IoT時代5G專利授權機制之挑戰與機會
科技產業資訊室 (iKnow) - 何思穎、張小玫 發表於 2020年3月27日
柏林工業大學與IPlytics GmbH於2020年2月初邀請了世界各地的產業專家參加了5G專利研究結果的報告。這項5G研究由德國聯邦經濟事務和能源部(BMWi)委託進行,目的是闡明5G標準的專利情況。受邀專家來自Nokia、Ericsson、華為、高通、中興通訊和三星等主要5G專利公司,奧迪、德國馬牌、西門子、BMW、福斯、博世、德國電信以及夫朗和斐協會(Fraunhofer)等德國產業的120名高級專利專家,共同商討未來的5G專利授權議題。
該5G專利研究的資料係基於已公告的5G專利以及向3GPP組織提交於ETSI資料庫的標準專利。然而,他們所做出的專利聲明(patent declaration)並不能視為經過法律驗證的標準必要專利(SEP)。若要識別5G標準專利之真正貢獻,需要由5G技術特定的標準產業專家來驗證。
研究結果顯示,5G標準已獲得很多專利。目前總共宣布了95,526項5G專利,細分為21,571個獨特的專利家族,其中只有44%尚未獲批准。但是,由於大多數5G專利都是最近才提交的,因此預計在未來幾年內專利授權的比例將大幅提高。大多數5G專利均是在2017年至2019年間申報,可見逐年增長的趨勢,再加上由於5G標準的開發尚未完成,預計未來幾年會有更多的專利聲明。值得一提的是,針對5G申報的專利中有24%之前已經針對4G申報過,這也意味著部份4G技術與新5G規範相關。
5G專利市場中國參與者增加且是新進入者
研究結果顯示,華為(中國)、中興通訊(中國)、三星(南韓)、LG(南韓)、諾基亞(芬蘭)、愛立信(瑞典)和高通(美國)是5G專利領導者。其中,有些原不在4G發展而後進入5G的新參與者:Oppo(中國)、Vivo(中國)、FG Innovation(中國)、展訊通信(中國)和華碩電腦(台灣),都是5G專利排行榜上的新面孔。
3GPP是制訂3G、4G和5G等電信標準的機構。華為、愛立信、諾基亞、高通、中興通訊、三星和LG等主要4G標準開發商再度成為5G發展的有力競爭者,且來自中國的新玩家和後進者越來越多。
產業專家說:「5G專利的授權議題可能會很複雜」
與會者一致認同,5G專利的授權將比4G更加複雜。5G標準具有更多可組合的模組(module)和技術。因此,公司將根據不同5G用例採用不同的5G規格,汽車與冰箱會採用不一樣的5G技術特徵(feature)。由於不同5G規格(specification)須遵循不同的SEP標準必要專利,因此很難定義5G用戶會需要哪些專利。專利擁有者必須找到有效方法,針對不同用例推出不同的5G授權方案及不同的專利費率。
專利池有望解決SEP授權的僵化且複雜問題
其實,專利池(patent pool)概念已行之多年,未來在5G專利授權可扮演重要的角色。專利池的主要原理是解決授權的僵固性,也就是透過節省授權人(Licensors)和被授權人(Licensees)的交易成本。尤其是當許多不同產業都使用5G時,這也意味著更多公司的應用及使用(與智慧手機產業相比),則交易成本不免增加。因此,專利池在這裡的目標是簡化授權過程,例如:由於所有成員必須就該專利池的條款及條件達成共識並作出承諾,因此專利池為所有授權人提供單一版本的合約並排除了對專利品質的討論。這些條款和條件定義了專利擁有者之間如何分配權利金(royalty),當產業同意這些條款和條件時,可以減少問題。因此專利池的成功,很大程度上取決於加入專利池的專利權人之數量及規模。然而,加入專利池可能會遇到所謂「先有雞還是先有蛋」的問題,因為若沒找到領頭的人,其他公司也會躊躇不決。
一些專利擁有者認為,即使成為專利池的一員,某些問題仍無法解決,尤其是當授權人不同意專利池授權的條款和條件時,就會導致專利法院的訴訟。而當作為專利池的一員,不參與其他成員正在進行的訴訟,即有可能造成不透明的情況,這對專利權人的授權策略並不是好事。
目前,仍沒有5G專利池組織,所有與會專家也都認為有需要。但要建立一個成功的5G專利池,則必須有足夠數量的授權人和被授權人,並為不同的5G應用提供不同5G授權訂價費用。
將來,5G授權談判可能會出現不同的類型模式,就是:專利池及專利技術授權公司。專利池雖然聚集了專利權者,但同時,也會有所謂的防禦性專利聚集許多專利組合的專利技術授權公司,例如RPX或Allied Security Trust。
IoT時代SEP專利授權,可能因產業位階不同而有所不同
AVANCI是第一個專利池,針對智慧手機公司以外之產業,目標為汽車產業。當AVANCI成立時,還沒有適合的授權合約,當時汽車製造商和SEP擁有者得以從頭開始確認如何設計汽車產業的授權合約,因而具一定程度的靈活度。相比之下,現今的智慧手機產業存在所謂的「魚與熊掌不可兼得」:當建立新合約時,需要考慮到已存在的SEP授權合約。於是,給智慧手機產業帶來挑戰,並常常限制了新條款或授權條件的靈活度。
在智慧手機的現實世界裡,專利權人雖是授權人,但有時也是被授權者。專利權人經常在產品市場上下游競爭;換句話說,授權合約是競爭者之間的談判。然而汽車產業的SEP授權,授權方來自電信業,不與汽車業的被授權人相競爭。這使得授權談判更加容易,授權人與被授權人身分不會發生混淆情事。
例如:電信業和汽車業這兩個不同產業,在授權機制方面可能產生衝突。
電信產業:
SEP授權是在用戶設備級別,
因此,授權談判對象是設備製造商(OEM),
在某些案例中,權利金會考慮到成品的淨售價。
汽車產業:
專利通常交叉授權於垂直級別,
供應商可以將IP權納入其零件供應合同中。
權利金通常是基於零件售價。
基於零件的專利使用費或基於產品的專利使用費,何者是合理的解決方案?SEP擁有者聲稱,目前2G、3G和4G(和e-call)之SEP,AVANCI費率為15美元,這是非常低的。但汽車產業聲稱,與汽車中提供連接功能的模組價格相比,15美元是非常高的價格。汽車業已明確表明,此類網路連接標準的權利金將由終端消費者支付。
未來5G授權將面臨的考驗
該研究出席專家,一致認同5G專利授權的首要任務是找到簡潔的授權模式,否則授權不會成功甚至引發法律糾紛不斷。智慧手機領域的SEP授權廣為人知,大多數專家認為5G將與3G或4G的授權談判差不多。然而,智慧手機領域外的5G專利授權將更具挑戰性。由於5G的應用因產業而異,因此授權機制需要更加靈活,沒有一種規格能適用於所有模式,例如:汽車的5G安全功能、冰箱5G連接到其他家用電器。一套統一的5G授權模式是不可行的,但是靈活度是必要的。但業界同時需要找到一套能夠集合和打包5G專利授權的機制,以避免專利僵固性。現實面而言,針對每個物聯網應用,單獨與各個授權人討論也是不可行的。所以,專利池或許是可行的。
另一個挑戰是長尾理論的產品。換句話說,5G將會應用於由小型營利公司生產及運輸的IoT應用與產品,譬如:營收為1000萬歐元的柏林智慧IoT新創公司。如果每家公司的授權使用費太低,則向數萬家這樣的小公司各自收取使用費是不夠有效率的。專利擁有者必須捆綁資源以爭取所有5G小型用戶,或者是接受一定比例的搭便車者,免費使用5G技術專利。
5G或IoT用例與標準競爭
5G在各種不同IoT用例的應用,至今仍沒有人可以預測。終端用戶才是5G採用決定者,例如:在汽車中採用5G是否能帶來附加價值。
關於標準802.11p和V2X 5G之間的競爭,取決於汽車的連接用例。兩種標準都各自有優點,端看哪種標準採用次數較多。標準的競爭也意味著價格上的競爭,進而代表權利金的競爭。未來的汽車將同時整合這兩種標準,並將技術應用於不同的用例。
目前為止,5G是一個新標準,5G專利的授權議題將是未來的熱門話題。專家認為,目前可能不是與IoT設備製造商進行授權談判的適當時機,但關於建構出IoT授權應該及早進行。5G授權很有可能不會單獨談判,而是與其他標準專利一起進行。
附圖:圖、IoT時代5G專利授權機制之挑戰與機會
圖、2G/3G/4G/5G標準必要專利申報統計
資料來源:IPlytics GmbH,2020/2
資料來源:http://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=16493&fbclid=IwAR2K8uHoHyNiGTedCND16_8jKAkcHI_QYApVuxX9rtNHHbgUJDYJCSeIFgE
同時也有8部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過12萬的網紅一二三渡辺,也在其Youtube影片中提到,ユーチューブつながりです、 素晴らしいGTRに圧倒されました、 日本初のダチョウ料理専門店、 ライダーズカフェMACHⅢ 大阪府堺市美原区北余部469-6 TEL&FAX072-361ー3171 It was formally announced to assume the ca...
patent specification 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最讚貼文
ユーチューブつながりです、
素晴らしいGTRに圧倒されました、
日本初のダチョウ料理専門店、
ライダーズカフェMACHⅢ
大阪府堺市美原区北余部469-6
TEL&FAX072-361ー3171
It was formally announced to assume the car name to be "Nissan and GT-R", and was begun the early reservation order on September 26. It came to walk on the road besides the skyline though a current tradition was succeeded to in consideration of the balance of Infiniti and G when selling it out of Japan. Opening a global site (six national languages including Japanese) to the public was begun on the same day, too.
Two from which installation of Nissan high performance center in 160 places in the whole country that does sales and after-sales service was announced at the same time
GT-R was first open to the public in Fuji Television Network "New report premiere A" on October 21. At this point, the mask was still given to the bumper.
Founder R35 type(2007-)
Impressive advertisement: THE LEGEND IS REAL
The sales price in Japan began selling from 7.77 million yen on the vicinity and December 6. "Premium edition" with which "Black edition" in which a special interior color and the leather seat in addition to the base model can be chosen in a Japanese specification and the BOSE premium sound system and the antitheft device are equipped normally is prepared.
Design etc.
The total length and the width, etc. have increased greatly by the R34 type as an initial model of the third generation GT-R in this R35GT-R seen Takehone the design though De Zain is suppressed.
It is equipped with the speed meter, the tachometer, and the display of the number of gears at 340 km/h in the car. (It was a bytalk, and the method that was the right in the left the speed meter as said by the tachometer for R34GT-R was adopted. )Moreover, it became more large-scale than MFD from which multi function display (MFD) that was able to be called one of the features of R34 type skyline GT-R even by this R35 type was installed in the R34 type equipped with continuation and more multifunctional. Polyphonic digital to develop Grantsurismoshirez took charge of the design of the MFD screen.
The start and the stop of the engine are done with a red button that exists in the center console. When the door is opened from the outside, the doorknob is a storage type, and it pushes in a knob, the knob that has projected from the other side is pulled, and the opened shape is taken.
Drive train
...past ATTESA E-TS.. following 3. Moreover, the clutch, the transmission, and the transfer are put behind the vehicle, and "Independent type transaxle 4WD" integrated with Riyadef is adopted. It is called, "Premium midship package" together with the engine arranged in the reception desk midship. Moreover, because it has machine type 1.5WayLSD (Rimiteddosrippdef) in Riadef, running in the circuit is easy.
It exists a lot, and alpha Romeo in the FR age etc. also have the one that the clutch and the transfer were distributed to rear, and the rear-wheel-drive car of the transaxle : about transaxle type 4WD though it has been achieved by delivery Ford and RS200 by it in the 1980's. As "Independent type transaxle 4WD" to make the clutch, the transmission, and the transfer become independent by the set because the clutch is installed in the engine side in the drive train of RS200, it becomes the first in the world, and Nissan is acquiring the patent for this. This was achieved by adopting the drive shaft made of carbon FRP light, Inarsha few, the vibrational absorption high. Moreover, it is called "VDC-R" because of GT-R that does a weather resistant super-car in Shilshi, has three modes, and it equips it with the slipping sideways prevention mechanism of a special tuning.
patent specification 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最讚貼文
ユーチューブつながりです、
素晴らしいGTRに圧倒されました、
日本初のダチョウ料理専門店、
ライダーズカフェMACHⅢ
大阪府堺市美原区北余部469-6
TEL&FAX072-361ー3171
It was formally announced to assume the car name to be "Nissan and GT-R", and was begun the early reservation order on September 26. It came to walk on the road besides the skyline though a current tradition was succeeded to in consideration of the balance of Infiniti and G when selling it out of Japan. Opening a global site (six national languages including Japanese) to the public was begun on the same day, too.
Two from which installation of Nissan high performance center in 160 places in the whole country that does sales and after-sales service was announced at the same time
GT-R was first open to the public in Fuji Television Network "New report premiere A" on October 21. At this point, the mask was still given to the bumper.
Founder R35 type(2007-)
Impressive advertisement: THE LEGEND IS REAL
The sales price in Japan began selling from 7.77 million yen on the vicinity and December 6. "Premium edition" with which "Black edition" in which a special interior color and the leather seat in addition to the base model can be chosen in a Japanese specification and the BOSE premium sound system and the antitheft device are equipped normally is prepared.
Design etc.
The total length and the width, etc. have increased greatly by the R34 type as an initial model of the third generation GT-R in this R35GT-R seen Takehone the design though De Zain is suppressed.
It is equipped with the speed meter, the tachometer, and the display of the number of gears at 340 km/h in the car. (It was a bytalk, and the method that was the right in the left the speed meter as said by the tachometer for R34GT-R was adopted. )Moreover, it became more large-scale than MFD from which multi function display (MFD) that was able to be called one of the features of R34 type skyline GT-R even by this R35 type was installed in the R34 type equipped with continuation and more multifunctional. Polyphonic digital to develop Grantsurismoshirez took charge of the design of the MFD screen.
The start and the stop of the engine are done with a red button that exists in the center console. When the door is opened from the outside, the doorknob is a storage type, and it pushes in a knob, the knob that has projected from the other side is pulled, and the opened shape is taken.
Drive train
...past ATTESA E-TS.. following 3. Moreover, the clutch, the transmission, and the transfer are put behind the vehicle, and "Independent type transaxle 4WD" integrated with Riyadef is adopted. It is called, "Premium midship package" together with the engine arranged in the reception desk midship. Moreover, because it has machine type 1.5WayLSD (Rimiteddosrippdef) in Riadef, running in the circuit is easy.
It exists a lot, and alpha Romeo in the FR age etc. also have the one that the clutch and the transfer were distributed to rear, and the rear-wheel-drive car of the transaxle : about transaxle type 4WD though it has been achieved by delivery Ford and RS200 by it in the 1980's. As "Independent type transaxle 4WD" to make the clutch, the transmission, and the transfer become independent by the set because the clutch is installed in the engine side in the drive train of RS200, it becomes the first in the world, and Nissan is acquiring the patent for this. This was achieved by adopting the drive shaft made of carbon FRP light, Inarsha few, the vibrational absorption high. Moreover, it is called "VDC-R" because of GT-R that does a weather resistant super-car in Shilshi, has three modes, and it equips it with the slipping sideways prevention mechanism of a special tuning.
patent specification 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最佳貼文
日本初のダチョウ料理専門店、
ライダーズカフェMACHⅢ
大阪府堺市美原区北余部469-6
TEL&FAX072-361ー3171
http://www.h4.dion.ne.jp/~maltuha/index.html
It was formally announced to assume the car name to be "Nissan and GT-R", and was begun the early reservation order on September 26. It came to walk on the road besides the skyline though a current tradition was succeeded to in consideration of the balance of Infiniti and G when selling it out of Japan. Opening a global site (six national languages including Japanese) to the public was begun on the same day, too.
Two from which installation of Nissan high performance center in 160 places in the whole country that does sales and after-sales service was announced at the same time
GT-R was first open to the public in Fuji Television Network "New report premiere A" on October 21. At this point, the mask was still given to the bumper.
Founder R35 type(2007-)
Impressive advertisement: THE LEGEND IS REAL
The sales price in Japan began selling from 7.77 million yen on the vicinity and December 6. "Premium edition" with which "Black edition" in which a special interior color and the leather seat in addition to the base model can be chosen in a Japanese specification and the BOSE premium sound system and the antitheft device are equipped normally is prepared.
Design etc.
The total length and the width, etc. have increased greatly by the R34 type as an initial model of the third generation GT-R in this R35GT-R seen Takehone the design though De Zain is suppressed.
It is equipped with the speed meter, the tachometer, and the display of the number of gears at 340 km/h in the car. (It was a bytalk, and the method that was the right in the left the speed meter as said by the tachometer for R34GT-R was adopted. )Moreover, it became more large-scale than MFD from which multi function display (MFD) that was able to be called one of the features of R34 type skyline GT-R even by this R35 type was installed in the R34 type equipped with continuation and more multifunctional. Polyphonic digital to develop Grantsurismoshirez took charge of the design of the MFD screen.
The start and the stop of the engine are done with a red button that exists in the center console. When the door is opened from the outside, the doorknob is a storage type, and it pushes in a knob, the knob that has projected from the other side is pulled, and the opened shape is taken.
Drive train
...past ATTESA E-TS.. following 3. Moreover, the clutch, the transmission, and the transfer are put behind the vehicle, and "Independent type transaxle 4WD" integrated with Riyadef is adopted. It is called, "Premium midship package" together with the engine arranged in the reception desk midship. Moreover, because it has machine type 1.5WayLSD (Rimiteddosrippdef) in Riadef, running in the circuit is easy.
It exists a lot, and alpha Romeo in the FR age etc. also have the one that the clutch and the transfer were distributed to rear, and the rear-wheel-drive car of the transaxle : about transaxle type 4WD though it has been achieved by delivery Ford and RS200 by it in the 1980's. As "Independent type transaxle 4WD" to make the clutch, the transmission, and the transfer become independent by the set because the clutch is installed in the engine side in the drive train of RS200, it becomes the first in the world, and Nissan is acquiring the patent for this. This was achieved by adopting the drive shaft made of carbon FRP light, Inarsha few, the vibrational absorption high. Moreover, it is called "VDC-R" because of GT-R that does a weather resistant super-car in Shilshi, has three modes, and it equips it with the slipping sideways prevention mechanism of a special tuning.
The transmission adopts six velocity automatic transmission. The six plate dual clutch system of Bolgwarnar can be adopted, it provide with the multiplate wet clutch at 1, 3, five velocities, and 2, 4, and each six velocities, and it change the speed automatically in the velocity.
Limiter
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