關於 dr as habits of health ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

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18 Mar 2020: David Christopher Lung, Yuen Kwok-yung: Pandemic Originated from Wuhan; Lesson from 17 Years Ago Forsaken

Winter of Jihai (2019), a virus began in Wuhan. Comes spring of Gengzi (2020), an epidemic broke out in Hubei. Within China, there were 80,000 confirmed cases, and 3,000 deaths. People were confined in their homes and the epidemic only began slowing down towards the end of the month, yet the virus had leaked to the world outside before it could be stopped. In March, it was a pandemic, only it was announced too late by the World Health Organization (WHO). Countries lacked measures and reserves, and the pandemic swept across the globe. Singapore, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan were spared from the pandemic with continuous sprinkles of overseas imported cases and small groups, but have not yet fallen.

This pandemic came from a virus, shaped like a corona, hence named Coronavirus. Since 2015, WHO has avoided using names of people, places, animals, food, culture, occupation, etc., to name illnesses. For this one, the “year” was used for differentiation, COVID-19. In the naming of viruses, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) analyses only the genome sequencing meticulously and disregards the other aspects. Since the genome sequence of this Coronavirus was “not novel enough”, it belongs in the same sisterhood with the SARS Coronavirus, also known as SARS 2.0 (SARS-CoV-2). Local and international media call it the Wuhan Coronavirus or Wuhan Pneumonia, simple and straight-forward, which is not incorrect.

Much controversy has resulted in society regarding the name of this pandemic. In fact, the illness was named by WHO, while the virus was named by ICTV. Nicknames are conventional, as long as they are clear and understood. In scientific discussions or academic exchanges, COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 must be used. In daily public communications or media wordings, Wuhan Coronavirus or Wuhan Pneumonia are both conventional, easy to understand, and great for communication purposes.

The Pandemic of Gengzi, an Origin in Wuhan

Around 75% of the newly discovered infectious diseases originated from wild animals. Among the few that could infect mammals is the Coronavirus, whose ancestral virus originated from bats or avians. Both have the ability to fly thousands of miles to the place the virus was first discovered, therefore the naming of a virus would also include its place of origin. To investigate the origin of a virus, the correct and objective way is to isolate the virus from the animal host. Unfortunately, since Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market was eradicated early on, the wild animals in the market were already gone by the time researchers had arrived to collect samples. The identities of the natural host and the intermediate host became a mystery. According to the locals, the wild animals sold within the Market came from all over China, Southeast Asia, and Africa (smuggled) to be distributed from there. The ancestral virus of the Wuhan Coronavirus cannot be determined.

Using genome sequencing to determine its origin, a bat Coronavirus stand (RaTG13) was found to be extremely similar to the Wuhan Coronavirus, with a sequencing similarity of 96%, therefore it is believed to be the ancestral virus stand of this Wuhan Coronavirus. This particular virus strand was obtained and isolated from Yunnan bats (Rhinolophus sinicus), and bats are believed to be the natural host of this Wuhan Coronavirus. Epidemiology clearly indicated Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market as the amplification epicenter, where there was a huge possibility that the virus had cross-infected between the natural host and the intermediate host, and then mutated within the intermediate host to adapt to the human body, followed by human-to-human infections.

The identity of the intermediate host remains unknown, but genome sequencing indicated that the Spike Receptor-binding domain of the Wuhan Coronavirus has a 90% similarity to that of the pangolin Coronavirus strand. Although the pangolin could not be confirmed as the intermediate host, it is highly possible that this pangolin Coronavirus strand donated Spike Receptor-binding domain DNA (or even the entire sequence) to the bat Coronavirus strand. Though gene shuffling recombination, the novel Coronavirus was born.

Wild Animal Market, the Origin of Innumerable Viruses
The 2003 SARS virus originated from Heyuan, became an epidemic in Guangdong, and passed to Hong Kong. The SARS Coronavirus was found in civets, and China clearly banned the trading of wild animals afterward. 17 years on, the wild animal market has run amuck. The Chinese have outright forgotten the lessons from SARS and have allowed a live wild animal market to exist within the centre of a highly developed city, with wild animals being cooked and eaten in brought daylight – simply astonishing. The feces of the animals within a live wild animal market contain a large amount of germs and viruses. With a crowded environment, vile hygiene, and a mix of wild animal species, gene shuffling and mutation could easily occur in viruses, therefore these markets must be banned.

Reform of the wet markets should be a focus of epidemic prevention. The mainland Chinese and Hong Kong governments must quickly improve these environments by enhancing ventilation and pest control. Before the complete elimination of live-animal markets, animal feces must be well handled to minimise the chances of gene shuffling in viruses.

The online rumour that the virus originated from USA was absolutely groundless, delusional. Stop spreading the falsity before we expose ourselves to ridicule. To remain calm before a pandemic, informational transparency is of the utmost importance. With calm and objective analysis, refrain from parroting others and spreading hearsay. Not strictly enforcing the closure of all wild animal markets after SARS was a grave mistake. In order to defeat an illness, one must own up to the mistakes and face the truths. Stop committing the same mistakes and putting the blame onto others. The Wuhan Coronavirus was a product of the inferior culture of the Chinese people: excessive hunting and ingesting wild animals, inhumane treatment of animals, disrespecting lives. Continuing to devour wild animals for human desires, the deep-rooted bad habits of the Chinese people are the real origin of the virus. With this attitude, in a dozen years, SARS 3.0 is bound to happen.

(Dr Lung graduated in 2004 from the University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine with distinction in Medicine. He currently works in the Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, where he built up the microbiology team and lab. Yuen Kwok-yung is a Professor and Chair of Infectious Diseases of the Department of Microbiology of the University of Hong Kong)

(Original image by Ming Pao)

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【壽司愛好者需注意汞中毒的危險
Sushi addicts need to be aware of mercury toxicity risk】

(Financial Times, Jul. 13, 2015) —by Charles Wallace

Is eating sushi safe?
吃壽司是安全的嗎？

During a recent meal with a Wall Street financial adviser, he mentioned that he eats sushi several times a week because he believed it to be the most healthful and convenient way to dine while continuing to work at his desk. I was left wondering if that was as healthful as he said, given the recent concern about mercury in fish.
最近我和一位在華爾街工作的財務顧問一起吃飯。用餐時他提到他每週要吃好幾次壽司，因為他覺得如果要邊用餐，邊在辦公室繼續工作，吃壽司就成了最健康和方便的選擇。不過想到最近人們對魚類中含汞量的疑慮，我不由得懷疑起吃壽司是否真的像他所說的那麼健康。

All around the financial centers in London and New York, shops which once featured only simple sandwiches now stock different types of sushi and sashimi, including those made from various types of tuna. This despite the well-publicized concern when Richard Gelfond, CEO of the US cinema group IMAX, reported that he had been diagnosed with mercury toxicity after eating sushi on a daily basis.
在倫敦和紐約的金融中心周遭，原本只供應簡單三明治的店家現在紛紛賣起了各式各樣的壽司和生魚片，包括用各種鮪魚製作的食品。儘管自從美國影院集團IMAX的執行長 Richard Gelfond 自稱因為每天食用壽司而被診斷出汞中毒症狀後，媒體已對此問題進行了廣泛報導。

In addition, the actor Jeremy Piven, star of ITV’s Mr. Selfridge franchise, also was reported to have been hospitalized for mercury toxicity from eating sushi.
此外，還有報導指出，英國獨立電視臺(ITV)「塞爾弗裡奇先生」(Mr. Selfridge)電視劇中的男主角 Jeremy Piven 也因吃了壽司導致汞中毒而被送往醫院。

While the European Food Safety Authority issued a new advisory notice on fish consumption earlier this year, it said that the types of fish consumed in Europe and fish-eating habits were so different across the continent that it was up to the individual countries to give specific advice.
儘管歐洲食品安全局(European Food Safety Authority)今年初就曾以攝取魚肉來發表一項新的建議性通知，他們表示歐洲各國所食用的魚肉種類和食用習慣差異極大，應該由各國各自提供專屬的建議。

Britain’s NHS has advice about canned tuna but not about sushi. The US Food and Drug Administration recently set its first minimum fish consumption target, emphasizing the benefits of eating more low-mercury fish.
另一方面，英國國家醫療服務體系(NHS)則是對鮪魚罐頭提出了建議，而非對壽司提出建議。美國食品藥物管理局(FDA)最近首次設定攝取魚肉最小值標準，並強調了食用更多低汞含量魚類的好處。

Given this confusion, I asked Michael Gochfeld, who has studied mercury toxicity for 30 years, what his best advice is about fish consumption.
考慮到這種混亂的狀況，我詢問了研究汞中毒長達30年的Michael Gochfeld，想了解他對攝取魚肉有哪些最棒的建議可提供。

Dr. Gochfeld, an adjunct clinical professor in the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute at New Jersey’s Rutgers University, said most people do eat too little fish, an excellent source of protein and omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown in some studies to be protective against heart disease and cancer. But he acknowledged that there can be too much of a good thing.
Gochfeld 博士是紐澤西州羅格斯大學(Rutgers University)環境和職業健康科學研究所的客座臨床教授。他表示大多數人的魚肉攝取量都太少了。魚類是理想的蛋白質和omega-3脂肪酸的來源。一些研究闡明，這種脂肪酸能夠預防心臟病和癌症。但他也承認，過猶不及，好事做過了頭就成了壞事。

“If you eat fish rarely, such as less than once a month, it’s likely that your health will benefit from eating more fish,” Dr. Gochfeld explains. “If you eat fish frequently, more than twice a week, you have to pay attention to eating low mercury fish if you don’t want to get food poisoning.”
「如果你很少吃魚，比如一個月少於一次，那麼食用更多魚很可能會對你的健康更有益，」 Gochfeld 博士解釋稱：「不過要是你經常吃魚，一周超過兩次，又不想要食物中毒的話，你就得注意要食用低汞含量的魚才行。」

Among the fish that have been found to have the highest mercury content are swordfish, shark, marlin and albacore tuna. “If you go to a high-end sushi bar in New York, the chances are the tuna sushi will be bigeye tuna with high mercury levels,” he says, adding that in Japan, sushi is a prized delicacy but eaten only once a month. Sushi is often made from fish other than tuna, which can be safe to eat in larger quantities.
汞含量最高的魚類包括劍旗魚、鯊魚、旗魚和長鰭鮪魚。「如果你去紐約的高級壽司店，有可能鮪魚壽司是用高汞含量的大目鮪魚製作的，」他還補充說，在日本，壽司是人們珍愛的美味，但人們一個月只食用一次。壽司通常是用鮪魚以外的魚類製作的，在大量食用的情況下，這些壽司可能較為安全。

This mercury warning is especially true for pregnant women. “Having even one meal with high mercury fish, like one swordfish serving, at the wrong time could have an impact on a developing fetus,” Dr. Gochfeld cautions.
這裡有關汞中毒的警告對於懷孕女性特別重要。「在不適當的時機，就算只食用一次高汞含量的魚，比如一道由劍魚所烹製的菜餚，就可能影響發育中的胎兒，」 Gochfeld 博士這般告誡。

While he loves tuna sushi himself, he restricts his consumption to once a month and eats low mercury fish such as salmon a couple of times a week.
儘管 Gochfeld 博士本人也愛吃鮪魚壽司，他把攝取量限制在每月一次，並且每週食用幾次鮭魚等具有較低汞含量的魚。

That advice is similar to the counsel from the British government, which says that pregnant women and young children should not eat swordfish, shark or marlin, and that other adults should limit their intake to one portion a week. As for me, I love salmon so that is my dietary mainstay, but also eat other low-mercury fish.
這個建議和英國政府提出的忠告很接近，英國政府表示孕婦和幼童不宜食用劍魚、鯊魚或者旗魚，而其他成年人也應該將攝取量限制在每週一次。就我個人而言，我非常愛吃鮭魚，因此鮭魚是我飲食的首選，但我也吃其他低汞含量的魚。

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