contribute the innovation of ideas towards this teaching.
Key Note:
__________________________________
[1] Before the existent of Dravidia group, theearliest group are as such Negrito and Ausroloid. Dravidia group is a group that developed the big civilization in India and they ruled the place before the coming of Arya group.
[2]Ibid,pg45
[3] Refer to Ernest Mackay, (1948). Early Indus Civilizations, Luzac & Company LTD, London,hlm52-76
[4] Refer to Esa Khalid & Mohd Azhar Abd Hamid, (2005). Beberapa Aspek Tamadun Melayu, India, China dan Jepun, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor,pg 341/ Refer Professor Gavin Flood, (2009). History of Hindusim - www.bbc.co.uk-religions Hinduism- Discussion about the Gods of Hindu also got controversy which is discovering the Proto Siva idols which worshipped by the Dravidia people. The polemic still discussed among the teologent.
[5] That’s the reason why North of India and South of India have significant differences. They were known as Tamil community in South of India and were known as Hindustan community in North of India. The differences not only the face and genetics but the differences in terms of speech, thinking and beliefs.
[6] Refer to Rasamandala Das, (-). The Illustrated Encylopedia of Hinduism, Lorenz Books, Armadillo, page 20-21 / Refer Sihombing,(1962). India: Sejarah dan kebudayaan, Bandung: SumurBandung,no.12.
[7] Flood, Gavin D. (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, pg 3
[8] Refer to Hiltebeitel, Alf (2007). artikel Hinduism. Edited by Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture, RoutledgeCurzon Tylor & Francis Group,London, pg3-6
[9] Mohd Rosmizi Abd Rahman dan rakan-rakan, (2012). Agama-Agama Di Dunia, USIM,NegeriSembilan, pg 37
[10] Refer to Drs. I Ketut Wiana, M. Ag, (2013). Pokok-Pokok Ajaran Hindu, PT Paramita Surabaya, pg 6
[11] Refer to Muhammad Alexander, (2011). Yakjuj & Makjuj 5 Gelombang Pembawa Bencana, PTS, Selangor, pg 311
[12] Interesting discussion by Prof. Uthaya Naidu have a view which the Gods inside Veda was the name of the leaders of Arya Nation when they entered India. One of it is Indra which was known as Lord of Wind. Refer to text Veda which are Rig Veda VIII, 87: 6, Rig Veda IX 73: 5, Rig Veda VI 130: 8, Rig Veda VII 12: 4, it is a text indicates the story of Indra fighting against the black community or known as Dravidia and Koloria during the conquer of India. [13] Refer to Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, pg 185/ Refer Drs. I Ketut Wiana, M. Ag, (2002). Pokok-Pokok Ajaran Hindu, Penerbitan Paramita Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia, pg 6-7/ Refer Abu Su’ud, (1988). Memahami Sejarah Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Selatan, Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Derektorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, no 46
[14] Lihat Rasamandala Das, (-). The Illustrated Encylopedia of Hinduism, Lorenz Books, Armadillo, pg 23.
[15] It is a need to emphasis that Arya Nation did not embraced Hinduism but they brought a new teaching gained by Indo-Arya, according to Prof, Norman Brown inside the Book, Pakistan and Western Asia. The culture of Arya was closer to Zoroaster Avesta holy scriptures which teach oneness of God. Meanwhile Hinduism is a result of syncretism with the culture of others after long time they stayed till the existent of Hinduism today.
[16] Refer to Soegiri DS, (2008). Arus Filsafat, PT Ultimus, Bandung, Indonesia, hlm 244, It is due to the group of Aryan that wants the community to use the Sanskrit language as their medium communication while in earliest phase they used Sanskrit language as a foreign language which do not used by the Dravidia tribes.
[17] Refer to Arnold Toynbee (2004). Sejarah Umat Manusia, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta, pg 189-192.
[18] Eventhough the arguments that Kasta or Varna was introduced in Rig Veda books: 90: 11-12 but the meaning does not refer to some part of the community which built one body. The complicated Kast system was covered with religion which started to develop in the era of 8 SM.
[19] Refer Wendy Doniger, (2009). The Hindus: An Alternative History, Penguin Books, USA, pg 214-230. There are few opinions was written in the year 400 SM such as Molloy, Michael (2008). Experiencing the World's Religions. pg 87 dan Brockington, J. (1998). The Sanskrit Epics, Leiden pg 26 and Van Buitenen; The Mahabharata, Jilid. 1; The Book of the Beginning. Introduction.
[20] Refer Ananda K. Coomarasmawy & Sister Nivedita, (2016). Myths Of The Hindus And Buddhists, Dover Publications, New York, pg 4-10.
[21] Furthermore, they faced downturn era in between the duration of Puranic.
[22] Max Muller translated: “In the beginning,’my dear,’ my dear,’there was that only which is (τὸ ὄν), one only, without a second. Others say, in the beginning there was that only which is not (τὸ μὴ ὄν), one only, without a second; and from that which is not, that which is was born.”
[23] Differences occurred among the Indologist regards to the date of Purana firstly written. Based on Wendy Doniger also did research about the age of the Purana scriptures written and they identified it was around 250 M-1000 M. It started with Matsya Purana and Markandey Purana around 250 M and end with Linga Purana around 1000 M.
[24] Avatar was an incarnation or the birth of God in a form of human such as Lord Visnu. Lord Visnu came down to the earth through incarnation and become Sri Rama, Krishna and Buddha.
[25] Refer to I Wayan Maswinara, (2002). Matsya Purana, PT Paramita, Surabaya, pg 88-89.
[26] Ibid pg 89
[27] Siva’s name was not found in the Veda and Upanishads scriptures. It was introduced in the era of Puranic. Their scholars have an opinion about the character of Siva inside the Veda which is Rudra. Refer to Stephen Knapp (2010). Avatars, Gods and Goddesses of Vedic Culture,hlm4.
[28] Refer to Azharudin Mohd Dali, (2004). Tamadun India, Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka, KualaLumpur,hlm93-94
[29] Refer to Professor Gavin Flood, (2009). History of Hindusim - www.bbc.co.uk-religions Hinduism: Safe to say that there wasn’t a Brahma Temple
[30] Refer to Wendy Doniger, (2009). The Hindus: An Alternative History, Penguin Books, USA, pg 370-405
[31] Refer to James Hansting and others (-) Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Jilid 6 pg 699
[32] Inside Zend Avesta scriptures, the usage word of Hapta-Hendu refers to India. Refer to Zend Avesta, Vendidad: Fargard 1. 8
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