[教育時評] Developing Empathy
為什麼同理於此時比以往任何時刻都重要?
同理(empathy)可以定義為從他人觀點理解感受他人所感的能力。這與同情(sympathy)不同,同情是對處於困境之人感到難過的感覺。在某些情況下,兩個術語有共同之處是因為同理是一種共鳴的關切,其中包括希望人們更好的渴望。
心理學家已辨識出不同種類的同理,主要為情感和認知兩種類型。情感同理心 (affective empathy)是指能分享他人感受的能力。它使我們能夠「鏡像」他人的感受並覺察他們的焦慮或恐懼。
認知同理心(cognitive empathy),也稱為換位思考,是識別和理解他人感受的能力。有效的溝通需要情感同理心和認知同理心兩者,因為它們可以幫助我們建立情感連結並向受眾傳達信息。同理對於協作和領導力也很重要,因為一個人需要理解和預期他人的情感和行為,才能與之工作並帶領他們走向成功。
人們可以看到同理呈現在所有職業中。老師需要靠同理來理解和滿足學生的多樣化需求。研究表明,富有同理心的醫療人員的患者享有更好的健康狀況。警察需要同理來拉近與之打交道的人的距離,來減少以武力處理的狀況。想想當警察缺乏對示威者的同理時會發生什麼。
現在比以往任何時候都更需要同理心。身份政治,政府競爭,甚至是最近的健康危機,都在逐漸蠶食我們的同理心和同情心,導致更大的緊繃,分裂和衝突。社交媒體上有多少發文在強調相互幫助的需要,又有多少在傳播恐懼和仇恨?
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並非所有希望都已失去。我們仍可以懷有和培養同理心。我們可以試著練習:
1.積極傾聽 (Active listening):傾聽並關注他人意見。不要只是簡單地摒除與自身不同的觀點。
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2.破除認同屏障(Shared identity):了解與自己不同的人。與其只關注兩者間的差異,不如考慮自己與他們分享的共同點。想像自己如何能設身處地的換位思考。
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3.制止不平等和冷漠 (Combating inequality and indifference):許多獲得較高社會經濟地位(socioeconomic status、SES)的人有時同理稍弱,因為他們較少有連結、依靠或與他人合作的需求。這並不意味所有富裕之人都對他人的需求漠不關心,但他們可能更需要去關注維持對他人的同理。
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4.閱讀與改變觀點 (Reading and changing perspectives):研究表明,閱讀文學小說(例如《殺死一隻知更鳥》,《老鼠與男人》)著重於人物心理及其與世界的互動。這些書激發讀者理解角色的意圖和動機,且這種的意識可以被帶入現實世界。但是,我認為,所有書籍,即使是非小說類書籍(例如《安妮·弗蘭克日記》)也能做到這一點,讀者不應受到書本類型的限制。重點在以閱讀了解他人的思維方式,從他人的角度思考和「體驗」生活,並將所學應用在自己的生活中。
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因此,為協助學生發展同理這一重要能力,我決定在我們的粉專上發起一個全新的系列:翻轉視界 (Changing Perspectives)。除了定期發布的《時事英文》、《教育時評》和《學習資源》,我們還將分享來自世界各地的人們的故事,文章中會提供關鍵詞、翻譯並向你提出批判性問題以期能幫助各位從不同的角度解讀世界!但是,單單思考並不夠!希望你可以不僅通過閱讀來發展同理,也通過理解和與他人合作將同理應用到生活中來取得成功。
References
Bal, P. M., & Veltkamp, M. (2013). How does fiction reading influence empathy? An experimental investigation on the role of emotional transportation. PloS one, 8(1).
Kaplan, S. (2016, July 22). Does reading fiction make you a better person? The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/07/22/does-reading-fiction-make-you-a-better-person/
Keen, S. (2007). Empathy and the Novel. Oxford University Press on Demand.
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Why is empathy more important now than ever?
Empathy can be defined as the capacity to understand feel what others experience from their perspectives. It differs from sympathy, the feeling of feeling sorry for someone in a difficult situation. In some instances, the terms overlap as sympathy is an empathetic concern, which includes the desire to see people better off.
Psychologists have identified different types of empathy, two main types being affective and cognitive. Affective empathy refers to the ability to share the feelings of others. It enables us to “mirror” what others feel and detect their anxiety or fears. Cognitive empathy, also known as perspective-taking, is the ability to identify and understand how others feel. Both are needed in effective communication because they help us build emotional connections and relay information to our audiences. Empathy is also essential for collaboration and leadership as one needs to understand and anticipate the emotions and behaviors of others to work with them and lead them to success.
One can see empathy present in all professions. Teachers need it to understand and meet the diverse needs of students. Research shows medical workers high in empathy have patients who enjoy better health. The police need it to feel less distant from people they are dealing with and defuse situations with less physical force. Think about what happens when the police lack empathy with protestors.
Empathy is needed more than ever now. Identity politics, government rivalry, and even the latest health crisis are gradually stripping us of our empathy and compassion, leading to greater tension, division, and conflict. How many posts on social media highlight the need to help one another, and how many spread fear and hate?
Not all hope is lost. We can still nurture and cultivate empathy. We can practice:
1. Active listening: Listen and be mindful of the opinions of others. Don’t merely dismiss every viewpoint different than your own.
2. Shared identity: Learn about people who are different from you. Rather than focus only on the differences, think about what you have in common. Imagine what you would do in their situation.
3. Combating inequality and indifference: Many who have attained higher socioeconomic status (SES) sometimes have diminished empathy because they have less of a need to connect with, rely on, or collaborate with others. This does not mean that all wealthy individuals are indifferent to the needs of others, but they might need to be more mindful about maintaining empathy towards everyone.
4. Reading and changing perspectives: Research shows that reading literary fiction (e.g., To Kill a Mockingbird, Of Mice and Men) focuses on the psychology of characters and their interaction with the world. These books motivate readers to understand character intentions and motivations, and such awareness can be carried into the real world. However, I personally believe that all books, even non-fiction (e.g., the Diary of Anne Frank), can do the same, and readers should not be restricted by the genre. The point is to read to understand the mindset of others, to think and “experience” life from their perspectives, and to apply these lessons to your own life.
Thus, to help students develop empathy, I have decided to launch a new series on our page: Changing Perspectives (翻轉視界). In addition to our regular posting of News English, Opinions in Education, and Learning Resources, we will share stories of people from around the world, provide key words, translations, and ask you critical questions to help you view the world from other perspectives! However, thinking is not enough! Develop empathy through reading but also apply it to your lives by understanding and working with others to achieve success.
References
Bal, P. M., & Veltkamp, M. (2013). How does fiction reading influence empathy? An experimental investigation on the role of emotional transportation. PloS one, 8(1).
Kaplan, S. (2016, July 22). Does reading fiction make you a better person? The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/07/22/does-reading-fiction-make-you-a-better-person/
Keen, S. (2007). Empathy and the Novel. Oxford University Press on Demand.
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圖片出處:https://bit.ly/2JUYzA9
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tl;dr: View the world from different perspectives. Have empathy and be nice.
教育時評: http://bit.ly/39ABON9
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過995的網紅Ray Shen,也在其Youtube影片中提到,This song is incredibly personal and emotional for Illenium Buy/Stream: https://Illenium.lnk.to/TakeYouDown 和RockMafia的Tim James一起作詞, Illenium將自己的過去告...
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《花木寶典》(English version below)
THE TREASURE BOOK OF FLOWERS & PLANTS
大概二十年前,吾結識了一位林姓花店老闆,因爲他的原故,吾才會有這難得的機會,一親花木的芳澤。吾,玳瑚師父,不否認對花很有好感。其實不祇是花,樹與草吾也都同樣有好感。雖然我們無法將郊外的花草樹木「搬」進去我們的家宅,但是我們可以將我們的住處,佈置成有花草樹木的覺受。打個比方說:在客廳面向入口處的牆上,掛上一幅有花有草有樹的畫。餐桌上放盆花卉,如:鬱金香、百合花、向日葵、蘭花等等。單憑這四種花,已是非常讚了。因它們象徵著婷婷玉立、百年好合、朝氣蓬勃、富貴端莊等等。但,必須是真花哦!除非妳你不介意虛情假意的感情。(一笑)
堪輿學是什麼?堪輿學是一門甚深的環境學。是能夠利樂一切諸有情的上上之學。有志於利樂眾生事業的人,應該參研參研,功德巍巍啊!就算妳你胸無此大志,懂得皮毛已可獲得,生活中的大益。在現今的組屋城市裡,我們雖生活在文明繁榮的國度裡,但人與人之間,相互的情感聯絡,卻已到了急診狀態。那是爲何因?因爲過多的鋼筋水泥,會導致人走向固執不通,寡情寡意。而花草樹木則能使人走向溫馨,愉悅及有情。有情就能夠生旺,無情則衰敗。從家庭到社會,再從社會到國家,影響之大真是不堪設想啊!
在眾多植物中,金錢樹、觀音竹、富貴樹、琴葉榕、巴西鐵樹等等,都是吾幫眾生造福時,喜推薦的擋煞增旺的植物。其實吾特別喜歡一種植物,那就是松柏樹是也。吾特別喜歡,乃是樹對大小環境,皆能添加綠意美化之。亦能加持富貴、文昌、天喜、華麗、莊嚴,等等。而吾多年遊走國內外,爲眾生造福時發現,凡有松柏樹的地方,必有富貴人家。當然,這必須得視松柏樹的高低、大小、青翠與否、茂盛與否、莊嚴與否,來判斷財丁名。吾自認福氣實不小。十八年前,榮幸的受邀幫助一戶人家,因此因緣見到非常莊嚴的兩盆松柏樹。這戶人家雖住政府組屋,可它內部裝潢,卻是貴氣逼人,是吾勘察過的政府組屋中,非常有氣派的一間。另外一個主要原因,是她他們家中有位非一般的貴客,那就是密宗黃教尊貴資糧主,黃財神是也。此尊黃財神金身,亦是到目前爲止,吾還未見過比之更莊嚴的。
其實,一間陽宅周圍的花草樹木,已伏藏著所住的人之健康貧富、吉凶禍福、妻財子祿。越是高明的堪輿師,越能一眼識破,越能有能力禳解之。所以這麼多年來,吾常苦口婆心的勸請男女有情,選購房屋勿草率,勿盲從,要不然將來妳你所要承受的損失,不是短期的,而是一輩子的。有這麼嚴重嗎?一個原本快樂圓滿的家庭,出現一個生瘤患癌的成員,患者本身的身體與心靈受創,家裡也會愁雲密佈啊!堪輿學本是山川的大智慧,本是很深的環境學。風光明媚的景色,優美的環境,必定造就才子佳人、身心康樂。購屋是要擇地的,購屋是要細察周圍的地形與地物的。奇形怪物的環境,千千萬萬不要住下。房屋前後左右不可有兩種不一樣的菓樹,也不可有有刺的植物。切記!切記!這《花木寶典》的誕生,是天下眾生的福音啊!
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About 20 years ago, I got to know the boss of a floral shop, Mr Lim. It was because of him, I had the rare opportunity to appreciate the beauty of flowers and plants. I, Master Dai Hu, do not deny that I am fond of flowers. In fact, it is not just flowers. I take a shine to trees and grass as well. Although we are unable to move the greenery from the countryside into our homes, we can decorate our place to give out the vibe of greenery in nature. For example, you can hang a picture of flowers, grass and trees in your living room facing the entrance. You can also place a pot of flowers, such as tulips, lilies, sun flowers, orchids, etc, on your dining table. Just these four types of flowers alone are already very wonderful, because they symbolize elegance, a long and harmonious life, vigour, prosperity and dignity, etc. However, they must be be real flowers! Unless you don't mind hypocrisy and false affections in your relationship. (laughs)
What is Feng Shui? It is a very deep body of knowledge about our environment. This superior knowledge can bring immense benefits to all sentient beings. For those of you aspiring to bring joy and relief to sentient beings, you ought to delve deep into this subject. That will be a very virtuous act! Even if you do not have big aspirations, knowing a little about Feng Shui can also bring huge benefits to your own life. In the city landscape of HDB flats that we are in today, the nobility and importance of flowers and plants become more prominent.
Despite us living in a civilized and prosperous country, the emotional interaction between people has deteriorated to a level that calls for emergency treatment. Why is that so? Because excessive use of cement and metal structures will cause people to become more obstinate and cold-hearted. On the other hand, flowers and plants can lead people towards warmth, joy and affection. When there is affection, there will be prosperity. Without affection, we will suffer decline. This situation can spread from a family unit, to the society and to the entire country. The impact of this is so great that it is unthinkable!
When I helped sentient beings to create good fortune, among the many plants, I have favourably recommended these to enhance prosperity and negate vile energies: Zamioculcas, Bambusa multiplex, Guilfoyle polyscias, Fiddle leaf fig, Dracaena fragrans etc. Actually, I am especially fond of one particular plant, the cypress pine. I especially like the way these plants beautify the environment, big or small. They can also aid in wealth, culture and literature, heavenly happiness, magnificence, dignity, etc. And in my years of travelling overseas and locally to benefit sentient beings, I discovered that places with the cypress pine often have wealthy families residing there.
Of course, one needs to see the height, size, verdancy, luxuriance, as well as the nobility, to determine the quality of wealth, descendants and reputation. I thank my good fortune that 18 years ago, I had the honour to be invited to help a family, hence had the affinity to see 2 pots of regal-looking cypress pine trees. Although this family lived in a HDB flat, its interior decoration was overflowing with an aura of nobility. Among all the HDB housing I have audited, theirs was a very resplendent home. Another main reason was that their home had an extraordinary guest, that is the the Yellow Jambhala, the distinguished Lord of Accumulation of Gelug school in Varjayana Buddhism. The statue of the Yellow Jambhala was the most regal-looking I had ever seen till now.
Fact is, the greenery surrounding a residence already has hidden indicators of the health, wealth, fortune, marriage, descendant, and status luck of the occupants. The more accomplished a Feng Shui master is, the more he is able to discern this in a single glance, and negate the harmful effects. That is why all these years, I have been constantly telling everybody, male and female, not to be hasty and have a herd mentality when it comes to buying your own home. Otherwise, the losses that you have to bear will not be for the short term, but for the entire lifetime.
Is it that serious?
A family which used to be a happy unit suffers the fate of one family member getting cancer. The patient suffers physically and emotionally and the family is shrouded with worry and anxiety.
Feng Shui is originally the great wisdom of the mountains and the rivers. It is a profound study of our environment. Picturesque scenery and a pleasant environment will definitely cultivate gifted scholars and beauties, and nourish the health physically and emotionally. Prior to buying a house, one must first select the right land. Buying a house requires careful scrutiny of the landform and land features. Never ever stay in an environment of a strange shape and odd features. There must not be two different fruit trees, or thorny plants on all four sides of your house. Please remember this! Be sure to keep in mind! The birth of this Treasure Book of Flowers and Plants is definitely joyous news to all sentient beings in this world!
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【開放預購】PRE-ORDER OPEN
《向善向上 2》Towards Kindness, Towards Betterment 2
30則真人真事的度眾故事 30 real-life deliverance stories of Master Dai Hu
全彩色的漫畫 Comics in lull colour illustration
中英文翻譯 In both English & Mandarin
約200頁 About 200 pages
此書將於2018年11月底抵達新加坡,目前開放預購,預計11月30日之前以Smartpac寄出 (本地郵寄),屆時也會在台灣金石堂書局同步上架。價格大眾化,包涵全球運送,無需再付郵資。
歡迎大家踴躍支持,人手一冊,也可將此書贈送給鄉親父老、親朋好友,帶領他們向善向上,迎接更美好的未來!
https://booklaunch.io/masterdaihu/towardskindness2
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This book will reach the shores of Singapore in end-November 2018. Right now, the pre-order is open and the books are estimated to be mailed out through Smartpac, by 30 November. At the same time, it will be on the shelves of Taiwan KingStone bookshop.
The economical price includes global delivery (Smartpac mailing for Singapore addressees, registered mail for overseas mailing).
https://booklaunch.io/masterdaihu/towardskindness2
emotional stories翻譯 在 林莉婷 Facebook 的最讚貼文
月入低於五萬就別存? 戴盛益這話的對錯,見人見智。
但對於畢業生而言,我覺得最重要的不該是月入多少、怎麼分配,而是「你曾做過幾份工作」,和「除了為錢,你是為什麼工作?」。
我見過不少人一畢業就急著進職場,但進去後就開始盲目地忙,關注的不是升遷就是薪水,卻往往沒有「暫停一下」好好思考,這份工作真的是你想要的、想累積的、適合自己的嗎?
我曾當過服務生、英文老師、機場免稅店員工、婚禮顧問、證券交易室業助,甚至連清倉拍賣都做過。在這之中我得到一個鐵律: 沒有一份工作是跟你「想像中」是一樣的。
所以25歲之前,我覺得新鮮人有機會的話,想的不應該是如何「待下來」,而是這種工作是否真的適合我? 沒有的話,就趕快換! 趁還年輕時,盡量探索,不要浪費時間!當然我並不鼓勵遇到困難就退縮,但有些人的天賦是表格,有些人的長處是數字,有些人則是對人很有辦法。
你知道你自己的「天賦」是什麼嗎?
大多數人,不知道。
依照個人經驗,每一份工作(不要同類型的!),總會賦予我們更加了解自己的機會,如此一來,心目中未來的藍圖,也才能夠越來越清晰。我不敢說一定是這樣,但至少這是我摔得渾身是泥巴後,最深的感觸。
最近終於有時間好好把歐普拉的「2013哈佛畢業典禮演說」完整聽完。真感謝有網路和youtube,讓就算無緣讀哈佛的我們,一樣可聽到這麼棒的演講。她說了很多,但有幾段我特別喜歡,把它節錄下、並做了簡單翻譯,跟大家分享:
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歐普拉: 靜心傾聽你內心的聲音 它就是你與生俱來的「人生GPS」
歐普發說,人生中並沒有所謂的「失敗」,這只是生命將你導上正途的方法。你可以為你認為失去的東西哀悼一下下,但關鍵是: 從妳的錯誤中學習。
因為每一段經驗、遭遇、尤其是過失,都是在教導你和逼你朝「真正的自己」邁進。接著,把你該走的,正確的下一步搞清楚。「生命的鑰匙」就是要發展出一個內在的GPS,你的道德感和直覺會指引你該怎麼走的。
她也說: 不要問世界需要什麼,而是要問你自己,做什麼樣的事會讓你「活起來」,然後去做。因為世界需要的是熱情洋溢「活起來」的人。
你來到這世上該做什麼,並不會一開始就很明朗,但你如果有一個目標,其實你也就只需要這一個,就可以找到真正的成功和幸福。而這目標就是,全能地發揮自己最真實也最人性的一面,將你的能量推到最高,在用這股力量提升你自己、你家人和週遭的人。
=========================================
最後,讓我聽了最熱血的是:
Operah when she was 16: I would like to be a journalist; I would like to tell other people stories in a way that makes a difference in their lives and in the world
(對身為新聞工作者得我們來說,真是激勵人心啊!)
以下是我節錄翻譯的原文:
There is no such thing as failure
failure is just life trying to move us in another direction
It's really ok to feel bad for a little while
give yourself time to mourn what you think u may have lost
but then here is the key
learn from every mistake
because every experience,encounter and particularly your mistakes,are there to teach you and force you into being more of who you are.
And then, figure out what is the next right move, and the key to life is to develop a internal moral emotional GPS that can tell you which way to go.
Don't ask yourself what the world needs
ask yourself what makes you come alive
and then go do that
because what the world needs is people who have come alive
What is your true calling?...What is your purpose? It isn't always clear in the beginning...
You will find true success and happiness
if you have only one goal
there really is only one
and that is this:
to fulfill the highest
most truthful expression of yourself as a human being
you wanna max out your humanity
by using your energy to lift yourself up your family and the people around you
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMWFieBGR7c
emotional stories翻譯 在 Ray Shen Youtube 的精選貼文
This song is incredibly personal and emotional for Illenium
Buy/Stream: https://Illenium.lnk.to/TakeYouDown
和RockMafia的Tim James一起作詞, Illenium將自己的過去告訴了全世界
Yo Fam,
I've been wanting to share something super personal for a while and just wasn't exactly sure how to do it. I'm at the point now where I've heard countless stories from you. Some of you have said my music changed your life, helped you through depression, addiction, a lost loved one, the list goes on. Honestly, I feel bad because you don't know how much that truly means to me, because I've been there too... In the depths.
Six years ago I overdosed on heroin. I struggled with opiate addiction from a young age. I was trapped in it, had no passion, no direction, and truly hated myself. It was such a dark time for me and my family because when it gets bad enough, hope begins to dim and there's no escaping reality. I'm not telling you to preach or say how I found some magical cure or that everyone needs to live like I do. I'm the biggest advocate for people living their own lives and spreading their own love in their own ways. I'm just sharing my story and relating because music saved my life too. With everything that has been going on with my career, I always keep reminding myself of that. My main goal with music is to try and help people overcome their struggles and also enjoy the moment.
With all that said , 'Take You Down' is about my struggles with addiction and what it can do to families and loved ones. It's more specifically about my mom, and how no matter what, she never gave up on me and always continued to see the good even though all I was doing was messing up. To anyone struggling like I did, not just with addiction but anything in life, I hope you guys can find peace in your struggles and know that anything can be overcome. I've been clean since that overdose and I owe that to finding my passion and being surrounded by the most loving people I could ever ask for. Thank you for always listening and being open. Thank you for sharing your own stories and your love of music with me. Love you all forever :)
Follow Illenium:
http://www.facebook.com/ILLENIUM/
http://www.twitter.com/ILLENIUMMUSIC
http://www.instagram.com/illeniummusic/
http://illenium.com
https://www.facebook.com/djRayShen/
https://soundcloud.com/ray-shen-3
https://www.mixcloud.com/ray-shen/
https://demodrop.com/user/550850
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