核電不敵再生能源,衰退已成定局
2017《世界核能產業現狀報告》說到,「報告已敲醒鐘,辯論已然結束。世界能源的優先選擇順序上,核電將被太陽和風力所取代。這並非夢想或推估,而已成為現實」。而根據2020《世界核能產業現狀報告》全球能源發展的整體趨勢呈現為再生能源持續有突破性發展,核電則不論在發電量增長、發電占比或是發電成本上,皆 #不敵再生能源。
以下我們整理了幾點核能不敵再生能源的事實:
✅ 均化成本:核電已比風、光貴將近4倍
根據金融諮詢和資產管理公司拉札德(Lazard)2019年的能源技術成本報告,太陽光電的均化成本(註1)從2010年每度電 0.359美元降至2019年0.041美元(USD/KWh),降幅89%;風電從每度電0.135美元降至0.04美元,降幅70%;核電成本十年來則上升了26%,從每度電0.123美元漲至0.155美元,已比風、光貴將近四倍。
✅ 投資金額:全球再生能源投資金額是核電的10倍
《2020世界核能產業現狀報告》(註2)指出,2019年全球挹注於再生能源上的總投資超過3000億美元,是核能發電投資的十倍之多。
✅ 就業人數:未來再生能源就業人口是核電的36倍
根據國際再生能源總署(IRENA)2018年的報告(註3),2016年全球再生能源就業人數已達到近1000萬人,核電為70萬,而在全球升溫於世紀末前控制在2度C的情境中,再生能源至2050年預估可創造2880萬個就業機會,核電為80萬。
✅ 平均建置期:核電比風跟光多花2倍時間
根據五位能源學者分析123個國家的數據後共同發表的報告《對照追求再生電力、核電國家間的減碳排放量差異》(註4),核電的平均前置期為 90 個月,風力和光電僅為 40 個月。因此在投資同樣金額之下,再生能源比易受延宕的核電更能迅速地減少碳排放。
✅ 碳排放量:核電碳排最高將達到再生能源的10至18倍
史丹福大學環境工程學系教授Mark Jacobson的研究報告指出(註5),將不同電力來源生命週期,包括採礦、燃料製造、電廠營運到後端除役與廢料處理過程之碳排都完整計入時,核電的碳排放量將高出再生能源10到18倍。另一個匯集分析了103份核電生命週期碳排的研究(註6)則指出,每度核電的平均碳排約為66克二氧化碳當量,相較之下太陽光電是32克二氧化碳當量、離岸風力則是9克二氧化碳當量。
Jacobson也指出另一個常被忽略的「機會成本碳排」,是指由於興建速度緩慢,需要耗費更多時間依賴化石燃料,因此相較其他更快速的電力選項會再增加額外的碳排。新建核電的機會成本碳排和風電相比,每度電為64至102克二氧化碳當量。
✅ 發電佔比:再生能源占比超越核電
非水力再生能源在2019年時貢獻了全球10.39%的發電量,首度超越核電的10.35%,其中核能發電的發電占比自1996年以來便持續下降,2019年只比前一年微幅成長0.2%。
✅ 裝置容量年成長:風和光是核電的65倍
根據《2020世界核能產業現狀報告》,全球非水力再生能源在2019年新增的裝置容量達到184GW,創下歷史新高,其中風力發電量新增59.2GW,年增率為13%;太陽光電新增了98GW發電量,年增率為24%,相較之下,核能發電的淨成長僅為2.4GW,年增率為3.7%,且有一半來自於中國。
✅ 國際能源總署的評估:再生能源減碳貢獻遠超過核電
國際能源總署(IEA)今年發布的「2050淨零:全球能源部門路徑圖」報告(註7)中指出,為了達到2050年淨零目標,再生能源在全球電力的占比需要達到將近90%,核電則不到10%。
種種對比顯示核電在現今社會已經是過時又危險的舊世紀產物,全世界都在減少核電(除了中國),台灣卻還有某群人在掙扎,不免讓人擔心是否墨守成規,不願接受世界趨勢。因此,我們邀請大家在12/18的全民公投第17案投下不同意票,讓台灣邁向更乾淨、更安全的家園。
#分手吧我們不核四
#核四公投17不同意
#12月18日公投讓我們大家ㄧ起對核四公投案投下不同意票
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註1:均化成本(Levelized Cost of Energy)用來計算發電設備壽命週期內的平均發電成本,包括投資、運轉與維護、燃料及除役成本,是評估電力技術競爭力的基本指標。
註2:《2020世界核能產業現狀報告》”World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2020” https://www.worldnuclearreport.org/-World-Nuclear-Industry-Status-Report-2020-.html
註3:國際再生能源總署(IRENA)- " Global Energy Transformation: A Roadmap to 2050 "
https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Apr/IRENA_Report_GET_2018.pdf
註4:《對照追求再生電力、核電國家間的減碳排放量差異》(Differences in carbon emissions reduction between countries pursuing renewable electricity versus nuclear power)https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344482658_differences_in_carbon_emissions_reduction_between_countries_pursuing_renewable_electricity_versus_nuclear_power
註5:”Evaluation of Nuclear Power as a Proposed Solution to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Security” https://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/NuclearVsWWS.pdf
註6:"Energy Balance of Nuclear Power Generation" https://www.energyagency.at/fileadmin/dam/pdf/publikationen/berichteBroschueren/Endbericht_LCA_Nuklearindustrie-engl.pdf
註7:"Net Zero by 2050 - A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector" https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/beceb956-0dcf-4d73-89fe-1310e3046d68/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector_CORR.pdf
♡
同時也有2部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過6萬的網紅Herman Yeung,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Note download 筆記下載 : https://hermanutube.blogspot.hk/2016/01/youtube-pdf.html -----------------------------------------------------------------------...
global warming solution 在 IELTS Nguyễn Huyền Facebook 的最佳解答
MỘT SỐ KINH NGHIỆM #ÔN_CẤP_TỐC IELTS WRITING TASK 2
🎯🎯ÔN THEO DẠNG BÀI
Bạn có thể chia theo 3 dạng như sau:
- OPINION
* To what extent do you agree or disagree?
* Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
- DISCUSSON
* Discuss both views and give your own opinion
- 2 QUESTION ESSAY
* Why is this happing? What measures could best be taken to solve it?
* What problems will this cause for ...? Suggest some measures that could be taken to ....
Hoặc bạn có thể chia để ôn riêng rẽ:
- AGREE OR DISAGREE
- DISCUSS + OPION
- ADVANTAGES + DISADVANTAGES
- CAUSE PROBLEM SOLUTION
- 2-PART (Kiểu mixed)
🎯🎯SƯỜN MẪU
Sườn mẫu chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo, điều quan trọng cần ưu tiên vẫn là từ vựng + cách triển khai ý tưởng. Tuy nhiên nếu bạn ôn gấp quá, sườn mẫu có thể là 1 cách để hệ thống lại dạng bài rất tốt.
Ví dụ sườn mẫu cho dạng Discuss both views and give your own opinion:
INTRO: It is argued that …, whist those with the opposing view believe that …. This essay discusses both sides of this argument and then I will give my own perspective.
BODY 1: On the one hand, …
BODY 2: On the other hand, …
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, I believe both arguments have their merits. On balance, however, I feel that … because (of) …
🎯🎯TỪ VỰNG THEO CHỦ ĐỀ
Chuẩn bị từ vựng theo chủ đề. Ví dụ:
ENVIRONMENT:
▪Khí thải nhà kính: carbon dioxide, heat-trapping gases, greenhouse gas emissions, ...
▪Nóng lên toàn cầu: global warming, rising global temperatures, ...
▪Tàn phá rừng: deforestation, illegal logging and forest clearance, the burning of forests, ...
▪Thời tiết khắc nghiệt: extreme weather events, intense heatwaves, prolonged droughts, ...
▪...
Đây là file PDF về cách hệ thống:https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PA9g5b7Eo7E8puIl8QToyj8G1XQbbuku/view?usp=sharing
HEALTH
▪Các vấn đề sức khỏe: high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, ...
▪Ăn uống lành mạnh: to have a healthy diet, to spend more time cooking at home, to eat more vegetables, to limit the consumption of fast food, ...
▪Thực phẩm không lành mạnh: fast food, pre-prepared food, canned food, to contain added sugar, to be low in fiber and minerals, to be high in saturated fat and sugar, ...
▪...
🎯🎯MIND MAP Ý TƯỞNG
1 trong những cách học hiệu quả nhất đối với Huyền là vẽ bản đồ tư duy cho ý tưởng của 1 chủ đề nào đó. Sơ đồ đó không cần phức tạp gì cả đâu, chỉ cần vẽ các vòng tròn ý chính + các dấu mũi tên dẫn tới các ý triển khai/ví dụ là được rồi --> các sơ đồ này sẽ giúp mình hệ thống ý tưởng và từ vựng rất tốt.
Đây là link tải 1 số mind map Huyền làm cho 1 số chủ đề:
Global warming: https://drive.google.com/file/d/18bGqAdmIc6UBZfYilrKcavYiEk6or9xU/view?usp=sharing
Artificial Intelligence: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XZPAninSrXB-FwFFlQCD5jKVZmx3iec3/view?usp=sharing
Genetically modified food: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1llQ-s6J6XBIm3fYkFFujJHthiFBxJ0Rw/view?usp=sharing
World Hunger: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JFBrGJRZwpCkZzGu0kLfrjERDWNOMaj0/view?usp=sharing
🎯🎯PHÂN TÍCH BÀI MẪU
Lấy ý tưởng và từ vựng từ đâu? --> Nếu bạn ôn trong thời gian ngắn, Huyền nghĩ việc phân tích bài mẫu là cách tốt nhất. Huyền đã có 1 số bài chia sẻ về kinh nghiệm phân tích bài mẫu, Huyền gửi bạn tham khảo thử nhé:
(1) https://ielts-nguyenhuyen.com/kinh-nghiem-phan-tich-bai-mau-ielts-writing/
(2) https://ielts-nguyenhuyen.com/cac-buoc-phan-tich-mot-bai-ielts-writing-task-2/
Đây là 1 số website bạn có thể tải/copy các bài mẫu ra word và in ra để phân tích nhé:
https://www.ielts-simon.com/
https://www.ieltsanswers.com/
https://www.ieltsadvantage.com/
https://ieltsliz.com/
https://howtodoielts.com/
P/s: hình dưới là 1 phần nhỏ trong 1 bài học của khóa IELTS Writing 6.5-7 Huyền sẽ khai giảng vào tháng sau page nhé, Huyền sẽ đăng thông tin chi tiết cho page mình sớm nè <3
Mong rằng những gì Huyền chia sẻ bên trên hữu ích với mọi người nhé.
#ieltsnguyenhuyen
global warming solution 在 Facebook 的最讚貼文
Finishing #BillGates ‘s latest book on climate change and what the world — governments , industry, each of us — must do about it. Maybe you won’t read nothing you’ve never heard of in this book. But it’s all about putting together an all-round game plan, and Gates approached the problem with an engineer’s precision. Most readers will be left impresses with the concept of overcoming the “green premium” — so everything becomes more measurable and goals can be set. And, innovation will be the solution, from the many levels of technological solutions needed and public policy change, to everything we as consumers must do to facilitate this global movement.
It’s undoubtedly an idealist’s view and Gates admits he’s an optimist. But nobody will win in the end by expecting to lose from the beginning, right? There’ll be scores to be settled between the rich world and the developing countries, and naturally Gates expects the US to take leadership. But there’s the internally divisive politics around climate issues even within the US. And I can’t help thinking to myself, the biggest threat to a change of attitudes and actions on climate change isn’t going to be the distraction of COVID-19, but the global political discord we face today. What will surely delay the world from tackling global warming? More than Trumpism. It’s war.
#ReadTogether #BookReport
#和你讀
#光讀書 #書評 #讀書
global warming solution 在 Herman Yeung Youtube 的最佳貼文
Note download 筆記下載 : https://hermanutube.blogspot.hk/2016/01/youtube-pdf.html
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分類的 Playlist 可看:
1. Cells and Molecules of Life 細胞與生命分子… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8pimOHKxXgEB4A7BkIU_fvE
2. Genetics and Evolution遺傳與進化… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8qxXqviCcE59G2o2S-SZmLz
3A. Essential life processes in plants植物維持生命的活動… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8oaLqXiViAOyF-wt_wxD62w
3B. Essential life processes in animals動物維持生命的活動… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8petIdjLSGd9BbyfUcDdHim
3C. Reproduction, growth and development生殖、生長和發育... https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8ramUz1FlN0c8vG47a8qChA
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3E. Homeostasis體內平衡… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8qIF_r_7bLzL_gbkzL3NRiZ
3F. Ecosystems 生態系… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8qHQPt5HmieWo0EjPGnmD81
4. Health and Disease健康與疾病… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8oWMLSCZvYm_HxnOCnw0ePt
5. Human Physiology: Regulation and Control人體生理學︰調節與控制… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8r0Af7WKwjPf5Ih3hk4rRpw
6. Applied Ecology應用生物學… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8rbkiK9KEPGav6_z6otcqA7
7. Microorganisms and Humans微生物與人類… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8pA3IcS8sxv5JgWHZ0Ifvrk
8. Biotechnology生物工程… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8oNgT2rFFmtFP_PBDbCqn0N
Notes Only Version : https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8osiwrVWzQRQ9wWCLgZUYS5
Definition 背誦︰
中英對照︰ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8pgi_VnjcUHByKdnDfPKfDh
純英版︰ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8qhbqCN5tsVn2DeUqYFzYPV
純中版︰ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8rAJGqx6SNLcG1WQGTFocOL
HKDSE Biology Past Paper Solution :
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HKCEE Biology Past Paper Solution :
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8oE7NKu3W5odiwwws6WerB0
HKALE Biology Past Paper Solution :
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8qDsX40O4tczDYBPktC06fq
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global warming solution 在 Kento Bento Youtube 的最佳解答
*Special Earth Day Discount: Get Nebula & CuriosityStream for 41% off! https://curiositystream.com/kentobento (includes my Nebula Exclusive show)
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Other videos you may like:
How This Lake in Northwest Asia Got Deadlier Than Chernobyl: https://youtu.be/SQCfOjhguO0
How Would You Take Down North Korea? (The 7 Choices): https://youtu.be/VM_fzaWAybw
The $1,000,000,000 North Korean Bank Heist: https://youtu.be/Usu9z0feHug
Why Japan's Great Pyramid of Giza Can't be Built Until 2110: https://youtu.be/w7E6rdmilyE
10 Things You Didn’t Know About FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR DISASTER: https://youtu.be/HpOG4WFKBZQ
Stock Media Footage:
Videoblocks: https://www.videoblocks.com
Music:
Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com
Channel Description:
Animated documentary-style videos on extraordinary Asian events.
Credits:
Kento Bento — Researcher, writer, narrator, audio editor, video editor, motion graphics & art director
Charlie Rodriguez — Illustrator
Eric Schneider — SFX editor
Nina Bento — Cheerleader
Video Title: How To Save The Maldives? (The 7 Choices)
"The Maldives, 2119 - in the Indian Ocean. Children play on the streets, as worshipers enter the city mosque for their morning prayer. Fresh fruit & vegetable stands line the alleyways, as nearby fishermen with their buckets of entrails gut their morning catch on the sidewalk. This is the city of Malé, the capital of the Maldives, and in 2119 (aside from some advanced architecture) it appears life in the Maldives isn’t so different from a hundred years earlier. But the closer you look, the more you may miss, because you should in fact be looking from afar - far back enough to see that the nation of islands, formerly known as the Maldives, has actually long been evacuated. In place, a nation of oil rigs; because this is the new Maldives..."
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/aLwXDEzh_Js/hqdefault.jpg)
global warming solution 在 Solutions to solve global warming - Solar Impulse Foundation 的相關結果
Global warming prevention · 1. Renewable energies. The first way to prevent climate change is to move away from fossil fuels. · 2. Energy & water efficiency · 3. ... <看更多>
global warming solution 在 How to Stop Global Warming: The 8 Best Solutions 的相關結果
The best global warming solutions · 1. Plant trees · 2. Create more sustainable transportation habits · 3. Lower your heating bill · 4. Divest from coal, and ... ... <看更多>
global warming solution 在 Global warming solutions, facts and information - National ... 的相關結果
For example, improvements to energy efficiency and vehicle fuel economy, increases in wind and solar power, biofuels from organic waste, setting ... ... <看更多>