華爾街日報這兩天各出了一篇專文談中美關係跌到谷底,兩篇都有提到台灣。兩篇標題分別是:
Coronavirus Casts Deep Chill Over U.S.-China Relations(冠狀病毒讓中美關係進入寒峭)
U.S. Makes Diplomatic Push for Taiwan to Attend WHO Summit(美國為台灣出席世衛推一把)
看這個粉專的朋友們其實不乏外交特考的考生,其中有些會寫訊息來問我關於考試的事情。其實,外交特考有專門補習班,非本科系也可以報考,坦白說是不是唸外交系或政治系並不是那麼重要。
但是有兩樣東西是沒辦法靠去補習班一年半載速成的:一個是語文,另一個是對國際政治的敏感度。
這也是為何我答應幫華爾街日報的代言的原因。透過閱讀高質量的英文媒體,一方面增進英文的實力,另一方面也增加對外交時事議題的熟悉度。
以國際政治考題來說,「台美中三角關係」以及「台灣參與國際組織」幾乎是重點中的重點,也是未來在外交部工作的核心業務之一。
所以如果你真的想走這一行,就必須儘早開始準備。上述這兩篇華爾街日報的報導,其實就在談「台美中三角關係」以及「台灣參與國際組織」。
再過十天WHA即將開議,美國雖然大動作聲援台灣,但我以及周遭朋友多數都不樂觀。上述文章有一段這樣寫:
“The push stands little chance of success, and instead serves as a test of America’s leverage in its broader political struggle with China, waged in the midst of a pandemic, for influence within U.N. agencies. ”
這段意思是,美國的聲援本身成功可能性很低,這項聲援充其量只是作為美國測試它在聯合國體系內的地緣政治影響力。
當然你不一定要同意華爾街日報分析的角度,但這些分析起碼比許多網路酸民或粉專看得更深入。
文章也有談到美國將在WHO之外另起爐灶的可能性,但很少國家附和這項提議,此舉等於「美國從自己當初協助創建的聯合國體系中出走」,空出來的權力真空誰會填補?當然是中國。
“The U.S. has proposed creating an alternative global public health organization, more independent from Chinese leadership. But few allies have joined that push, and the EU remains wary of a separate U.S. call for an international inquiry into the origins of the coronavirus pandemic and China’s handling of it. The net result has been America’s estrangement from a U.N. system it helped found.”
“But by the U.S. not being there, it creates an empty space for somebody else to fill.”
前陣子網路上有一股聲音認為,台灣乾脆不要加入WHO,跟著美國另外創立一個沒有中國參與的國際衛生機構。當時我就曾經數次在文章及節目上質疑這個提議。原因很簡單,國際政治並不是這樣看,好像家家酒一般我跟你好、你不跟我好。外交上有太多利益考量,當中有合作也有衝突,更多的是利益交換。
每個人的判斷當然都會錯,我也是。但重點是,在思考的過程中,你要有試著培養一套邏輯自我檢查防錯。透過閱讀諸如華爾街日報這類的菁英媒體,我認為對台灣考生或學子來說,是很好吸收外交時事及英文的管道。
誠心推薦,真心不騙。
華爾街日報3.4折訂購優惠:
https://reurl.cc/M7p8ev
追蹤胖犬Instagram:
old_dog_chasing_ball
上述文章連結:
https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-casts-deep-chill-over-u-s-china-relations-11588781420?fbclid=IwAR2uQnnX0GvDU1qsNrTVo8Hc64C4r-o0OOhPAHEEsZbZpQoBGXwVorSslBw
https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-makes-diplomatic-push-for-taiwan-to-attend-who-summit-11588802601?reflink=line&fbclid=IwAR2TzhKKK7ahcTbb4hKtA368nRtwSoKOzCFr-VuAr2Zn_5NbIgcU13QCUzQ
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過61萬的網紅{{越煮越好}}Very Good,也在其Youtube影片中提到,⬇⬇English recipe follows⬇⬇ 氣炸鍋蝦餅: 材料: 急凍蝦2包 瑤柱仔3湯匙 芫茜1棵 處理: 1. 蝦用清水解凍,擎乾水。 2. 瑤柱仔浸清水5~10分鐘。 3. 蝦解凍,擎乾水之後,廚紙索乾水分。 4. 分開蝦為2份,一半用刀拍扁,一半原隻保留。 5. 切碎香...
「a little a few分別」的推薦目錄:
- 關於a little a few分別 在 護台胖犬 劉仕傑 Facebook 的最讚貼文
- 關於a little a few分別 在 Campus TV, HKUSU 香港大學學生會校園電視 Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於a little a few分別 在 喬的英文筆記 Joe's English Learning Notes Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於a little a few分別 在 {{越煮越好}}Very Good Youtube 的精選貼文
- 關於a little a few分別 在 Fw: [國中] little 和few 的附和句/附加問句\ - 看板Eng-Class 的評價
- 關於a little a few分別 在 few 還是用a little/little。 記住a few 和few 是用於可數名詞 的評價
- 關於a little a few分別 在 【英文文法】a few few a little little fewer less 的評價
a little a few分別 在 Campus TV, HKUSU 香港大學學生會校園電視 Facebook 的最佳貼文
【專題訪問 Interview Feature】2019年度香港大學學生會周年大選中央幹事會候選内閣蒼傲訪問(內務篇) | Interview with Prism, the Proposed Cabinet of Executive Committee, The Hong Kong University Students’ Union of Annual Election 2019 (Internal Affairs)
(Please scroll down for English version.)
中央幹事會候選內閣蒼傲就內務議題接受本台訪問,就內閣理念、參選原因、及政綱如增設中央幹事會席位專注管理國際生事務等發/表意見。
訪問節錄如下:
1. 你們可否簡單自我介紹?
鄭鎮熙(下稱鄭):大家好我是鄭鎮熙(候選會長), 來自理學院五年級。 今次參選學生會因為對學生會有一些意見、 一些改進空間、 自己一直以來都希望為學校和學校未來的發展而發出一些聲音。
張信一(下稱張):Hi, so I am Shaun, studying Economics and Finance Year 3. The main reason why I have nominated myself to be the executive committee of the HKUSU is because, I have been a little bit unhappy with the way it has been running in the last few years I have been here. I want to see if I could make a difference.
李鎔津(下稱李):我是李鎔津, 候選大學事務秘書, 現就讀文學士及法學士二年級,參選中央幹事會的原因與其他兩位一樣希望令港大變得更加好, 我們有意見想提出和改進。關於議題參與率低的問題,若果我們有很幸當選, 便會為各個議題製作簡介, 希望讓同學知道怎樣從議題入手,從而提高參與率。 第二個原因是希望學生會會作為橋樑與校方討論大學事務,大學事務與每一個同學息息相關, 於各種議題同學都會想提出意見。
2. 你們可否解釋莊理念?
鄭:我們內閣名字是蒼傲, 分開八個字便是「蒼茫大地,傲骨依然」,頭四字是我們認為今屆學生會選舉只有四個人出選,反映出港大學生投入讀書以外活動有很大的疑問。蒼汒大地、傲骨依然正正代表了學校現在的情況、社會現在的情況、甚至整體香港的未來其實都是一個大問號。至於「傲骨依然」四個字我們認為作為港大學生應有一份榮譽感,畢竟港大是最高學府,所以每一個在港大學習的學生都是十分有能力,所以傲字不單是自我的鼓勵,亦是向所有的學生說面對不如意或逆境時,都希望能有一份永不放棄、倔強的精神,去迎接當下的困難,因為我們相信困難過後必會雨過天晴,會看見彩虹,所以這也是我們選擇Prism為我們英文閣名的原因。
張:What we think Prism represents is simple. We want to act like a prism, and we think everybody in HKU is like a light. We have a lot of potential in all of us and we want to use your light and turn the campus into a more vibrant environment for all of us. Hence, Prism, we think is pretty good symbol of what we intend to do.
3. 你們為何於重開提名期後才報名參選?
鄭:我們在(12月)24、25日左右收到重開提名期的電郵,剛好我跟一大班的朋友舉行聖誕派對,期間我們就這問題(重開提名期)進行討論。剛好認識到Shaun和 Kelly,我們三人想法上十分接近,就是認為既然沒有人參選,我們或者可以試一試,所以最後參選今屆的學生會。
4. 為何沒有人競逐外務副會長一職?
鄭:其實我們希望將視線放在會務及校務上。當然我們並非將外務議題全面拋棄,只是我們認為就校內參選氣氛、學生關注的事情等,都是在提醒我們今年學生會認該將更多的時間放在內務常務的議題上。
5. 你們於政綱提出「是時候做不同的事」,是什麼意思?
張:The thing we want to do differently, is to provide a more positive atmosphere that I think is more reflective of the student body in HKU as a whole. Because, if you look around, a lot of the posters and and lot of notices put out by the Student(s’) Unions of the past have been predominantly negative, I think they are right to be upset about some of the issues, but I think it’s a bit overboarded and a bit dramatic, and it turns a lot of students off. So, we acknowledge that there are issues but we will face them in a positive manner.
6. 近年學生會就社會時事(如DQ議員事件) 出聲明 ,若果來年當選會否出聲明?
鄭:我們認為學生會代表了全學校的學生去發聲,所以學生會應該絕大部份的時候保持中立,因為它只是一個連接外界及學生的橋樑。
7. 你們可否解釋就國際生議題上與往年學生會有何分別
張:First thing is, we are going to consider opening a new seat in the executive committee that is dedicated to non-local students' affairs. And of course we are going to have a series of activities that we hope to be more effective (in the issue of international students). For example, we are considering hosting a non-local orientation camp and some other cultural immersion activities, for example a mahjong class for non-local students, and also some cultural heritage tours. We hope to invite students of different nationalities to take part in it.
Campus TV has interviewed with Prism, the Proposed Cabinet of Executive Committee, The Hong Kong University Students’ Union, Session 2019, with regards to their treatment of internal affairs. Prism has expressed their opinions on internal affairs, which include: the Cabinet’s mission statement, the reasons for running as candidate, and details on their platform such as increasing the seats in the Students’ Union, and focusing on international students’ affairs.
The interview excerpts are as follows:
1. Could you please introduce yourselves?
Andrew Cheng Chun Hei (Cheng): Hello, I am Andrew Cheng Chun Hei (Proposed President), from the Faculty of Science Year 5. I am running for the Students’ Union because I have some opinions about the Union, I think there is some room for improvement. All along, I have wished to voice my opinions regarding the school and the school’s future development.
Shaun Cheung Shun Yat (Cheung): Hi, so I am Shaun, studying Economics and Finance Year 3. The main reason why I have nominated myself to be the executive committee of the HKUSU is because, I have been a little bit unhappy with the way it has been running in the last few years I have been here. I want to see if I could make a difference.
Kelly Li Yung Chun (Li): I am Kelly Li Yung Chun, the Proposed University Affairs Secretary, I am a Year 2 pursuing the Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws. The reason why I am running as candidate in the Annual Election 2019 is in line with the other two candidates in a sense that I wish to see the University of Hong Kong become better; we have comments we wish to raise and matters we wish to improve on. The first reason (of running as candidate) is due to the (students’) low participation rate in (social) issues. If we have the honour to be elected, we will make an introduction for each issue or topic, so that students know how to understand these issues, thus increasing (their) participation rate. The second reason is (we) wish to act as a bridge between students and the school in discussing about university affairs. Since each and every student are related to university affairs, they would want to express their opinions on various issues.
2. Could you explain your Proposed Cabinet’s vision/ mission statement?
Cheng: Our (Proposed) Cabinet’s name is Prism, in a non-abbreviated form (of the Chinese name of the Cabinet), it means “in face of the boundless land, remain a lofty and unyielding character”. The former part of the phrase reflects how we view Annual Election 2019, it shows a problematic lack of extra-curriculars for the University's students outside of academics. The whole phrase precisely represents the school’s current situation, the society’s current situation, even the whole of Hong Kong’s future, which is actually a huge question mark. The former part of the phrase means that the students of the University definitely has a sense of pride and honour, nevertheless it is the elitist of educational institutions, every student of the University must have superb abilities. Therefore, the words “lofty” and “unyielding” are not only a form of self-encouragement, they are to tell students to always have a persevering spirit in face of predicaments. Because we believe after tribulations, there is always rainbow after rain, which is why we chose “Prism” to be the English name of our Cabinet.
Cheung: What we think Prism represents is simple. We want to act like a prism, and we think everybody in HKU is like a light. We have a lot of potential in all of us and we want to use your light and turn the campus into a more vibrant environment for all of us. Hence, Prism, we think is pretty good symbol of what we intend to do.
3. Why did you run as candidate only after the reopening of nomination?
Cheng: We received the email about the Notice of Reopening Nomination (of Annual Election 2019) on around the 24th or 25th (of December). Coincidentally, me and a group of friends were having a Christmas celebration, during which we discussed about the matter (of reopening of nomination). Coincidentally, I met Shaun and Kelly, the three of us shared similar thoughts, that if nobody was running as candidate, perhaps we could give it a try, and so we nominated ourselves as the candidates.
4. Why is nobody running for the position of the Vice-President (External)?
Cheng: Actually, we wish to focus on affairs of student societies and organisations, and university affairs. That being said, we are not neglecting all of the external issues, we just believe that in view of the school’s participation atmosphere, and students’ awareness to issues, all of these (situations) are reminding us as the (Proposed) Students’ Union that we should spend more time in dealing with internal affairs and general affairs.
5. In your platform you raised that “it is time to do something different”, what does that mean?
Cheung: The thing we want to do differently, is to provide a more positive atmosphere that I think is more reflective of the student body in HKU as a whole. Because, if you look around, a lot of the posters and and lot of notices put out by the Student Unions of the past have been predominantly negative, I think they are right to be upset about some of the issues, but I think it’s a bit overboard and a bit dramatic, and it turns a lot of students off. So, we acknowledge that there are issues but we will face them in a positive manner.
6. The Students’ Unions of recent years have always issued statements in response to social issues. If you are elected for the coming session, will you do the same?
Cheng: We think that the Union represents and speaks on behalf of the whole of student community. Therefore, the Union should for the most part stay neutral on matters, because it is merely a tool that bridges the outside world and the students.
7. Can you explain what are the differences of your Proposed Cabinet compared to last year’s regarding the issue of international students?
Cheung: First thing is, we are going to consider opening a new seat in the executive committee that is dedicated to non-local students' affairs. And of course we are going to have a series of activities that we hope to be more effective (in the issue of international students). For example, we are considering hosting a non-local orientation camp and some other cultural immersion activities, for example a mahjong class for non-local students, and also some cultural heritage tours. We hope to invite students of different nationalities to take part in it.
___________________________________
二零一九年度香港大學學生會周年大選其他候選人包括候選常務秘書麥嘉晉、校園電視候選內閣、學苑候選編輯委員會及候選普選評議員。
2019年度周年大選中央諮詢大會將於一月二十一日至一月二十五日在中山廣場舉行,時間為下午十二時半至二時半。
Other candidates for the Annual Election 2019 include the Proposed General Secretary Mak Ka Chun Eugene, the Proposed Cabinet of Campus TV, the Proposed Editorial Board of Undergrad, and the Proposed Popularly Elected Union Councillor.
The Central Campaign for Annual Election 2019 will be held from the 21st to 25th of January at the Sun Yat-sen Place, from 12:30 to 14:30.
a little a few分別 在 喬的英文筆記 Joe's English Learning Notes Facebook 的最佳貼文
【英文中常見的錯誤用法 [2]】
喬今天想再次跟各位同學分享下英文幾個常見的錯誤用法,並期許大家可以避免這些錯誤唷!
☛ fewer & less 比較少的
兩者的原型分別為 few 及 little,簡單來區別下兩者的用法:
1.fewer:如果形容的名詞是可以數出來的,一個、二個等等。就使用fewer,譬如說 fewer people (更少的人)、fewer dogs (更少的狗)。
2.less:如果形容的名詞是數不出來,或者是一個整體性的概念 (i.e. 家庭、班級等等)時,則使用less,譬如說 less time (較少的時間)、less money (較少的金錢)。
☛ lie & lay 此二動詞的三態以及對應的意思
這兩者大概是數以千計的同學的痛了,的確挺難記憶的,來整理一下用法:
1.lie - lied - lied 說謊
He lied. He is lying. 他說謊了。他正在說謊。
*請記得lie的現在進行式是lying。
2.lie - lay - lain 躺
She lies down and takes some rest. 她躺下並休息一下。
3.lay - laid - laid 下蛋、鋪設、躺下
The bird laid an egg. 那隻鳥下了一顆蛋。
☛ right & authority
兩者同樣是可以執行的權力或者可以享受的利益,但是 authority 強調是有個「官方授權」的概念,可以理解為這個 authority 通常會有個第三方給予。但是 right 就是相對的廣泛,不單單是 authority 的官方授權之權力的概念。所以可以理解為:authority 是 right 的子集合。
例:I have the authority to fire you. (我有將你離職的權力。)
☛ duty & responsibility
兩者同樣是責任,但是 duty 會經常與法律規定的責任相關,例:稅務。而 responsibility 相對定義比較廣泛,不一定是不是非做不可的義務。從集合上來看,可以理解為 duty 是 responsibility 的子集合,所以在英文寫作時,可以觀看自己想表達的意思為何,去挑選欲使用的是 duty 還是 responsibility 。
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a little a few分別 在 {{越煮越好}}Very Good Youtube 的精選貼文
⬇⬇English recipe follows⬇⬇
氣炸鍋蝦餅:
材料:
急凍蝦2包
瑤柱仔3湯匙
芫茜1棵
處理:
1. 蝦用清水解凍,擎乾水。
2. 瑤柱仔浸清水5~10分鐘。
3. 蝦解凍,擎乾水之後,廚紙索乾水分。
4. 分開蝦為2份,一半用刀拍扁,一半原隻保留。
5. 切碎香料,加入蝦膠。
6. 加入調味料:
a. 胡椒粉少許
b. 生粉2茶匙
c. 鮑魚汁2茶匙
d. 油幾滴
7. 用180度預熱氣炸鍋3分鐘。
8. 加油在蝦膠中,攪至起膠。
9. 瑤柱浸好,清洗乾淨,壓碎。
烹調:
1. 用200度氣炸瑤柱仔2分鐘。
2. 繼續攪拌蝦膠及瑤柱。
3. 將(2)做成小蝦餅。
4. 放氣炸鍋紙,掃油在紙上。
5. 用200度氣炸10分鐘。
6. 10分鐘後,反轉,撲生粉。
7. 用200度氣炸5分鐘。
8. 完成,上碟。
Ingredients:
Frozen shrimps 400g
Dried scallops 3 tbsp
(Small)
Green onion or 1 No.
coriander
Seasoning:
Tapioca starch 2 tsp
Oil few drops
Abalone 2 tbsp
sauce
Pepper a pinch
Preparation:
1. Defrost shrimps with tap water. Hang dry.
2. Soak dried scallops in tap water for 5~10 minutes.
3. Dry the shrimps lightly with kitchen towel after defrost.
4. Separate into two shares of shrimps, half to be flattened by chopper, half to be retained in original shape.
5. Blend slices then mix with shrimp paste.
6. Add seasonings:
a. pepper a pinch
b. Tapioca starch 2 tsp
c. abalone sauce 2 tsp
d. few drops of oil
7. Preheat airfryer at 180 C for 3 minutes.
8. Put oil into shrimp paste, stir it until sticky.
9. Scallops has been already soaked, rinse, then get it crushed.
Steps:
1. Airfry scallops at 200 C for 2 minutes.
2. Continue to stir shrimp paste and scallops.
3. Get(2) into small shrimp cake.
4. Put airfrying paper into airfryer, then brush some oil on the shrimp cake.
5. Airfry at 200 C for 10 minutes.
6. Flip over shrimp cake after 10 minutes, put little tapioca starch on top.
7. Airfry at 200 C for 5 minutes.
8. Complete. Serve.
蝦米蝦餅
https://youtu.be/UhhZ4ueGQ-A
氣炸鍋(系列)
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkU_SdeTtB_RlHOtCcl-2GcIAvviVK7Oe
大家入呢個網址 ?我幾佰多條片?全部可以睇曬?https://goo.gl/cuyAZa
氣炸鍋淘寶開箱 (蒜香牛油雞翼) https://youtu.be/m3BgG3g5U28
黃金豆腐(氣炸鍋) https://youtu.be/5IDUPhO9JmM
芝士比目魚(氣炸鍋)
https://youtu.be/-5gSE3AJ5rs
酥皮湯 (氣炸鍋)
https://youtu.be/sRp7rKYNkzU
薯條薯角(氣炸鍋)
https://youtu.be/kVjBTdtPOh0
鹽燒蝦 (氣炸鍋)
https://youtu.be/3Vy16ZgnsMo
爆汁叉燒 (氣炸鍋)
https://youtu.be/DHbRgzLyJGQ
蒜蓉急凍帶子 (氣炸鍋)
https://youtu.be/2Ldn3i67DqA
西多士 (氣炸鍋)
https://youtu.be/mCLFLyXLRkk
茄子鹹蛋肉 (氣炸鍋)
https://youtu.be/czgeFxz8Q_w
燒雞 (氣炸鍋)
https://youtu.be/jbBbzrlaZYI
照燒三文魚(氣炸鍋)
https://youtu.be/AinacfaU2iA
咸魚煎肉餅(氣炸鍋)
https://youtu.be/PZoE52w36Yc
爆脆雞翼 (氣炸鍋)
https://youtu.be/nRJ4LGUEiRg
豬頸肉(氣炸鍋) https://youtu.be/ybS-6LpkoXI
a little a few分別 在 few 還是用a little/little。 記住a few 和few 是用於可數名詞 的推薦與評價
例如:I have a few reference books at home. / There is a little orange juice in the fridge. 然後,再分辨有'a' 和無'a' 的分別。a few/ a little 意思是「 ... ... <看更多>
a little a few分別 在 【英文文法】a few few a little little fewer less 的推薦與評價
究竟a few 和few 有什麼分別?a little 和little 有什麼分別?fewer 和less 有什麼分別? 如何用?留下email到我電郵[email protected]即可得到(A few, a lot of, ... ... <看更多>
a little a few分別 在 Fw: [國中] little 和few 的附和句/附加問句\ - 看板Eng-Class 的推薦與評價
※ [本文轉錄自 teaching 看板 #1GVUK6TR ]
作者: l10nel (小失) 看板: teaching
標題: Re: [國中] little 和few 的附和句/附加問句 \
時間: Wed Oct 17 06:51:48 2012
※ 引述《sokolova1002 (sokolova)》之銘言:
: 各位先進大家好
: 想請問一下 She has little homework every day and ___ do I.
: 本句應該使用neither 還是so呢?
: 因為本校英文老師們,甚至是英文老師以前的老師們,還有我在其他學校教英文的朋友們
: 都是教never, seldom, few 和little都有否定的意思,所以本句應該是neither
: 結果可怕的事出現了!這次月考題出了這們一題,結果有一位老師說好像邏輯怪怪的,(其
: 他人都覺得就是neither啊)所以問了某大出版社的外國編輯群們,給我們的答案是要用so
: 我們也問了成人補習班的外師,3個人都說是so,而在下剛好今天到語言所進修,問了班上
: 另外4名同學,3名台灣人和一位美國人,台灣人說neither,外國人想了一下說這句怪怪的
: 但不可能是neither,後來問了教授,台灣人,一開始老師也說little是否定,應該是
: neither吧,但我們討論了一下,教授是說 She never/seldom does homework 因為否定
: 是在動詞部分,所以是neither do I 沒錯,但是She has little homework動詞部分沒有
: 否定,而我們在寫附和句或附加問句時都是看動詞的,所以這句應該是so。這個區別法
: 班上美國人也同意。但我們其他4個台灣的研究生真的很驚訝,因為一直以來,我們的
: 老師們是這樣教的,雖然我翻了好幾本字典沒這樣的句子,但每本參考書也都是這樣寫的
: ,而我們也把這樣的觀念教我們的學生!
: 不知各位先進沒有有其他看法?請不吝指教。謝謝
關於句子的正面/負面意義,或說正負極性 polarity 的辨別,可以試以較有系統的方式
分析:
https://languagetools.info/grammarpedia/polarity.htm
Distinguishing negative and positive clauses
Another easy test for identifying negative clauses in English is to add a
constituent introduced by "not even" and see if it makes sense. Only negative
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
clauses can take this type of constituent, as the following examples show:
^^^^^^^
Never before had Jude seen such treasures not even on her holiday to Europe.
There's no chance of them agreeing not even a bit.
Sarah dislikes mice *not even brown ones. (dislike 非負面義,不接 not even)
接著看這句爭議中的句子:
She has little homework every day and ___ do I.
同樣用 not even 測試:
1 She has little homework every day, not even the simple arithmetic problems
that I know the other schools give to students at this grade every day.
她每天的功課很少,連簡單的算術題都沒有,我知道別的學校每天都給同年級的學生算術
作業做。
=> 這是負面意義的句子,故可用 not even 接續語意,不顯得突兀。
2 (Though not too much,) she has a little homework every day, *not even the
simple arithmetic problems that I know the other schools give to students at
this grade every day.
她每天(功課雖不多但還是)有一些功課,*連簡單的算術題都沒有,我知道別的學校每
天都給同年級的學生算術作業做。
=> 這是正面意義的句子,故加了 not even 完全語意不通。
另外,從 2 可看出,a little 可以和 not too much 並列、相容。同樣的 Though not
too much 則無法和 1 句裡的 little 並用。
看了此文前面幾個回應,大致試圖靠自己、身旁老師/編輯(母語或非母語)的直覺、語
感來自圓其說。比如,你可以堅持這樣想:1 和 2 雖然各自用 little 和 a little 表
示功課量,但在你的認知裡,她的功課量在兩句話其實可以是一樣的量,而且都是「不是
沒有功課」,所以都是「正面」, 那麼試問,你如何解釋以上 2 顯然不可加 not even
?
結論是,not even 專門給負面語意句子使用,這應該是毫無爭議的現象。英文裡有
little 和 a little 兩種不同表達法,與其說是用來給你對「實際量」多少的爭辯不休
,倒不如說是說話者用來明示(或暗示)負面/正面的意味。
這種正面、負面意涵,還有其他方法來區分、辨別,要比 not even 這簡單方法來得複雜
,涉及語意學和邏輯蘊涵,先不提了。
負面意義的句子,有以下的共同特色:
1. 附加問句使用正面意義的:
She has little homework every day, does she?
2. 表達「別人也是」時,用 neither,不用 so:
She has little homework every day and neither do I.
另外一點很重要必須指出:並非必須有動詞直接否定,或有負面副詞修飾動詞,才可
令一句話帶有負面極性。比如這裡 little 是限詞(形容詞),不是動詞/副詞,這句話
仍是負極。
最後,這不是新問題了,比較權威的母語者寫的文法書早有「原則性」的解答,包括我常
參考的三大本(分別代表規範實用性、綜合型、中立描述型)都簡明指出這是否定句,答
案因此為 neither。很好奇是否真有人見過有不同看法的母語文法書。
老實說,這題出得不好,敘述太簡短籠統,尤其 every day 的使用有削弱負面語意的潛
力。如果答 so 在眾多因素下被視為正確,那麼根據既定的文法、正規的語意分析/測試,
又並非無實際語料支持的情況下(我很快粗略查了語料庫,得到一些支持 neither 的結果
,而支持 so 的結果為零),答 neither 也絕對該給分。
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◆ From: 76.198.133.1
※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc)
※ 轉錄者: l10nel (76.198.133.1), 時間: 10/17/2012 06:59:49
... <看更多>