【時事新聞】
Oxford Dictionaries add 'clicktivism' and 'haterade' as new words for angry times
牛津字典看待川普的新字創造
Donald Trump's linguistic dexterity may be questionable, but the US president's lexicon has had an impact on the English language, which is reflected in the latest additions to oxforddictionaries.com, the online reference guide to current English.
川普的語言技巧可能受人質疑，但這位美國總統的常用語已對英語造成了影響，這在最新增補的牛津線上詞典中可見一斑。牛津線上詞典是流行英語的參考指南。
New coinages that reflect the latest wave of online political activism form a significant section of more than 300 new definitions in the database, which is a sister work to the Oxford English Dictionary.
反映最新一波網路政治活動的新字已在這個資料庫中組成了300多個新條目。牛津線上字典是「牛津英語大詞典」的姐妹版。
Additions including "clicktivism" (a pejorative word for armchair activists on social media), "haterade" (excessive negativity, criticism, or resentment), "otherize" (view or treat – a person or group of people – as intrinsically different from and alien to oneself) and "herd mentality" (the tendency for people's behavior or beliefs to conform to those of the group to which they belong) all emerged during the 2016 battle for the White House, said head of content development Angus Stevenson.
牛津線上字典內容開發負責人安格斯•史蒂文生說，新增詞彙包括"clicktivism"（網路點擊行動主義）、"haterade"（極端仇恨）、"otherize"（異己）和"herd mentality"（羊群心態），它們都曾出現在2016年的白宮選戰中。
"We are getting a convergence of high-level politics and online language in quite a new way," Stevenson said. "We had all the words around Brexit in the last update and we are now starting to see all the words around Trump coming into the dictionary."
史蒂文生說：「我們以新的形式將高級政治和網路用語結合。在上一次更新字典資料庫時，我們吸收了所有與英國脫歐有關的字詞。現在，我們正在將與川普有關的字詞收錄到線上字典中。」
Stevenson said that new terms from Trump, his supporters and opponents were emerging more rapidly than in the past. "We have lots to add all the time. We don't have 'fake news' or 'alternative fact' this time, because they have just started gaining currency, but I am sure they will be in the next update," he added.
史蒂文生說，來自川普及其支持者與反對者的這些新字的出現速度比以往任何時候都快。他還補充說：「我們總是有很多詞語要添加。這一次，我們沒有收錄'fake news'（假消息）及'alternative fact'（另類事實），因為它們剛開始流傳，但我可以確定的是下次更新自典時，它們將被收錄。」
As well as political terms, public conversations about diet, fitness and gender were a strong influence on the words included in the latest update. "Superfruit", a nutrient-rich fruit considered to be especially beneficial for health and wellbeing; HIIT, the acronym for high-intensity interval training; and "third gender", a category of people who do not identify simply as male or female, all made it into the online database.
與政治詞彙一樣，人們關於飲食、健康和性別的交談也對這次的詞彙更新造成了很大的影響。"Superfruit"（超級水果），指的是一種富含營養的水果，對身體健康非常有益；"HIIT"，是"high-intensity interval training"（高強度間隔訓練）的首字母縮寫；"third gender"（第三性別），指的是那種無法被簡單判定為男性或女性的群體。這些字詞都被收錄進線上資料庫中。
Social media were the source for many of the new coinages, though most were the kind of compounds that would have language purists clutching their pearls. "Craptacular" (remarkably poor and disappointing), "bronde" (hair dyed both blond and brunette) and "fitspiration" (a person or thing that serves as motivation for someone to sustain or improve health and fitness) all made the cut.
社交媒體是許多新鮮詞彙的來源，儘管其中的大多數詞語都是複合字，這些複合字會讓語言純粹主義者大驚失色。"Craptacular"（意思是特別的窮困和沮喪）、"bronde"（指的是被染成金色和淺黑色的頭髮）以及"fitspiration"（指的是一個人或一種物品，用來作為維持或提升某人健康的動力）都達標了。
Stevenson said the need for brevity on Twitter was not responsible for rising numbers of compound words, but it had widened the pool of those inventing new terms. "People feel much freer to coin their own words these days," he said, advising anyone who wished to make a permanent dent in the English language to make sure that their word sounded attractive. Citing the word "vlog", he said ugly-sounding words tended not to gain very wide currency. He added: "They have to have a euphonious sound."
史蒂文生說，推特對詞彙簡潔性的要求並不是複合字數量增加的原因，但這的確為創造新詞彙的人們拓寬了道路。「如今，人們可以更自由地創造字詞，」他說，他建議那些想要在英語詞彙上留下永久印記的人們務必要確保他們所創造的新字發音好聽。他引用"vlog"這個字，然後說發音很難聽的字一般都不會被大家廣泛使用。他補充說：「這些字詞得有一個悅耳的讀音。」
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☆ 詞綴 (※詞綴:字根字首字尾之通稱)
＊acronym
acro- : height 高度
-nym : name 名
＊abbreviation
ab- : away 離開
brev- : short 短
via- : (prep.) 經由
-tion : 名詞字尾
☆ 發音表達(articulation)
Unlike an abbreviation, an acronym is usually pronounced as a word.
You do not pronounce it letter by letter.
Ex:
Abbreviation: IQ, Mr., Dr., BBC,CNN
acronym: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
Resource:https://tinyurl.com/y9k3bp8
☆ 年代背景(background)
Old:abbreviation
New:acronym
以上大概就是其差異性
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