關於 as is condition中文 ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

[關於反芻動物全身麻醉的風險，反芻動物中，全身麻醉的弊大於利。] 有興趣的朋友可以多了解一下喔! (中文翻譯的部分為Google翻譯的，能夠閱讀英文的朋友建議看原文會比較清楚喔)
還有很多很多相關的學術發表，就不貼那麼多出來啦!

Cooper結紮的日期是4月26日，他現在很健康很調皮。

(德叔真的超級超級愛看這些學術發表的文章，但是我還是相信醫生的專業。)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334673867_The_Use_of_Epidural_Anaesthesia_over_General_Anaesthesia_in_Ruminants
全身麻醉是現代醫學的重要組成部分。它是一種藥物誘導的可逆病症，包括特定的行為和生理特徵，包括無意識、健忘症、鎮痛和運動不能——伴隨自主神經、心血管、呼吸和體溫調節系統的穩定性。
[反芻動物全身麻醉具有內在風險，如瘤胃內容物反流、唾液分泌過多和肺部誤吸的可能性；因此並不總是推薦使用本地或區域技術。硬膜外麻醉是一種中樞神經阻滯技術，經常用於獸醫實踐中，用於治療家畜會陰、骶骨、腰椎和尾椎部位的不同產科和外科手術干擾。關於在反芻動物和其他物種的各種外科和實驗室程序中使用硬膜外麻醉的科學研究已經有幾項。總之，全身麻醉的弊大於利，特別是在反芻動物中。因此，硬膜外麻醉是首選。

General anaesthesia is an essential component of modern medicine. It is a drug induced reversible condition that includes specific behavioral and physiological traits unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and akinesia- with concomitant stability of the autonomic, cardiovascular, respiratory, and thermoregulatory systems.
[General anesthesia in ruminants has inherent risks such as regurgitation of ruminal contents, excessive salivation and the possibility of pulmonary aspiration; therefore it is not always recommended and local or regional techniques may be used instead. Epidural anaesthesia is a central neuraxial block technique which is used regularly in veterinary practice for treatment of different obstetrical and surgical interferences in the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and caudal parts of the thoracic region of domestic animals. There have been several scientific researches on the use of epidural anesthesia in ruminants and other species for various surgical and laboratory procedures. In conclusion, the disadvantages of general anaesthesia outweigh the advantages especially in ruminant specie. Therefore, epidural anaesthesia is the most preferred.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118886700.ch1
瘤胃鼓脹、腹脹、反流和吸入性肺炎是與家畜全身麻醉相關的常見問題，應通過適當的預防措施和必要的麻醉前考慮來預見和解決。家畜在麻醉期間可能會出現胃內容物反流和誤吸，尤其是未禁食的動物。反芻動物在麻醉期間通常會大量分泌唾液。惡性高熱的觸發因素包括壓力（例如興奮、運輸或麻醉前處理）、鹵化吸入麻醉劑（例如氟烷、異氟烷、七氟烷和地氟烷）和去極化神經肌肉阻滯藥物（例如琥珀膽鹼）。同樣，氟烷似乎是豬惡性高熱的最有效和最常見的觸發因素。麻醉前禁食可能不能完全防止反流，但會減少瘤胃內容物中的固體物質數量。獸醫應將這些知識與適當的麻醉前準備和適當的圍手術期管理相結合，以確保這些動物的麻醉成功。
Ruminal tympany, bloat, regurgitation, and aspiration pneumonia are common problems associated with general anesthesia in farm animal species that should be anticipated and addressed with proper precautions and the necessary preanesthetic considerations. Regurgitation and aspiration of stomach content can occur in farm animal species during anesthesia, especially in nonfasted animals. Ruminants normally salivate profusely during anesthesia. The triggering agents of malignant hyperthermia include stress (e.g., excitement, transportation, or preanesthetic handling), halogenated inhalation anesthetics (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane), and depolarizing neuro-muscular blocking drugs (e.g., succinylcholine). Similarly, halothane appears to be the most potent and most frequently reported trigger of malignant hyperthermia in pigs. Preanesthetic fasting may not completely prevent regurgitation, but it will decrease the amount of solid matter in the rumen content. Veterinarians should incorporate the knowledge with proper preanesthetic preparations and appropriate perioperative management to ensure successful outcome of anesthesia in these animals.

2020.3.6 17:57 更新：
好消息！在網友吳馥如的協助下，找到了方惠清女士住在彰化市的堂弟，也得知方惠清女士目前人在法國，我已將方女士堂弟的聯絡方式告訴尋人的李寶珊女士之女，希望這對好友能盡快取得聯繫，祝福她們！

【女兒代媽媽尋人】

原尋人文章以英文書寫，發文者是 Chung Phụng Anh，以下的中文內容為網友 Borcheng Hsu 代為翻譯。

==翻譯開始==

我的媽媽是潮州人，1959年生，從小住在柬埔寨，15歲被帶到紅色高棉集中營，與一位名叫 Que Chinh的女孩成為好友。

1979-1980年間，她們被釋放，逃到越南，也因為她們兩位的父親都慘遭毒手，所以感情特別好。後來Que Chinh的哥哥將她申請到台灣。

起初她和叔叔住在一起，她的叔叔開了一間賣零食的小店；我媽媽和她通過幾次信，她的地址是：

Guan Shin & Co
Chung Shan Rd, section 1
225 Alley, Chang Chua, Taiwan
Đài Loan, R.O.C.

（應該是台灣彰化中山路一段225巷）

不過後來我媽媽生了四個小孩，非常忙碌，等比較有空再寫信過去，信就被退回了。

我的媽媽現在62歲，目前住在美國波士頓，很想念 Que Chinh，希望能找到她。

==翻譯結束==

媽媽的名字是李寶珊（Lý Bửu Sang）
媽媽朋友的名字是方惠清（Que Chinh）
她的叔叔的名字是方克

以下為尋人原文：

Chung Phụng Anh shared her first post.

Aching Endeavor of Family Search
(some of the names have been translated into English by phonic sounds and might not be accurate, and my mom and I don’t know how to use Chinese keystrokes on computers).
My mom was a Chinese (Teochow) living in Cambodia, and a survivor of the Pol pot Khmer Rouge genocide. In the labour camp of the Khmer Rouge, a friendship was born between her and another lady who eventually settled in Taiwan. Now, my mom is living in Boston, MA, United States, and wishes to look for her endearing friend.
My mom’s name translated into Vietnamese is Lý Bửu Sang, her Chinese name is written on top of her teenage passport photo here. She was 15 when she was brought from Nong Phenh to the Khmer Rough labour camp, named something sound like Clok-By-Cam-Pot. There, she and her family made friends with a girl a year or so older than her, named Que Chinh, and her family. My grandpa and Ms. Que Chinh’s father was made to carry heavy loads of human feces for fertilization. He eventually died of inhuman condition in the camp, and Ms. Que Chinh’s father was killed off.
In1979-1980, my mom and Ms. Que Chinh were released and ran to Saigon, Vietnam. They met up regularly in Chợ Lớn (which means literally, Big Market) where gathered a large population of Chinese Vietnamese. The orphaned girls were as close as sisters.
Eventually, Ms. Que Chinh’s brother sponsored her to go to Taiwan. She initially lived with her uncle, who had a small shopping selling treats. They exchanged letters a few times at Mr. Que Chinh’s uncle’s address attached here (not sure if it's in the correct format):
Guan Shin & Co
Chung Shan Rd, section 1
225 Alley, Chang Chua, Taiwan
Ms. Que Chinh sent my mom three letters in which she attached her three photos here with the scenes in Taiwan, one of which was with her younger sister in the hats. The girl who turns around with the background of the mountain skyline is Ms. Que Chinh, and so is the girl with the background of the pagoda.
After that, my mom gave birth to 4 kids and became very busy at first. Then, when she finally had time and wrote to Ms. Que Chinh at the same address, the mail was returned.
To anyone who lives in Taiwan or knows anyone in Taiwan, please kindly help pass the words to Ms. Que Chinh. My mom misses her very much.
Thank you for your kind read...

今早為Asian Medical Students Association Hong Kong (AMSAHK)的新一屆執行委員會就職典禮作致詞分享嘉賓，題目為「疫情中的健康不公平」。
感謝他們的熱情款待以及為整段致詞拍了影片。以下我附上致詞的英文原稿：

It's been my honor to be invited to give the closing remarks for the Inauguration Ceremony for the incoming executive committee of the Asian Medical Students' Association Hong Kong (AMSAHK) this morning. A video has been taken for the remarks I made regarding health inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic (big thanks to the student who withstood the soreness of her arm for holding the camera up for 15 minutes straight), and here's the transcript of the main body of the speech that goes with this video:

//The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, continues to be rampant around the world since early 2020, resulting in more than 55 million cases and 1.3 million deaths worldwide as of today. (So no! It’s not a hoax for those conspiracy theorists out there!) A higher rate of incidence and deaths, as well as worse health-related quality of life have been widely observed in the socially disadvantaged groups, including people of lower socioeconomic position, older persons, migrants, ethnic minority and communities of color, etc. While epidemiologists and scientists around the world are dedicated in gathering scientific evidence on the specific causes and determinants of the health inequalities observed in different countries and regions, we can apply the Social Determinants of Health Conceptual Framework developed by the World Health Organization team led by the eminent Prof Sir Michael Marmot, world’s leading social epidemiologist, to understand and delineate these social determinants of health inequalities related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

According to this framework, social determinants of health can be largely categorized into two types – 1) the lower stream, intermediary determinants, and 2) the upper stream, structural and macro-environmental determinants. For the COVID-19 pandemic, we realized that the lower stream factors may include material circumstances, such as people’s living and working conditions. For instance, the nature of the occupations of these people of lower socioeconomic position tends to require them to travel outside to work, i.e., they cannot work from home, which is a luxury for people who can afford to do it. This lack of choice in the location of occupation may expose them to greater risk of infection through more transportation and interactions with strangers. We have also seen infection clusters among crowded places like elderly homes, public housing estates, and boarding houses for foreign domestic helpers. Moreover, these socially disadvantaged people tend to have lower financial and social capital – it can be observed that they were more likely to be deprived of personal protective equipment like face masks and hand sanitizers, especially during the earlier days of the pandemic. On the other hand, the upper stream, structural determinants of health may include policies related to public health, education, macroeconomics, social protection and welfare, as well as our governance… and last, but not least, our culture and values. If the socioeconomic and political contexts are not favorable to the socially disadvantaged, their health and well-being will be disproportionately affected by the pandemic. Therefore, if we, as a society, espouse to address and reduce the problem of health inequalities, social determinants of health cannot be overlooked in devising and designing any public health-related strategies, measures and policies.

Although a higher rate of incidence and deaths have been widely observed in the socially disadvantaged groups, especially in countries with severe COVID-19 outbreaks, this phenomenon seems to be less discussed and less covered by media in Hong Kong, where the disease incidence is relatively low when compared with other countries around the world. Before the resurgence of local cases in early July, local spread of COVID-19 was sporadic and most cases were imported. In the earlier days of the pandemic, most cases were primarily imported by travelers and return-students studying overseas, leading to a minor surge between mid-March and mid-April of 874 new cases. Most of these cases during Spring were people who could afford to travel and study abroad, and thus tended to be more well-off. Therefore, some would say the expected social gradient in health impact did not seem to exist in Hong Kong, but may I remind you that, it is only the case when we focus on COVID-19-specific incidence and mortality alone. But can we really deduce from this that COVID-19-related health inequality does not exist in Hong Kong? According to the Social Determinants of Health Framework mentioned earlier, the obvious answer is “No, of course not.” And here’s why…

In addition to the direct disease burden, the COVID-19 outbreak and its associated containment measures (such as economic lockdown, mandatory social distancing, and change of work arrangements) could have unequal wider socioeconomic impacts on the general population, especially in regions with pervasive existing social inequalities. Given the limited resources and capacity of the socioeconomically disadvantaged to respond to emergency and adverse events, their general health and well-being are likely to be unduly and inordinately affected by the abrupt changes in their daily economic and social conditions, like job loss and insecurity, brought about by the COVID-19 outbreak and the corresponding containment and mitigation measures of which the main purpose was supposedly disease prevention and health protection at the first place. As such, focusing only on COVID-19 incidence or mortality as the outcomes of concern to address health inequalities may leave out important aspects of life that contributes significantly to people’s health. Recently, my research team and I collaborated with Sir Michael Marmot in a Hong Kong study, and found that the poor people in Hong Kong fared worse in every aspects of life than their richer counterparts in terms of economic activity, personal protective equipment, personal hygiene practice, as well as well-being and health after the COVID-19 outbreak. We also found that part of the observed health inequality can be attributed to the pandemic and its related containment measures via people’s concerns over their own and their families’ livelihood and economic activity. In other words, health inequalities were contributed by the pandemic even in a city where incidence is relatively low through other social determinants of health that directly concerned the livelihood and economic activity of the people. So in this study, we confirmed that focusing only on the incident and death cases as the outcomes of concern to address health inequalities is like a story half-told, and would severely truncate and distort the reality.

Truth be told, health inequality does not only appear after the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19, it is a pre-existing condition in countries and regions around the world, including Hong Kong. My research over the years have consistently shown that people in lower socioeconomic position tend to have worse physical and mental health status. Nevertheless, precisely because health inequality is nothing new, there are always voices in our society trying to dismiss the problem, arguing that it is only natural to have wealth inequality in any capitalistic society. However, in reckoning with health inequalities, we need to go beyond just figuring out the disparities or differences in health status between the poor and the rich, and we need to raise an ethically relevant question: are these inequalities, disparities and differences remediable? Can they be fixed? Can we do something about them? If they are remediable, and we can do something about them but we haven’t, then we’d say these inequalities are ultimately unjust and unfair. In other words, a society that prides itself in pursuing justice must, and I say must, strive to address and reduce these unfair health inequalities. Borrowing the words from famed sociologist Judith Butler, “the virus alone does not discriminate,” but “social and economic inequality will make sure that it does.” With COVID-19, we learn that it is not only the individuals who are sick, but our society. And it’s time we do something about it.

Thank you very much!//

Please join me in congratulating the incoming executive committee of AMSAHK and giving them the best wishes for their future endeavor!

Roger Chung, PhD
Assistant Professor, CUHK JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, @CUHK Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong 香港中文大學 - CUHK
Associate Director, CUHK Institute of Health Equity

First, I'd like to state that I'm against 1. the challenge to donate structure, 2. the waste of water, and 3. ALS Association doing animal testing.
Raising awareness through creativity and fun is good, but it's becoming more of a contest and joke at times. It's a horrible disease and shouldn't be portrayed as anything like fun. My own father is a cancer survivor, if I were to see the disease in the social media this way, I would be f*ing pissed. Do the ends justify the means? How many celebs recorded the video and donated without putting much thought? How many of you have been watching those viral videos, had a good laugh, but not donating to any charity?
Therefore, I wouldn't be recording this video if I was not challenged by a fellow streamer friend. Hopefully you may get to understand ALS as a disease, like any other fundraising campaigns in need of public attention. I won't be naming anyone in particular, as I believe donations should NOT be a challenge or a hype. It's a selfless habit and one should take his own time to consider the causes that he cares most about.

Here are more information on different causes that you could help out:

ALS Association: http://alsa.pub30.convio.net/
Animal Rescue Team Taiwan: http://www.savedogs.org/english/
World Vision for children: http://www.worldvision.org/
Charity: Water: http://www.charitywater.org/

Sorry, I'm so serious.
May we all have a little more love for each other in this big big world.


我中文可能表達不當，請包涵。首先，我是反對１．捐助是挑戰的形式、２．浪費水、３．漸凍人研究採動物實驗。這樣的創意與好玩引起社會大眾注意確實是達到了，可是它很多時候變得扭曲像競賽像玩笑。這個病症是殘酷的，一點都不該是這樣的媒體形象。試問有多少公眾人物錄了影片、捐了也沒認識它太多？有多少觀眾看了很多冰桶挑戰影片，笑了，卻沒有捐助任何慈善團體？為了達到目的，就可以不擇手段嗎？所以如果不是被友善的實況主點名，我不會錄這個影片。或許我的觀眾因此而認識這個病症，開始了解其他需要被關注的募款。我不會點名任何人，因為捐助該是自發的習慣，無須挑戰或流行。每一個人都有能力去捐助這個世界，多一點愛與關懷，花一點時間選擇你想要支持的目標。抱歉我太嚴肅～

____________________________________
#himechar #video #icebucketchallenge #IBC #ALS #water #donation #charity #animaltesting #animalrescue


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