🖐🏽 五分鐘,Ken帶您看懂國際大小事— 🇺🇸
📰 The dying teenager who wanted world peace and love
🀄 垂死少年但願世界和平愛相隨
📘《Ken的文法筆記 I.》即將出售(詳置頂貼文)
When Californian teenager Jeff Henigson was diagnosed with brain cancer and given two years to live, a children's charity granted him the wish of a lifetime. But Jeff didn't choose to go to Disneyland or meet his favourite footballer - Jeff just wanted world peace.
📌 人生無常,這篇文章主人翁就是一個例子。Jeff給診斷患有(diagnosed with) 腦癌(brain cancer),他的一生中唯一願望(the wish of a lifetime)是世界和平(world peace)。
In the summer of 1986, 15-year-old Jeff Henigson was riding his bike to the local electronics shop to buy the last part for a "super laser" he'd been building, when he was hit by a van.
"It's coming in the opposite direction and she doesn't see me and just smashes right into me," Jeff says. "And I'm launched, like a rocket, 10 feet backwards. I land on the back of my head."
Jeff wasn't wearing a helmet, and was knocked unconscious. A few hours later, he woke up in hospital. He seemed to be OK, though, so he was discharged the same day.
📌 在1986年夏天,他騎自行車時發生意外,被廂形貨車 (van) 撞到,由於他沒有戴安全帽(helmet),因此被撞到不省人事(knocked unconscious)。他幾個小時醒來,看似可以了,所以在同一天出院(discharged)。
But within a few weeks Jeff began having seizures and he returned to the hospital, this time to have a CT scan of his brain.
If it had shown injuries from the cycling accident, Jeff would not have been surprised. But the news was worse than that - the scan revealed a tumor.
"Two things went through my mind," Jeff says. "One was a plan to lose my virginity that summer. And let's just say that did not work out. The second was to complete my laser project."
📌 他在幾個星期内感到不舒服,回到醫院進行電腦斷層掃描(CT scan),竟發現掃描顯示他有腫瘤(美: tumor 英: tumour)
Jeff was an ambitious teenager, whose dream was to work for Nasa. He believed that the best way to impress them was to build "the most amazing laser" which could bounce a beam off of a reflector that had been left on the moon by Apollo 11.
But the laser was also a way for him to bond with his father, a distant figure, who had served with the US Navy in World War Two.
📌 這段講述Jeff的夢想:為太空總署(NASA)工作。他希望建造一個激光器,令NASA對他留下好的印象。這個項目也是個與他爸爸建立緊密關係(bond with his father)的方法。
"I didn't know at the time if that was because of the war or something else. But my father was separate, emotionally, from the rest of us. And I thought, 'Here's this thing we have in common. This fascination with science. This fascination with space.' And that's why I pursued it."
Though Jeff's father never mentioned his experiences in the Pacific when the nuclear bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, he would talk, at length, about nuclear weapons, the nuclear threat and the US's relationship with the USSR. And this seems to have had an impact on Jeff.
📌 Jeff解釋他跟爸爸的共同點是迷戀科學(fascination with science)、迷戀太空(fascination with space)。他爸爸詳盡地談及核武器(nuclear weapons)、核威脅(nuclear threat)以及美國跟蘇聯的關係(the US’s relationship with the USSR),這對Jeff有影響。
"There was a fictional film in the early 1980s called The Day After. It was about the Soviet Union dropping nuclear bombs on the US. I was probably 11 years old, and I was scared out of my mind. I would often fall asleep at night and go straight into a nightmare about nuclear war," Jeff remembers.
Jeff hoped not only that he would get that dream job with Nasa, but that the organisation would start to work with the USSR rather than competing with it.
"Even when I was fairly young, I could see the potential for collaboration between the US and Soviet Union," he says. "It just never made sense to me that we were pointing nuclear weapons at each other, when we could be collaborating to do extraordinary things in space."
📌 Jeff 不但希望在NASA工作,而且希望NASA會開始跟蘇聯合作,在太空合作做非凡事情 (collaborating to do extraordinary things in space)。
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https://reurl.cc/jq5Dy1
📘【Ken的高頻單字筆記 I】
購買辦法:https://is.gd/H8W7Qj
👨🏫【實用英語扎根培訓】
課程網址:https://reurl.cc/m95QDl
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過140萬的網紅SekineRisa,也在其Youtube影片中提到,よかったらいいね、チャンネル登録お願いします! 今回はCalary Girlちゃんとコスメスワップしたものを使って春メイクしてみました! あとスワップビデオで紹介しきれなかったおまけも紹介してます♡ 今回も字幕はCalary Girlちゃんがしてくれてます! ありがとう♡ 字幕→Calary...
ambitious字根 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最讚貼文
[時事英文] 死亡率(mortality rate)*、壓平曲線(flattening the curve)、活動限制 (lockdown):如何理解這些術語?
Language goes beyond a sealed system governed by a rigid set of rules. To fully understand the meaning of a word, one must look further than connotation and denotation, and also take context into consideration. In this case, one needs to examine the social, political, economic, and even statistical contexts of the terms.
語言並非只是受嚴密規則所約束的封閉系統。為了充分理解一個單詞的意涵,我們不僅要瞭解其本義與引申義,同時還要考慮整個語境。在此一情況下,應要考察社會、政治、經濟甚至統計上的語境。
Does “confirmed cases,” for example, mean the same thing in every country before and during the coronavirus outbreak? What about “lockdowns”? Does it mean that the government is advising people to stay home or is someone nailing your door shut? Some food for thought when reading about the coronavirus outbreak.
例如,在冠狀病毒爆發前以及爆發期間,「確診病例」在各國是否具有相同的含義?那麼,封鎖呢?這是否意味著政府正建議人們留在家中,抑或有人正把你家大門釘上?以上是在閱讀疫情的相關資訊時所引人深思的一些事情。
*同學好心的補充說明:「mortality rate」通常指的是死亡率,而「fatality rate」則是(因罹患某疾病)致死率。兩者都是重要的死亡指標,但計算公式不相同。
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《紐約時報》報導:
Making sense of the coronavirus pandemic requires getting up to speed on semantics as much as epidemiology. Government officials and health care professionals toss off mentions of mortality rates, flattening the curve and lockdowns, assuming that we know what they mean. But the terms mean different things from country to country, state to state, even city to city and person to person. Officials use the same phrases about mass testing, caseloads and deaths to describe very different situations. That makes it hard to give clear answers to vital questions: How bad are things? Where are they headed?
1. make sense of… 理解……
2. get up to speed on 了解最新情況;跟上進度
3. toss off 輕而易舉地處理*
弄懂新型冠狀病毒大流行,既需要了解流行病學的最新情況,也需要在語義學上跟上形勢。「死亡率」、「壓平曲線」和「活動限制」等說法從政府官員和公共衛生專業人士的嘴裡脫口而出,他們假設大家都知道這些詞的意思。但對不同的國家、不同的州,甚至不同的城市和個人來說,這些術語有著不同的含義。 官員們使用「大規模檢測」、「病例數」和「死亡病例數」等相同的措辭,來描繪非常不同的情況。這令一些重要的問題難以得到明確的回答:情況有多糟糕?正在向什麼方向發展?
toss off: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/toss%20off
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People search for insight by comparing their countries to those that are further along in the epidemic. But if the terms are misleading or used in differing ways, the comparisons are flawed. Also, the statistics and vocabulary offer a false sense of precision while in reality, the information we have shows only a fraction of what’s going on. “The new cases or deaths each day are given as exact numbers, and we’re trained to take that at face value,” said Mark N. Lurie, an epidemiologist at Brown University’s School of Public Health. “But those are far from exact, they’re deeply flawed, and their meaning varies from place to place and from time period to time period.”
4. be further along in 在……上走得更深遠
5. at face value 根據外表;從表面上看
人們將自己的國家與那些經歷了疫情更多階段的國家進行比較,以求了解情況。但是,如果這些詞語使人產生誤解,或在使用方式上存在差異的話,這種比較就是錯誤的。此外,這些統計數據和詞彙給人以精準的假象,而現實是,我們所掌握的信息僅代表冰山一角。「每天的新增病例數或死亡人數都是以精準數字的形式通報的,我們被訓練成只看這些表面數字。」布朗大學公共衛生學院流行病學家馬克・盧裡說。「但這些數字遠非精準,而且有嚴重缺陷,它們的含義因不同的時間和地點而不同。」
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I. Confirmed Cases 確診病例
Countries vary wildly in testing for the virus and how they report the numbers, and experts say most infections are going undetected. So the publicized national tallies are rough, incomplete pictures that may not be all that comparable. And that’s if countries are forthcoming about their data.
6. vary wildly in 在……上有極大的差異*
7. publicize 公布;宣傳
8. national tallies 國家的統計數據
9. incomplete pictures 不完整的狀況
10. forthcoming 樂於幫助的
各國在病毒檢測以及通報數字的方式上有很大差異,而且專家們說,大多數感染都沒有被發現。因此,各國公布的只是粗略的數據,這些並不完整的描繪也許沒有多少可比性。這還是在假設各國願意提供數據的情況下。
wildly: https://bit.ly/2wkgPjo
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Officials in the United States say that China, which has reported more than 82,000 infections, has understated its epidemic. Until this week, the Chinese government excluded those patients who tested positive for the virus but had no symptoms. China also doesn’t say how many tests it has conducted, and doubts have been raised about whether it has tested extensively in Xinjiang, the province where it holds hundreds of thousands of Muslims in indoctrination camps. The Covid Tracking Project, run by The Atlantic, has tried to compile all the numbers in the United States and reports more than 1.2 million tests so far, over 3,600 per million people.
11. understate 未如實陳述;避重就輕地說
12. exclude 把……排除在外
13. indoctrination camps 再教育營
14. run by 由……經營
中國通報的累計確診病例超過8萬2千例,美國官員說,中國淡化了國內的疫情。直到本週前,中國政府一直把病毒檢測呈陽性但沒有癥狀的感染者不納入確診病例。中國也未公開接受檢測的人數,而且外界已對中國是否在新疆進行了大規模檢測表示懷疑,中國在那裡把數十萬穆斯林關進了拘禁營。《大西洋月刊》的新冠肺炎追蹤計劃試圖匯總美國的所有數據,它統計到的數字是,美國迄今為止進行了逾120萬例檢測,平均每百萬人超過3600例。
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II. Widespread Testing 大規模檢測
It matters not only how many people are tested, but also when, and who they are. Once again, countries differ, shaping what the numbers mean. A few countries, like South Korea, Australia and Singapore, got serious about mass testing early on. They used the information to do ambitious contact-tracing — finding and testing those who had recently been near infected people, even if they had no symptoms.
15. it matters 重要的是
16. not only……, but also…… 不僅……,而且……
17. get serious about 認真對待某事
18. early on 在早期
重要的不只是多少人做了檢測,檢測時間和檢測對象也很重要。各國在檢測時間和對象上也有不同,這讓數字的含義也有所不同。韓國、澳洲和新加坡等少數國家很早就開始認真地進行大規模檢測。他們利用這些信息嚴格追蹤接觸者,也就是找到並檢測那些親密接觸者,即使他們沒有癥狀。
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But most nations with large numbers of cases have done less testing, waited longer to do it in bulk, and made little attempt at contact tracing. They find themselves playing catch-up with the virus, ramping up testing after their outbreaks had already mushroomed. They detect more cases, but by then it’s hard to tell how much of that growth is the expanding epidemic and how much is expanding surveillance. Unable to meet the demand, they often limit testing to the sickest patients and health workers.
19. in bulk 大量
20. make little attempt 幾乎未做嘗試
21. ramp up 增加*
22. mushroom (v.) 迅速增長;迅速發展*
23. meet the demand 滿足需求
24. limit……to 將……限制在……
但大多數存在大量確診病例的國家進行的檢測數量都比較少,都是等了更長時間後才開始進行大規模檢測,而且對追蹤接觸者的工作幾乎未做嘗試。這些國家發現自己在拚命追趕病毒的傳播,在疫情迅速蔓延後才加大了檢測力度。這些國家都檢測到了更多的病例,但此時已很難判斷新增病例中有多少是疫情不斷擴大的結果,有多少是擴大疫情監測的結果。由於無法滿足檢測需求,這些國家通常只能對病情最嚴重的患者以及衛生工作者做檢測。
ramp up: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ramp-up
mushroom: https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/mushroom
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III. Fatality Rates 致死率
It has been stated time and again: Italy and Spain have high mortality rates among coronavirus patients, Germany’s is low, and China’s is somewhere between. It may not be that simple. Counting the dead is as flawed and inconsistent as counting the infected. Recent reports say that mortuaries in Wuhan, China, where the disease was first discovered, have ordered thousands more urns than usual, suggesting a much higher death toll than the city’s official count, 2,535. The outbreaks in Wuhan, and parts of Italy and Spain, overwhelmed hospitals, forcing many sick people to ride it out at home. No one knows how many people have recovered or died without ever being tested. And if only the sickest patients are tested, then the number of infections will appear smaller and the percentage who die will seem higher.
25. time and again 屢次;一再
26. as flawed and inconsistent as 像……一樣存在缺陷與不一致
27. mortuary 停屍間(太平間)
28. urn 骨灰罈
29. suggest 暗示*
30. death toll 死亡人數
31. to ride it out 安然渡過(難關)*
一個反覆提及的說法是:義大利和西班牙的新冠病毒肺炎患者死亡率高,德國的低,中國的居中。情況也許並不那麼簡單。統計死亡人數和統計感染人數一樣存在缺陷和不一致的地方。最近有報導稱,武漢的殯儀館訂購的骨灰盒數比該市官方統計的2535例死亡高出好幾千,表明死亡人數遠高於官方公布的數字。新冠病毒最早就是在這座城市發現的。武漢以及義大利和西班牙部分地區的疫情使醫院不堪重負,許多患者被迫在家中渡過難關。沒人知道究竟有多少人在從未做檢測的情況下康復或死亡。如果只對病情最嚴重的患者做檢測的話,感染人數看上去會更低,而死亡率看起來將更高。
suggest: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/suggest
ride sth out: https://bit.ly/2Rd6Tj6
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IV. The Peak 疫情高峰
Officials often talk about when the epidemic peaks or plateaus — when a country “flattens the curve.” But they rarely specify, the peak of what? And how can we be sure we’re past it? When an outbreak is growing unchecked, more people become infected and more die each day than the day before. On a graph, the curve showing the daily count of new cases has gone from rising sharply to moving sideways — the curve has flattened — and even begun to move downward. That is one corner being turned: The rate of the spread of the virus has slowed down. It takes longer to turn another: the rate of people dying.
32. from rising sharply to moving sideways 從急劇上升到橫向移動
33. turn the corner 好轉;度過難關*
官員們經常提疫情何時達到高峰或進入平台期,也就是一個國家「壓平曲線」的時候。但他們很少具體說明是什麼達到了高峰,以及我們怎麼能確定高峰已過?當疫情不受控制地發展時,每天的感染和死亡人數都比前一天多。曲線圖上顯示的每天新增病例數從急劇上升變得趨於平緩——曲線已被壓平——甚至開始下降。這是一個轉折點:病毒的傳播速度已經放緩。度過死亡人數的轉折點則需要更長的時間。
turn the corner: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/turn%20the%20corner
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But even when those curves flatten, the epidemic still has not “peaked” by another crucial measure: the number of active cases. That figure continues to rise until the number of patients who either die or recover each day is larger than the number of new infections. To ease the staggering load on health care systems, the active cases curve must also flatten and then fall.
34. peak (v.) 使……達到頂峰
35. either……or…… 不是……就是……
36. staggering 沉重的;巨大的
但是,即使這些曲線已趨於平緩,疫情的另一個重要衡量指標——現存確診病例數——仍未達到「峰值」。在每天的死亡或康復患者人數超過新增感染人數之前,這個數字還將繼續上升。為緩解衛生系統的沉重負擔,現存確診病例數的曲線也必須先趨平,然後下降。
peak: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/peak_2
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V. Lockdowns 封鎖(活動限制)
More than two billion people, including most Americans, are living under something usually called a lockdown. But there is no set definition of that word — or related terms like stay-at-home mandates and social distancing — so the details differ from place to place. The biggest differences may be in enforcement. Some places, like those in the United States with lockdowns, mostly rely on people to follow the rules without coercion. But Italy and others have deployed soldiers to ensure compliance, and French police have fined hundreds of thousands of people for violating restrictions. China, in addition to using security forces, mobilized an army of volunteers, ratcheting up social pressure to obey.
37. set definition 固定的定義
38. enforcement 實施;執行
39. rely on 仰賴;依靠
40. deploy 部署
41. compliance 服從
42. fine 處……以罰款(或罰金)
43. in addition to 除了……之外
44. mobilize 動員
45. ratchet sth up/down 逐步增加/減少
全球有20多億人,包括大多數美國人正生活在一般被稱為「活動限制」的狀態下。但這個詞沒有固定的定義,其他的相關說法,比如政府的「待在家裡」和「保持社交距離」令也沒有明確的定義,所以各地的具體做法也不一樣。最大的不同可能在執行方面。有些地方,比如美國有限制令的地方,主要依靠人們自覺遵守,而非強制。但義大利等國為確保限制令的落實而動用了軍隊,法國警方還對數已十萬計的違反禁令者處以罰款。中國除了使用安全部隊外,還動員了一支志願者大軍來加大服從封鎖隔離措施的社會壓力。
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Italy’s experience shows the looseness of the term. It has gone through several phases of restrictions, applying them to more people, making them stricter and increasing enforcement. A few weeks ago, a person could travel around Italy for a valid work or family reason. Now, people are fined for nonessential walking too far from their homes. But each stage was widely called by the same name: lockdown.
46. looseness 鬆散
47. valid 確鑿的;合理的;有根據的;讓人信服的
義大利的經歷表明了這個詞語解釋上的自由。義大利的封鎖令經歷了幾個階段,適用範圍擴大到越來越多的人,封鎖及其執行也變得越來越嚴格。幾週前,人們還可以因為正當的工作或家庭原因在義大利旅行。現在,人們會因不必要的離家太遠的走動而被罰款。但禁令的每個階段用的都是同一個泛泛的名稱:活動限制。
《紐約時報》完整報導:https://nyti.ms/2XcCUeT
圖片出處:https://fxn.ws/34gwSeH
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時事英文大全:http://bit.ly/2WtAqop
如何使用「時事英文」:https://bit.ly/3a9rr38
#疫情英文
ambitious字根 在 媽媽監督核電廠聯盟 Facebook 的最佳貼文
《綠能補給專欄》綠能假新聞第二話:離岸風電創造2萬個工作機會攏係假?(01/14/2019 芋傳媒)
每當政府要發展一個新產業的時候,會端出的牛肉不外乎就是會吸引多少投資額、有多少產值、可以貢獻多少 GDP、以及能創造多少個就業機會,離岸風電也不例外。而最近大家在吵,到底政府說的 2 萬個就業機會是真是假,筆者嘗試著以其他國家的評估和統計結果,來討論這個議題。
國際評估:離岸風電產業就業人次 7-25 人/MW
根據國際經濟發展委員會(International Economic Development Council)2013 年的整理,歐洲與美國對離岸風電產業創造就業人次的預估不一,可能依國家或地區的條件不同而變化,平均下來每 MW 的就業人數從 7-25 人不等。
而這份整理也指出,在歐美最廣為引用的基礎是 2009 年歐洲風能協會(European Wind Energy Association)的研究。根據歐洲風能協會在 2009 年的報告,風電(未區分陸域或離岸,但離岸風電的就業可能會稍高)設置,每 MW 可創造 15.1 個工作機會,分別是風機製造(直接 7.5/間接 5)、安裝(1.2)、其他(1.3)等,以及後續還有因應風場運維產生的就業機會,累計到 2007 年歐洲在風電產業的就業人數已超過 15 萬人。這不只包含「直接」貢獻就機會的風場開發及建造工程、供應鏈製造業,還涵蓋顧問、研究機構、大專院校、金融服務等「間接」的就業。
政府喊出 20,000 個就業機會,以數字來看約是 3.6 人/MW,相較上述預估或統計數字,還算是穩健保守。
2 萬個工作機會?重點是本土產業的建立
風電產業的就業主要貢獻在哪一塊呢?根據歐洲風能協會的同一份報告,風電產業的就業人數中,製造業共佔了將近 60%(風機製造 37% + 零組件製造 22%),由此可知,是製造業佔了大宗。蓋風場不只是把風機架起來、海纜牽上岸來賣電而已,背後還會牽涉到一連串的製造產業。
發展離岸風電產業,除了乾淨的能源,要帶來最大的經濟效益的方式,就是建立本地製造產業。台灣的遴選風場需承諾經濟部工業局的「產業關聯方案」,也就是俗稱的國產化責任,正是朝「把製造業留在台灣」的方向努力,透過在地化的方式,來創造就業機會。
歐洲國家案例:本土製造業確實影響就業人數
讓我們來看看其他國家的情況。根據英國 Renewable Energy Association 2018 年的報告,在英國的離岸風電產業供應鏈,
乍聽之下台灣的 5.5GW 所創造就業人數跟英國的 6.8GW 帶來的效益相當,這是因為,兩國產業在地化要求的程度是不一樣的。英國產業「自製率」(UK Content )定義是:「風場擁有者與英國境內供應商(可為外商)所訂立合約的相關支出占比」。英國對於風場自製率要求較寬鬆,2017 年計算的結果大約是 32%,歐洲風電產業有許多製造業的工廠、工作機會都在丹麥、德國。若看看德國的數字,德國在 2017 年離岸風電裝置容量有 5.2GW,就業人數就有 27,100 人,其中不少便是得利於製造業。丹麥是個人口約只有 570 萬的小國,不過目前共有 33,000 人服務於風電產業(未區分陸域 + 離岸),佔私部門工作人口的 2.3%,而風能產業出口值佔總出口的 3.9%。丹麥小國可以在歐洲風電產業撐起一片天,成為傲視全球的風電大國,便是製造業立大功。
提升工作數量之外 質量也很重要
值得注意的是,發展產業帶來的好處,除了就業上的「數量」提升之外,「質量」的改變,是從數字上不容易看到的。
台灣在一些各種製造業上原本就有一定投入,發展離岸風電產業,這其中部分行業可能在原本的基礎上生產新產品,像是電力設備、風機零組件等, 或是傳統產業(鋼鐵、港灣、金屬、材料等)的轉型,所。像是中鋼成立了興達海基,來生產架設風機的水下基礎。過去台灣有港灣工程,未來可以進一步朝海事工程發展,還有金融、顧問、法律行業的觸角延伸更廣。
換個角度來看,台灣許多產業的發展都已出現瓶頸,離岸風電也提供既有產業更多創新的發展路徑,把既有的生產線、人力以及資金投入到離岸風電,也許因為這樣,實質新增就業人數沒有預期得多,但對於降低失業率,還是有很大的貢獻。
亞太尚未形成成熟的離岸風電聚落,2025 年前,可能還是有許多產品需依賴國外進口,但是要改變未來,現在必須要開始。若希望 5.5GW 的離岸風電可以帶來更大的產業效益,除了在既有產業基礎上透過技術合作、來台設廠帶來轉型、升級之外,更重要的是台灣要取得在亞洲發展風電的先機,爭取關鍵製造業進駐台灣的機會。若台灣成功的打下風電產業基礎,除了國內的風場,未來更可進一步爭取其他國家的訂單,這才是發展本土產業、兩萬個工作機會的重點所在。
參考資料:
❯ Offshore: Windenergiegewinnung auf See
❯ Highest Employment Level in the Danish Wind Industry since 2008
❯ Offshore wind investment, policies and job creation- Review of key findings for G7 ministerial meetings
❯ CREATING THE CLEAN ENERGY ECONOMY- Analysis of the Offshore Wind Energy Industry
❯ EWEA Wind at Work 2009
❯ UK Offshore Wind Industry Reveals Ambitious 2030 Vision
❯ Skills and Labour Requirements of the UK Offshore Wind Industry 2018-2032
❯ REview 2018: Concern as British renewable energy sector growth begins to cool
❯ The Economic Value of Offshore Wind Benefits to the UK of Supporting the Industry
完整內容請見:
https://taronews.tw/2019/01/14/227010/
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