核電不敵再生能源,衰退已成定局
2017《世界核能產業現狀報告》說到,「報告已敲醒鐘,辯論已然結束。世界能源的優先選擇順序上,核電將被太陽和風力所取代。這並非夢想或推估,而已成為現實」。而根據2020《世界核能產業現狀報告》全球能源發展的整體趨勢呈現為再生能源持續有突破性發展,核電則不論在發電量增長、發電占比或是發電成本上,皆 #不敵再生能源。
以下我們整理了幾點核能不敵再生能源的事實:
✅ 均化成本:核電已比風、光貴將近4倍
根據金融諮詢和資產管理公司拉札德(Lazard)2019年的能源技術成本報告,太陽光電的均化成本(註1)從2010年每度電 0.359美元降至2019年0.041美元(USD/KWh),降幅89%;風電從每度電0.135美元降至0.04美元,降幅70%;核電成本十年來則上升了26%,從每度電0.123美元漲至0.155美元,已比風、光貴將近四倍。
✅ 投資金額:全球再生能源投資金額是核電的10倍
《2020世界核能產業現狀報告》(註2)指出,2019年全球挹注於再生能源上的總投資超過3000億美元,是核能發電投資的十倍之多。
✅ 就業人數:未來再生能源就業人口是核電的36倍
根據國際再生能源總署(IRENA)2018年的報告(註3),2016年全球再生能源就業人數已達到近1000萬人,核電為70萬,而在全球升溫於世紀末前控制在2度C的情境中,再生能源至2050年預估可創造2880萬個就業機會,核電為80萬。
✅ 平均建置期:核電比風跟光多花2倍時間
根據五位能源學者分析123個國家的數據後共同發表的報告《對照追求再生電力、核電國家間的減碳排放量差異》(註4),核電的平均前置期為 90 個月,風力和光電僅為 40 個月。因此在投資同樣金額之下,再生能源比易受延宕的核電更能迅速地減少碳排放。
✅ 碳排放量:核電碳排最高將達到再生能源的10至18倍
史丹福大學環境工程學系教授Mark Jacobson的研究報告指出(註5),將不同電力來源生命週期,包括採礦、燃料製造、電廠營運到後端除役與廢料處理過程之碳排都完整計入時,核電的碳排放量將高出再生能源10到18倍。另一個匯集分析了103份核電生命週期碳排的研究(註6)則指出,每度核電的平均碳排約為66克二氧化碳當量,相較之下太陽光電是32克二氧化碳當量、離岸風力則是9克二氧化碳當量。
Jacobson也指出另一個常被忽略的「機會成本碳排」,是指由於興建速度緩慢,需要耗費更多時間依賴化石燃料,因此相較其他更快速的電力選項會再增加額外的碳排。新建核電的機會成本碳排和風電相比,每度電為64至102克二氧化碳當量。
✅ 發電佔比:再生能源占比超越核電
非水力再生能源在2019年時貢獻了全球10.39%的發電量,首度超越核電的10.35%,其中核能發電的發電占比自1996年以來便持續下降,2019年只比前一年微幅成長0.2%。
✅ 裝置容量年成長:風和光是核電的65倍
根據《2020世界核能產業現狀報告》,全球非水力再生能源在2019年新增的裝置容量達到184GW,創下歷史新高,其中風力發電量新增59.2GW,年增率為13%;太陽光電新增了98GW發電量,年增率為24%,相較之下,核能發電的淨成長僅為2.4GW,年增率為3.7%,且有一半來自於中國。
✅ 國際能源總署的評估:再生能源減碳貢獻遠超過核電
國際能源總署(IEA)今年發布的「2050淨零:全球能源部門路徑圖」報告(註7)中指出,為了達到2050年淨零目標,再生能源在全球電力的占比需要達到將近90%,核電則不到10%。
種種對比顯示核電在現今社會已經是過時又危險的舊世紀產物,全世界都在減少核電(除了中國),台灣卻還有某群人在掙扎,不免讓人擔心是否墨守成規,不願接受世界趨勢。因此,我們邀請大家在12/18的全民公投第17案投下不同意票,讓台灣邁向更乾淨、更安全的家園。
#分手吧我們不核四
#核四公投17不同意
#12月18日公投讓我們大家ㄧ起對核四公投案投下不同意票
---
註1:均化成本(Levelized Cost of Energy)用來計算發電設備壽命週期內的平均發電成本,包括投資、運轉與維護、燃料及除役成本,是評估電力技術競爭力的基本指標。
註2:《2020世界核能產業現狀報告》”World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2020” https://www.worldnuclearreport.org/-World-Nuclear-Industry-Status-Report-2020-.html
註3:國際再生能源總署(IRENA)- " Global Energy Transformation: A Roadmap to 2050 "
https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Apr/IRENA_Report_GET_2018.pdf
註4:《對照追求再生電力、核電國家間的減碳排放量差異》(Differences in carbon emissions reduction between countries pursuing renewable electricity versus nuclear power)https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344482658_differences_in_carbon_emissions_reduction_between_countries_pursuing_renewable_electricity_versus_nuclear_power
註5:”Evaluation of Nuclear Power as a Proposed Solution to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Security” https://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/NuclearVsWWS.pdf
註6:"Energy Balance of Nuclear Power Generation" https://www.energyagency.at/fileadmin/dam/pdf/publikationen/berichteBroschueren/Endbericht_LCA_Nuklearindustrie-engl.pdf
註7:"Net Zero by 2050 - A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector" https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/beceb956-0dcf-4d73-89fe-1310e3046d68/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector_CORR.pdf
♡
同時也有23部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過12萬的網紅一二三渡辺,也在其Youtube影片中提到,たまには、原付カフェも良いかな? と言う感じで並べました、 MONKEY GT80 GR50 Passol Aprio AddressV100 KSR80 ミニチョッパ ライダーズカフェMACHⅢ 大阪府堺市美原区北余部469-6 TEL&FAX072-361ー3171 ht...
cost reduction 在 Dr 文科生 Facebook 的精選貼文
Perceived benefit vs side effect
預防勝於治療相信大家都一定聽過,但現實中要讓病人或普羅大眾了解預防的重要性並非想像中容易。
骨質疏鬆好多老人都會有,不少年滿70歲的公公婆婆如果你捉去照DEXA scan和驗維他命D都會發現骨質密度過低以及維他命D不足。
但當你處方骨質疏鬆藥物時,例如上一代bisphosphonate時,很多病人都不喜歡,因為有反胃、胃痛和食道逆流的副作用。
常常我們都會聽到
「行得走得,無事無幹為什麼要食藥?為什麼要承擔副作用風險?」
「就血骨質疏鬆都未必會死,為什麼要為了不會死的病而冒險食藥?」
近來更愈來愈流行這種要求完全零風險的心態
的確,預防性治療是屬於non event的一種,非醫療相關行業的市民的perceived benefit vs risk跟醫護人員是完全兩回事的。
普羅大眾並不知道原來老人仆街後hip fracture一年內的死亡風險高達30%,平均每10個因仆街而髖關節骨折的老人便有3個會在一年來死去。即使幸運生存的老人亦可能因此失去行動功能,需要更多的支援,更有不少因未能照顧自己而要到護老院。
但對一些嚴重骨質疏鬆但未仆街的老人來說,他們依舊日日行街買餸無難道,你叫他們定期打骨針或飲可能會反胃的骨藥,他們真的會當你發神經。因為他們沒有經歷過老人仆街到底可以有多嚴重。
就骨質疏鬆藥
他們的perceived benefit — minimal
他們的perceived risk/cost — 打針貴、食藥反胃
但對醫護人員,特別是較有經驗的醫生或內分泌科醫生來說,老人仆街是生與死的對決
就骨質疏鬆藥
我們的perceived benefit — significant mortality and morbidity reduction
我們的perceived risk/cost — 打針貴、食藥反胃
是的,當你見識得多老人仆街的個案,你會發現預防是多麼重要的一件事。
但往往病人和家屬並不了解,只有當他們親身體驗過老人仆街之後髖關節骨折時,眼看老人因仆街而死去或從此行動不變時才會明白
「早知當初就吃藥打針」
但世事沒有早知,當他們親身體驗後,往往都已成定局,即使後悔莫及亦逆轉不了。
近排愈來愈多人不信任醫護人員,的確互信是雙向的,醫護人員要加強溝通令病人或家屬更加信任。但當一個人覺得所有醫護都加害你的時候,認為醫護的意見不可信,要求一定不存在的「零風險」治療或預防性治療時,便要承擔decision against medical advice的風險。
這個perception discrepancy在種種醫療情況都可見,如預防心臟病、中風、糖尿病、高血壓、高血脂、HPV、HIV、流感到今時今日的COVID等等。
There is so much a doctor can do
條路自己揀
cost reduction 在 TrendForce Facebook 的最佳解答
#MarketCommentary
Featuring Micron’s 176L NAND, the P5 Plus SSD is the first PCIe Gen 4 product in Crucial’s consumer SSD lineup and represents the increasingly widespread adoption of PCIe Gen 4 interface across not only enterprise-class products, but also consumer applications.
Being the first to launch 176L NAND, Micron has been aggressively ramping up production as this technology allows for better manufacturing cost reduction. TrendForce hence believes 176L products will narrow the gap in operating margin between Micron and Samsung.
cost reduction 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最佳解答
たまには、原付カフェも良いかな?
と言う感じで並べました、
MONKEY GT80 GR50 Passol Aprio AddressV100 KSR80 ミニチョッパ
ライダーズカフェMACHⅢ
大阪府堺市美原区北余部469-6
TEL&FAX072-361ー3171
http://www.h4.dion.ne.jp/~maltuha/index.html
Occasionally, is the original applying cafe also good?
It arranged it by the said feeling.
MONKEY GT80 GR50 Passol Aprio AddressV100 KSR80 Minichoppa
Raidarzcafe MACH?V
3171-..Yo 469?6 TEL&FAX072?361.. Osaka Prefecture Sakai City Mihara
Ward north .... http://www.h4.dion.ne.jp/~maltuha/index.html
HONDA
Model name of bicycle (small leisure motorcycle) with motor to which Honda Motor Co., Ltd. is doing manufacturing sales monkey (MONKEY). The form of the model put on the market by Kon soon will be AB27. It is called generally fourMINI with the gorilla etc. of the sisters car.
Model name of motorcycle that YAMAHA MOTOR was manufacturing Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. and GT (GT). The alias is a mini tray. GT50 of displacement 50cc and GT80 of 80cc were manufactured as a series model.
Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. Passol is a significance of existence of
Scutarpassol by which YAMAHA MOTOR began putting on the market in 1977.
The simplification of the manufacturing process by busy of making of parts and a unit a plastic material greatly contributed also to the reduction of car heavy cost, and the mechanism and the style became prototypes of the scooter made in Japan thereafter. It is not possible that there were about five time price difference in the rival in Japan though the existence of the Vespa that the Itariapiageo Co. manufactures was the same kind of scooter.
The power performance was welcomed at maximum speed with 45 km/h by range of customers practical that neither an excessive performance nor an expensive body were demanded about the catalog data though was poor.
Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. Aprio(Aprio)
Aprio (4JP) is a model put on the market as a brother model of JOG in 1993, and the body design is near Beno (It is thought that Beno was developed from this thing based on Aprio). That time..equip..concentration..large-scale..fuel..tank..practicality..excel..equipment..have..same..engine..install..reception desk..brake..disk..do..somewhat..sports..stop..derivation..model..exist.
The name of JOG disappeared by the process of passing the model, and it became a location of single model named Aprio though a first car name of the sale was JOG APRIO. Sales have been ended in shape to receive the arrangement of the model now.
Sea bass address (Address) is a motorcycle of the scooter type that the sea bass is doing the manufacturing sales. Various models exist in the displacement and each engine type.
Because the origin of Address that was the car name was a model who had appeared when Mettoinscutar was epoch-making in the one that dress of the meaning add of the meaning "Added" and "Clothes" was unified, and oneself was able to be produced by putting clothes in personal space in various places, this name was applied.
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/z8eNyC7gVus/hqdefault.jpg)
cost reduction 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最佳貼文
雨のライダーズカフェ、
佇む姿に大型車無し、
今日は、雨なんで、ミニバイクカフェ、
マッハマスター
http://www.sakai-tcb.or.jp/feature/f08.html
http://www.walkerplus.com/sakai/sp/jyuzu/
これで明日は晴れるかな、
It is rain, and a minibike cafe today when large-sized cars do not
exist in Raidarzcafe of rain and the appearance to stop.
Will you clear up in this tomorrow?
Model name of motorcycle that YAMAHA MOTOR was manufacturing Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. and GT (GT). The alias is a mini tray. GT50 of displacement 50cc and GT80 of 80cc were manufactured as a series model.
GT80
* Sales years: March, 1978
* Engine: Lead valve of two air cooling cycle pistons single cylinder
* Displacement: 72cc
* The total length: 1565mm
* The width: 710mm
* The total height: 930mm
* ..seat.. height: 655mm
* Boa × stroke: 47mm×42mm
* Center distance: 1045mm
* Compression ratio: 7.1
* ..ground.. height: 170mm
* Max power: 6.0PS/7000rpm
* Weight of vehicle: 64kg
* Max torque: 0.65kgf-m/6500rpm
* Tank capacity: 4.8L
* Start method: Kick-starter
* Lubrication method: Separation refueling
* Ignition method: Magnetor
* Minimum rotation radius: 1500mm
* Clutch: Shiki multi board ..wet.. type
* Taking the plate power: 20°
* Mission: Five return type velocities
* Tire: 2.50-15-4 PR 2.75-14-4 PR (Ahead)(back).
* Brake form: Leading-trailing drum brake
* Fuel cost: 75km/L
* Fixed price: 114,000 yen
Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. Passol is an electric scooter that began putting on the market in the scooter and 2002 when YAMAHA MOTOR began putting on the market in 1977. Both become bicycles with the motor in the displacement division.
Significance of existence of Passol
The simplification of the manufacturing process by busy of making of parts and a unit a plastic material greatly contributed also to the reduction of car heavy cost, and the mechanism and the style became prototypes of the scooter made in Japan thereafter. It is not possible that there were about five time price difference in the rival in Japan though the existence of the Vespa that the Itariapiageo Co. manufactures was the same kind of scooter.
The power performance was welcomed at maximum speed with 45 km/h by range of customers practical that neither an excessive performance nor an expensive body were demanded about the catalog data though was poor.
Only KSR110 is being put on the market now though Kawasaki and KSR (Caesarl) are motorcycles to which Kawasaki Heavy Industries is doing the manufacturing sales, and numerical models were produced as a series.
KSR-II
KSR-II was put on the market in 1990. KSR-I, and the body and the engine (The displacement is 79cc) are common, and basically cars only for getting on of one person.
At first..displacement..class..popular..fragrant..but..early..sales termination..become..put on the market..gradually..pioneer..existence..efficient..engine..revaluation..in the background of..motorcycle..unusual..delay..popular..model..become..exhaust emissions regulations..stroke..engine..use..difficult..become..sale..end..become.As a result, Kawasaki Heavy Industries abolished two stroke engine of a car Japan and domestic-oriented and on the market for the first time (The game vehicle is excluded) in four domestic manufacturers.
Moreover, because two stroke engine that vigour is good for a light body is installed, it has the combat power that can make inroads into the high rank in gymkhana.
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/NZ-fMCv5dGU/hqdefault.jpg)
cost reduction 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的精選貼文
ヤマハ・パッソルは、ヤマハ発動機が1977年に発売を開始したスクーター。排気量区分では原動機付自転車。
概要
* エンジン:強制空冷単気筒2サイクルエンジン、排気量49cc、最高出力2.3馬力
* 車重:45kg
* 変速機:自動変速
* クラッチ:自動遠心クラッチ
* ブレーキ:前後機械式ドラムブレーキ
背景
前年、ホンダが、自転車をベースにしたレジャーバイク、ロードパルを発売。思い切った低価格、ソフィア・ローレンを起用したテレビコマーシャルを武器に販売攻勢を強めた。その対抗車種としてヤマハ側が用意したスクーターがパッソルである。
女性がスカートを履いても乗れるというコンセプトの下、より親しみやすさに重点をおいた商品設計がなされており、平滑なステップ面を設け足を揃えて乗れるスルーステップなどを実現している。テレビコマーシャルには、庶民的なイメージを持つ八千草薫を起用し大ヒットにつなげた。
パッソルの存在意義
部品のユニット化、プラスティック素材の多用による製造工程の簡略化は、車重とコストの軽減にも大きく貢献し、メカニズムやスタイルは以後、日本で造られるスクーターの原型となった。同種のスクーターとして、イタリアピアジオ社が製造するベスパの存在があったが、価格差が5倍近くあり日本では競争相手に成り得なかった。
動力性能はカタログデータの最高速で45km/hと貧弱であったが、過剰な性能や高価な車体を要求しない割り切った顧客層にはむしろ歓迎された。
後継車種
コンセプトは、そのままに1982年10月にパッソルⅡが発売された。この頃には、スクーターのラインナップが充実しており、最も安価なボトムライン的な車種として設定されることとなったが、駆動系にVベルトを採用するなどの改良が施されている。しかし、動力性能の欠如は如何ともし難く上級車種と統合され消滅した。
Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. Passol is a scooter by which YAMAHA MOTOR began putting on the market in 1977.
It is a bicycle in the displacement division with the motor.
Outline
* Engine: Compulsion air cooling single cylinder two-cycle engine, displacement 49
cc, and max power 2.3 horsepower
* ..car.. heavily: 45kg
* Gear-change: Automatic changing the speed
* Clutch: Automatic centrifugal clutch
* The brake: Machine type drum brake before and after.
Background
HONDA puts the leisure motorcycle and Rordopal based on the bicycle on the market in the previous year. The sales offensive was strengthened with TV commercial as the weapon that appointed a drastic low price and Sophia Loren. The scooter that Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. prepared as the opposition model is Passol.
It designs the commodity of the priority, and Slustepp etc. to be able to get on by arranging installing a smooth step side and the foot have been achieved more friendly though the woman wears a skirt ..under the concept that it is possible to get on... In TV commercial, eight various herbs Kaoru who had a popular image was appointed and it tied to the smash hit.
Significance of existence of Passol
The simplification of the manufacturing process by busy of making of parts and a unit a plastic material greatly contributed also to the reduction of car heavy cost, and the mechanism and the style became prototypes of the scooter made in Japan thereafter. It is not possible that there were about five time price difference in the rival in Japan though the existence of the Vespa that the Itariapiageo Co. manufactures was the same kind of scooter.
The power performance was welcomed at maximum speed with 45 km/h by range of customers practical that neither an excessive performance nor an expensive body were demanded about the catalog data though was poor.
Succession model
Is the concept Passol in October, 1982 as it is?U was put on the market. The lineup of the scooter is enhanced recently, the improvement of the adoption of V belt for driving system etc. is given though it came to be set as a model the bottom line the cheapest. It was not easy to light it very, and however, the lack of the power performance was integrated and disappeared with the class model.
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/BI8ujK37dis/hqdefault.jpg)
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