歐洲議會高票通過友台報告書「台歐盟政治關係暨合作」,台灣與歐盟友好關係持續深化。
#台海局勢
歐洲議會不僅關切中國軍事對台灣的威脅、敦促中國停止任何破壞台海和平的行為,也呼籲歐盟積極主動與國際社會合作,維護台海和平及鞏固台灣民主,並將台灣納入歐盟「印太合作戰略」作為重要夥伴。
#強化台歐雙邊交流
歐洲議會鼓勵歐盟 #強化與台灣最高層級等官方交流,也呼籲歐盟執委會於今年年底前準備好與台灣「雙邊投資協定」的前置作業,以準備與台灣展開談判。
#支持台灣在立陶宛設處
先前中國以經貿及外交等手段制裁立陶宛,這次歐洲議會臨時新增並通過修正案,強調歐洲議會支持也歡迎台灣在立陶宛設立代表處,同時譴責中國對立陶宛的經濟制裁,也呼籲歐盟採取適當行動力挺立陶宛。另一修正案則建議將「歐洲經貿辦事處」更名為「歐盟駐台辦事處」(EU Office in Taiwan)。
「台歐盟政治關係暨合作」報告 #是歐洲議會首度針對台歐盟政治關係起草的正式文件,外交部誠摯感謝歐洲議會首次主動針對台歐關係提出全面積極的建議,未來將持續關注後續報告案投票結果。
MOFA would like to thank the European Parliament’s Committee on Foreign Affairs for adopting a report on #EU-#Taiwan Political Relations and Cooperation, marking a new milestone in ties!
We welcome the report, which calls for the elevating of political relations with Taiwan to a comprehensive and enhanced partnership, the completion of an impact assessment which could pave the way for negotiations of a bilateral investment agreement (#BIA) with Taiwan, Taiwan’s inclusion in the EU Indo-Pacific Strategy and advocacy for Taiwan’s inclusion in international organizations as an observer, among other things.
The report also expresses the European Parliament’s support for Taiwan’s establishment of a representative office in #Lithuania and suggests the changing of the name of the European Economic and Trade Office in Taipei to the “EU Office in Taiwan.”
Taiwan and the EU share the values of #democracy, #freedom and respect for #HumanRights and #RuleOfLaw. Taiwan will not be cowed by authoritarian regimes into abandoning these principles and will continue to work with the EU and other partners to uphold the liberal democratic order.
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過361萬的網紅Dan Lok,也在其Youtube影片中提到,What Should You Do With Extra Money? Spend It? Invest In Stock? Build A Business? Take Your Chance To Ask Dan Lok A Question By Joining The FREEDOM Ch...
economic principles 在 創業小聚 Meet Startup Facebook 的精選貼文
Blockchain, the one of hottest technology, has reduced the cost of "trust" by using mathematical principles and game theory to fundamentally solve the long-standing trust problem of human society from an economic point of view.
https://meet-global.bnext.com.tw/articles/view/47415
economic principles 在 犀利檢座 Facebook 的最佳解答
湯景華縱火燒死6人案,最高法院今天「自為改判」,改判無期徒刑定讞。
理由是:……屬於殺人的間接故意,而不是直接故意,不符合判《兩公約》規定要處死刑啊要具備殺人直接故意的要件。所以本院依法撤銷原審判決,改判無期徒刑,褫奪公權終身。(最高法院刑事發言人徐昌錦庭長)
首先,我先看了《公民與政治權利國際公約》第六條,並沒有必須直接故意殺人才可以判死刑這樣的要件。再到處查,只有查到台灣廢除死刑推動聯盟《台灣死刑判決報告~75位死刑犯判決綜合分析》裡面有以下這段:
「……
其中所謂「情節最重大之罪」,依人權事務委員會相關解釋,雖限於「蓄意殺害並造成生命喪失」(there was an intention to kill which resulted the loss of life),然此僅屬公政公約因應不同國家刑事法制度所設之「最低度要求」。
依此,非謂凡犯「殺人罪」者即均應處以死刑;又應將「未發生死亡結果」或「不確定故意」之犯罪排除於「情節最重大之罪」範圍外
……」
經由一些文獻指引,找到公民與政治權利國際公約第36號一般性意見第35點,原文節錄:「The term “the most serious crimes” must be read restrictively and appertain only to crimes of extreme gravity, involving intentional killing.(僅限於涉及故意殺人的極嚴重罪行。) Crimes not resulting directly and intentionally in death,(未直接和故意導致死亡的罪行,) such as drug offences, attempted murder, corruption and other economic [and political] crimes, armed robbery, piracy, abduction, and sexual offences, although serious in nature, can never justify, within the framework of article 6, the imposition of the death penalty.」簡而言之,必須「故意殺人」,而且「直接、故意地導致死亡」,才能判處死刑。本段落並列舉包含毒品罪、殺人未遂罪、武力強盜、海盜及性侵害犯罪等罪,不能宣告死刑。
這段英文出自A/HRC/4/20,解釋「情節最重大之罪」:「The requirement of human rights law that the death penalty should be imposed only for the “most serious crimes” continues to be interpreted subjectively by certain States. The report examines the travaux of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, surveys the jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee, and analyses the comments by the Secretary-General, principles declared by the Economic and Social Council and the Commission on Human Rights and concludes that, if it is to comply with the most serious crimes restriction, the death penalty can only be imposed in cases where it can be shown that there was an intention to kill which resulted in the loss of life. 」
首先,第一個問題是,英文「intentional/intentionally」,是否包含「不確定故意」?如果從英美法的角度,犯罪的主觀要素分類大致上有intentional, reckless, negligence等,如果並沒有強烈的意圖(intention),但是能預見而去做某些行為會侵害法益,仍然去做,也會構成魯莽(reckless),以殺人罪為例,魯莽行為致死會構成involuntary manslaughter(英美法的殺人罪有很多種,這邊姑且翻譯成「比較嚴重的過失致死」)通常會比murder(謀殺)的罪輕很多。
(這邊以美國為例)你以為美國刑法會用魯莽殺人(過失致死)輕易放下強盜致死、縱火致死、強姦致死的人嗎?在大部分的立法例裡,只要犯下重罪(felony,能判超過一年徒刑的,全都是重罪)致人於死,而且沒有嚴重違背因果歷程的,都會被被擬制為「謀殺」,稱為「重罪謀殺」(felony murder),所以即使行為人在強盜過程中,被害人嚇到跌倒死亡,或者結夥搶劫,你的同伴把被害人槍殺,自己也要成立「重罪謀殺罪」。這個理論是基於「移轉的故意」(transferred intent),意思是說,你在做某些危險的事,就該知道那件事可能發生的危害,對實際發生的危害直接當成是故意所為的。
言歸正傳,我國除了毒品罪、海盜罪還有很多奇奇怪怪的罪不用殺死人就可以判死刑以外,強盜致死、擄人勒贖致死,都不用殺人故意,就可以判死刑。
運輸一級毒品,或者強盜沒有殺人故意,根據《刑法》都可以判死刑,更遑論不確定故意的殺人了。不過根據「《兩公約》規定必須具有殺人的直接故意」才能判處死刑的這個說法,以上這些通通不能判死刑,所以應該可以說,《刑法》裡面許多死刑的規定,是只能嚇人用。
或者說,《兩公約》真的是當年總統、立法者、學者們想的這樣嗎?
歡迎指正與提供意見。
economic principles 在 Dan Lok Youtube 的精選貼文
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Dan Lok has been viewed more than 1.7+ billion times across social media for his expertise on how to achieve financial confidence. And is the author of over a dozen international bestselling books.
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In addition to his social media presence, Dan Lok is the founder of the Dan Lok Organization, which includes more than two dozen companies - and is a venture capitalist currently evaluating acquisitions in markets such as education, new media, and software.
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This video is about What To Do With Extra Money In The Bank?
https://youtu.be/p7wvfJDL86s
https://youtu.be/p7wvfJDL86s
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