今早為Asian Medical Students Association Hong Kong (AMSAHK)的新一屆執行委員會就職典禮作致詞分享嘉賓,題目為「疫情中的健康不公平」。
感謝他們的熱情款待以及為整段致詞拍了影片。以下我附上致詞的英文原稿:
It's been my honor to be invited to give the closing remarks for the Inauguration Ceremony for the incoming executive committee of the Asian Medical Students' Association Hong Kong (AMSAHK) this morning. A video has been taken for the remarks I made regarding health inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic (big thanks to the student who withstood the soreness of her arm for holding the camera up for 15 minutes straight), and here's the transcript of the main body of the speech that goes with this video:
//The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, continues to be rampant around the world since early 2020, resulting in more than 55 million cases and 1.3 million deaths worldwide as of today. (So no! It’s not a hoax for those conspiracy theorists out there!) A higher rate of incidence and deaths, as well as worse health-related quality of life have been widely observed in the socially disadvantaged groups, including people of lower socioeconomic position, older persons, migrants, ethnic minority and communities of color, etc. While epidemiologists and scientists around the world are dedicated in gathering scientific evidence on the specific causes and determinants of the health inequalities observed in different countries and regions, we can apply the Social Determinants of Health Conceptual Framework developed by the World Health Organization team led by the eminent Prof Sir Michael Marmot, world’s leading social epidemiologist, to understand and delineate these social determinants of health inequalities related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
According to this framework, social determinants of health can be largely categorized into two types – 1) the lower stream, intermediary determinants, and 2) the upper stream, structural and macro-environmental determinants. For the COVID-19 pandemic, we realized that the lower stream factors may include material circumstances, such as people’s living and working conditions. For instance, the nature of the occupations of these people of lower socioeconomic position tends to require them to travel outside to work, i.e., they cannot work from home, which is a luxury for people who can afford to do it. This lack of choice in the location of occupation may expose them to greater risk of infection through more transportation and interactions with strangers. We have also seen infection clusters among crowded places like elderly homes, public housing estates, and boarding houses for foreign domestic helpers. Moreover, these socially disadvantaged people tend to have lower financial and social capital – it can be observed that they were more likely to be deprived of personal protective equipment like face masks and hand sanitizers, especially during the earlier days of the pandemic. On the other hand, the upper stream, structural determinants of health may include policies related to public health, education, macroeconomics, social protection and welfare, as well as our governance… and last, but not least, our culture and values. If the socioeconomic and political contexts are not favorable to the socially disadvantaged, their health and well-being will be disproportionately affected by the pandemic. Therefore, if we, as a society, espouse to address and reduce the problem of health inequalities, social determinants of health cannot be overlooked in devising and designing any public health-related strategies, measures and policies.
Although a higher rate of incidence and deaths have been widely observed in the socially disadvantaged groups, especially in countries with severe COVID-19 outbreaks, this phenomenon seems to be less discussed and less covered by media in Hong Kong, where the disease incidence is relatively low when compared with other countries around the world. Before the resurgence of local cases in early July, local spread of COVID-19 was sporadic and most cases were imported. In the earlier days of the pandemic, most cases were primarily imported by travelers and return-students studying overseas, leading to a minor surge between mid-March and mid-April of 874 new cases. Most of these cases during Spring were people who could afford to travel and study abroad, and thus tended to be more well-off. Therefore, some would say the expected social gradient in health impact did not seem to exist in Hong Kong, but may I remind you that, it is only the case when we focus on COVID-19-specific incidence and mortality alone. But can we really deduce from this that COVID-19-related health inequality does not exist in Hong Kong? According to the Social Determinants of Health Framework mentioned earlier, the obvious answer is “No, of course not.” And here’s why…
In addition to the direct disease burden, the COVID-19 outbreak and its associated containment measures (such as economic lockdown, mandatory social distancing, and change of work arrangements) could have unequal wider socioeconomic impacts on the general population, especially in regions with pervasive existing social inequalities. Given the limited resources and capacity of the socioeconomically disadvantaged to respond to emergency and adverse events, their general health and well-being are likely to be unduly and inordinately affected by the abrupt changes in their daily economic and social conditions, like job loss and insecurity, brought about by the COVID-19 outbreak and the corresponding containment and mitigation measures of which the main purpose was supposedly disease prevention and health protection at the first place. As such, focusing only on COVID-19 incidence or mortality as the outcomes of concern to address health inequalities may leave out important aspects of life that contributes significantly to people’s health. Recently, my research team and I collaborated with Sir Michael Marmot in a Hong Kong study, and found that the poor people in Hong Kong fared worse in every aspects of life than their richer counterparts in terms of economic activity, personal protective equipment, personal hygiene practice, as well as well-being and health after the COVID-19 outbreak. We also found that part of the observed health inequality can be attributed to the pandemic and its related containment measures via people’s concerns over their own and their families’ livelihood and economic activity. In other words, health inequalities were contributed by the pandemic even in a city where incidence is relatively low through other social determinants of health that directly concerned the livelihood and economic activity of the people. So in this study, we confirmed that focusing only on the incident and death cases as the outcomes of concern to address health inequalities is like a story half-told, and would severely truncate and distort the reality.
Truth be told, health inequality does not only appear after the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19, it is a pre-existing condition in countries and regions around the world, including Hong Kong. My research over the years have consistently shown that people in lower socioeconomic position tend to have worse physical and mental health status. Nevertheless, precisely because health inequality is nothing new, there are always voices in our society trying to dismiss the problem, arguing that it is only natural to have wealth inequality in any capitalistic society. However, in reckoning with health inequalities, we need to go beyond just figuring out the disparities or differences in health status between the poor and the rich, and we need to raise an ethically relevant question: are these inequalities, disparities and differences remediable? Can they be fixed? Can we do something about them? If they are remediable, and we can do something about them but we haven’t, then we’d say these inequalities are ultimately unjust and unfair. In other words, a society that prides itself in pursuing justice must, and I say must, strive to address and reduce these unfair health inequalities. Borrowing the words from famed sociologist Judith Butler, “the virus alone does not discriminate,” but “social and economic inequality will make sure that it does.” With COVID-19, we learn that it is not only the individuals who are sick, but our society. And it’s time we do something about it.
Thank you very much!//
Please join me in congratulating the incoming executive committee of AMSAHK and giving them the best wishes for their future endeavor!
Roger Chung, PhD
Assistant Professor, CUHK JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, @CUHK Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong 香港中文大學 - CUHK
Associate Director, CUHK Institute of Health Equity
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▌時事英文 ▌
股海茫茫,誰現在也住公園 🤣
股票相關單字中英日大對照
1. 股票(股數):Share(s) of Stock:株(かぶ)
2. 劇烈震盪:Bumpy / Fluctuate Violently:乱高下(らんこうげ)する
3. 成交量:Trading Volume:出来高(できだか)
4. 內線交易:Insider Trading:インサイダー取引(とりひき)
5. 股東:Principal / Shareholder:株主(かぶぬし)
6. 暴跌: Collapse / Slump / Drop Sharply:暴落(ぼうらく)する
7. 暴漲:Jump / Boom / Soar / Skyrocket:暴騰(ぼうとう)する
8. 套牢:Underwater / Tied Up:水浸し(みずびたし)、塩漬け(しおづけ)
9. 零股:Odd Lot:端株(はかぶ)、単位未満株(たんいみまんかぶ)
10. 道瓊工業指數:Dow Jones Industrial Average:ダウ平均株価(へいきんかぶか)
11. 那斯逹克:NASDAQ Composite:ナスダック
13. 跌幅: Fall / Decline:下げ幅(さげはば)
14. 漲停:Limit Up:ストップ高(だか)
15. 跌停:Limit Down:ストップ安(やす)
16. K 線圖:Candlestick Chart:ロウソク足チャート
17. 開盤價:Ex-Distribution:始値(はじめね)
18. 收盤價:Close:終値(おわりね)
19. 壓力線:Resistance Line:抵抗線(ていこうせん)
20. 支持線:Support Line:支持線(しじせん)
21. 跌破最低大關:Fall Below the Mark:底を割る(そこをわる)
22. 疲軟:Weak:軟調(なんちょう)
23. 利多消息:Good / Bullish / Positive /Favorable News:好材料(こうざいりょう)
24. 利空消息:Bad / Bearish / Negative / Unfavorable News:悪材料(あくざいりょう)、不安材料(ふあんざいりょう)
25. 分析師:Stock Analyst:アナリスト
26. 股利、股息:Dividend:配当金(はいとうきん)
27. 散戶:Retail Players / Retail Investors / Individual Investors:個人投資家(こじんとうしか)
28. 法人股東:Corporate Shareholder:機関投資家(きかんとうしか)
29. 投機客:Speculator:スペキュレーター
30. 前景:Outlook:先行き(さきゆき)
31. 上市企業:Listed Company:上場企業(じょうじょうきぎょう)
32. 回升反彈:Rebound:反発する(はんぱつする)
33. 停損:Stop Loss:損切(そんぎり)
34. 獲益了結:Book Profit / Lock in Profits / Profit-Taking:利益確定(りえきかくてい)
35. 槓桿:Leverage / Gearing:レバレッジ
36. 資本利得:Capital Gain:キャピタルゲイン
37. 攤平成本買進:Average Down / Add to a Losing Position:ナンピン買い(がい)
38. 本益比:Price-Earnings Ratio:株価収益率(かぶかしゅうえきりつ)
39. 基本面:Fundamentals:ファンダメンタルズ
40. 技術面:Technicals:テクニカル
41. 每股盈餘:Earnings Per Share:一株あたりの利益
42. 稅後盈餘:Net Income after Tax:税引き後利益(ぜいびきごりえき)
43. 漲跌幅限制:Price Limit:値幅制限(ねはばせいげん)
44. 毛利率:Gross Margin:粗利率(あらりりつ)
45. 產能利用率:Capacity Utilization:生産稼働率(せいさんかどうりつ)
46. 高處脫手:Sell at a High Point:売り抜け(うりぬけ)
47. 全年展望:Stock Market Outlook of the Year:通年の見通し(つうねんのみとおし)
48. 牛市:Bull Market:強気相場(つよきそうば)
49. 熊市:Bear Market:弱気相場(よわきそうば)
50. 多頭氣氛:Bull Position:強気(つよき)ムード
51. 空頭氣氛:Bear Position:弱気(よわき)ムード
52. 觀望氣氛:Wait-and-see Position:様子見(ようすみ)ムード
53. 下市:Delisting:上場廃止(じょうじょうはいし)
54. 熱門股:Popular Stock:人気株(にんきかぶ)
55. 績優股:Blue Chip:優良株(ゆうりょうかぶ)
56. 科技股:Technology Stock:ハイテク株
57. 概念股:Concept Stock:関連株(かんれんかぶ)
58. 總市值:Market Capitalization:時価総額(じかそうがく)
59. 以美元計價:Dollar-Denominated:ドル建て(だて)
60. 買超:Overbought:買いこし
61. 賣超:Oversold:売りこし
62. 損益平衡點:Break-even Point:損益分岐点(そんえきぶんきてん)
63. 護盤:Boost Market Confidence / Engage in Price Stabilization:買い支え(かいささえ)
64. 恐慌性賣壓:Panic Selling:パニック売り(うり)
65. 股票選擇權:Stock Option:ストックオプション
66. 股價創新低:Touch Another Low:安値を更新する(やすねをこうしんする)
67. 黃金交叉:Golden Cross:ゴールデンクロス
68. 死亡交叉:Death Cross:デッドクロス
#翻譯日常 #翻譯 #筆譯 #口譯 #自由譯者 #自由業 #英文 #中文
capital loss中文 在 強尼金口筆譯教學日記 Facebook 的最佳解答
▌時事英文 ▌
「股票」相關單字 Part 2
1. 上市企業:Listed Company
2. 回升反彈:Rebound
3. 停損:Stop Loss
4. 獲益了結:Book Profit / Lock in Profits / Profit-Taking
5. 槓桿:Leverage / Gearing
6. 資本利得:Capital Gain
7. 攤平成本買進:Average Down / Add to a Losing Position
8. 本益比:Price-Earnings Ratio
9. 基本面:Fundamentals
10. 技術面:Technicals
11. 每股盈餘:Earnings Per Share
12. 稅後盈餘:Net Income after Tax
13. 漲跌幅限制:Price Limit
14. 毛利率:Gross Margin
15. 產能利用率:Capacity Utilization
16. 高處脫手:Sell at a High Point
17. 全年展望:Stock Market Outlook of the Year
18. 牛市:Bull Market
19. 熊市:Bear Market
20. 多頭氣氛:Bull Position
21. 空頭氣氛:Bear Position
22. 觀望氣氛:Wait-and-see Position
23. 下市:Delisting
24. 熱門股:Popular Stock
25. 績優股:Blue Chip
26. 科技股:Technology Stock
27. 概念股:Concept Stock
28. 總市值:Market Capitalization
29. 以美元計價:Dollar-Denominated
30. 買超:Overbought
31. 賣超:Oversold
32. 損益平衡點:Break-even Point
33. 護盤:Boost Market Confidence / Engage in Price Stabilization
34. 恐慌性賣壓:Panic Selling
35. 股票選擇權:Stock Option
36. 股價創新低:Touch Another Low
37. 黃金交叉:Golden Cross
38. 死亡交叉:Death Cross
39. 零股:Odd Lot
完成接棒 Hiroshi的日文教學(弘の日本語教室)
#翻譯日常 #翻譯 #筆譯 #口譯 #自由譯者 #自由業 #英文 #中文 #Hiroshi的日文教學 #弘の日本語教室
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