The History of Vietnamese Traditional Culinary (Phở). 🇻🇳
Pho is a Vietnamese soup consisting of broth, rice noodles (bánh phở), herbs, and meat (usually beef) (phở bò), sometimes chicken (phở gà). Pho is a popular food in Vietnam where it is served in households, street stalls and restaurants countrywide. Pho is considered Vietnam's national dish.
Pho originated in the early 20th century in northern Vietnam, and was popularized throughout the world by refugees after the Vietnam War. Because Pho's origins are poorly documented, there is disagreement over the cultural influences that led to its development in Vietnam, as well as the etymology of the name. The Hanoi (northern) and Saigon (southern) styles of pho differ by noodle width, sweetness of broth, and choice of herbs.
Pho likely evolved from similar noodle dishes. For example, villagers in Vân Cù say they ate pho long before the French colonial period. The modern form emerged between 1900 and 1907 in northern Vietnam, southeast of Hanoi in Nam Định Province, then a substantial textile market. The traditional home of pho is reputed to be the villages of Vân Cù and Dao Cù (or Giao Cù) in Đông Xuân commune, Nam Trực District, Nam Định Province.
Cultural historian and researcher Trịnh Quang Dũng believes that the popularization and origins of modern pho stemmed from the intersection of several historical and cultural factors in the early 20th century. These include improved availability of beef due to French demand, which in turn produced beef bones that were purchased by Chinese workers to make into a dish similar to pho called ngưu nhục phấn. The demand for this dish was initially the greatest with workers from the provinces of Yunnan and Guangdong, who had an affinity for the dish due to its similarities to that of their homeland, which eventually popularized and familiarized this dish with the general population.
Pho was originally sold at dawn and dusk by itinerant street vendors, who shouldered mobile kitchens on carrying poles (gánh phở). From the pole hung two wooden cabinets, one housing a cauldron over a wood fire, the other storing noodles, spices, cookware, and space to prepare a bowl of pho. The heavy gánh was always shouldered by men. They kept their heads warm with distinctive, disheveled felt hats called mũ phở.
Hanoi's first two fixed pho stands were a Vietnamese-owned Cát Tường on Cầu Gỗ Street and a Chinese-owned stand in front of Bờ Hồ tram stop. They were joined in 1918 by two more on Quạt Row and Đồng Row. Around 1925, a Vân Cù villager named Vạn opened the first "Nam Định style" pho stand in Hanoi. Gánh phở declined in number around 1936–1946 in favor of stationary eateries.
In the late 1920s, various vendors experimented with húng lìu, sesame oil, tofu, and even Lethocerus indicus extract (cà cuống). This "phở cải lương" failed to enter the mainstream.
Phở tái, served with rare beef, had been introduced by 1930. Chicken pho appeared in 1939, possibly because beef was not sold at the markets on Mondays and Fridays at the time.
With the partition of Vietnam in 1954, over a million people fled North Vietnam for South Vietnam. Pho, previously unpopular in the South, suddenly became popular. No longer confined to northern culinary traditions, variations in meat and broth appeared, and additional garnishes, such as lime, mung bean sprouts (giá đỗ), culantro (ngò gai), cinnamon basil (húng quế), Hoisin sauce (tương đen), and hot chili sauce (tương ớt) became standard fare. Phở tái also began to rival fully cooked phở chín in popularity. Migrants from the North similarly popularized bánh mì sandwiches.
Meanwhile, in North Vietnam, private pho restaurants were nationalized (mậu dịch quốc doanh) and began serving pho noodles made from old rice. Street vendors were forced to use noodles made of imported potato flour. Officially banned as capitalism, these vendors prized portability, carrying their wares on gánh and setting out plastic stools for customers.
During the so-called "subsidy period" following the Vietnam War, state-owned pho eateries served a meatless variety of the dish known as "pilotless pho" (phở không người lái), in reference to the U.S. Air Force's unmanned reconnaissance drones. The broth consisted of boiled water with MSG added for taste, as there were often shortages on various foodstuffs like meat and rice during that period. Bread or cold rice was often served as a side dish, leading to the present-day practice of dipping quẩy in pho.
Pho eateries were privatized as part of Đổi Mới. Many street vendors must still maintain a light footprint to evade police enforcing the street tidiness rules that replaced the ban on private ownership.
________________
Admin_MZA
©️ Respective Owner(s)
同時也有3部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過134萬的網紅Point of View,也在其Youtube影片中提到,อ้างอิง 8 Things You Didn’t Know About Oranges. (2015, December 5). Tastemade. https://www.tastemade.com/articles/8-things-you-didnt-know-about-orang...
history etymology 在 Sam Tsang 曾思瀚 Facebook 的最讚貼文
NOTES ON CHARLOTTESVILLE:
OR, WHY WHITE PEOPLE DO NOT EXIST AS A PEOPLE
I've heard some several buddies, people I know well and care about (most of them not in comment boxes or in public) asking about the moral equivalency between the neo Nazis, white nationalists, and other white ethnostate type supporters and groups like Black Lives Matter, Antifa (short for Antifascists), and other direct action groups.
I'd like to speak to that comparison a bit and then turn to a more important part of it that I worry about. Before I get to that, I should first say that I've said enough about Trump. Honestly, the guy confuses me. He swings from a nihilistic idiot to a idiotic nihilist. His inconsistencies pile so high that you either get lost in them or you use them wholesale to try and make your point. He wins in the time and toll it takes. He also, I think, has found a very particular niche worldview for his newfound politics and is willing to, at the end of the day, embrace ANYONE willing to give him what he wants the most: affection. Never, at least to my memory, have we had a more emotionally needy president. But that's neither here nor there at the moment.
If you look at most social protests and revolutionary movements you will find a basic set of factions that don't change. They tend to spread between non violent oppositions and even less violent moderates, both winged by some type of pragmatists who are not in principle opposed to violence. Different sides will use the radicals of different parts of this division to throw away the entire argument of one side or another, and this is not an even equivalent exchange in the history of US racial tension. But I want to stay away, mostly, from broad historical claims here.
The point I am driving at is evident when we realize that the Civil Rights activists who practiced non violent acts of resistance were often lumped in with Black Panthers, or others not opposed to violence, although the two groups were ideologically fairly different. But I am not willing to say that they were so different as to not be judged as being on roughly the same side of the discussion. After all, the Civil Rights movement was not just the movement for the passage of legislation nor did it belong to the non violence of MLK Jr entirely. This is not historical. If you don't see that the US institution of slavery was a grave moral evil and that the Jim Crow laws that succeeded it were demonic in their formal and informal application, and that, as a result, those determined to end these things were in principle on the side of justice, then you really have no moral compass. Say what you will of the vast differences between MLK Jr and Malcolm X, but it is hard to argue that their social protest was off key in the tonic.
The more popular -- but equally as appropriate -- comparison these days is to Nazi Germany. (Of course, a great deal of the sentiment of the Civil Rights movement was a direct result of the effects that US wars had for those within its ranks who were not white, but that might be slightly off the mark in this case.) There is a bright and clear moral line between the Nazi ideology and its perverse Final Solution and those who sought to oppose it. This line, by the way, finds its way directly into the symbolism and rhetoric of the neo Nazi's at Charlottesville. Not only were there swastikas, there were Nazi crosses and other niche paraphernalia. There were the salutes, yes, but there were other salutations and insider ways of speaking going on. There were also the tiki torches, the modern Pepe Wal-Mart replacement for the burning torch rallies and burning crosses of the KKK. The grand knight of that sick group was standing by. They brought their own military-grade armed militia to protect those who came in homemade riot gear. This was not the making of a peaceful protest or free speech of the sort that we see the Westboro Baptists practice (not that they are emblems of public virtue, far, far from it!).
As I said earlier, if you find yourself unable to distinguish between Nazism in its original form and neo Nazis, white nationalists, and others like them and those who through what ever means they find useful (which one can disagree with in practice while still endorsing in principle) oppose them, then you are morally corrupt. If you can't quite figure out how the math works in this moral calculus, you are morally mindless and incompetent.
Of course, within any opposition to these (supposedly) easy immoral targets one can find many arguments and even passionate disavowals. But there are real moments when these lines are simply drawn and one must take a side. I have in the past even used the language of "alt left" in an entirely different usage, but I regret it deeply, now, seeing its life-cycle. I will not exchange my allergies to the ideological types of identity politics I have long opposed nor will my more specific critique of the critics settle. All that fuss gets set aside in these events. If I have to choose whether to stand next to a neo Nazi or Antifa, I'll choose the latter on pain of eternal damnation. To those who say you don't have to choose, that risk is one I am not willing to make. I would rather be a black panther than a lynch mob, as much as my truer sympathies lie somewhere else. Despite all my oppositions to modern warfare, I would pick up arms against the Nazis long before I'd "peacefully" cheer on their side. I think most people feel this way.
But something remains and this is what I worry about and even dread most: we are not fighting Nazis or lynch mobs. Most people would never go to march in Charlottesville. And even when you talk to many of the white nationalists they will say something along the lines of "I'm not racist." To them, their present politics is no longer that of the slaver or the KKK. They don't wear hoods and they don't want to own people as property anymore, it seems. They hate the Jewish people for reasons I am still not able to process in my mind, but their argument is more separatist than colonial -- so they claim.
They seem to think that the USA was founded by *their* ethnic ancestors, who hailed from Europe, gathered together in this ancient race called "White" that has recently, especially after the activism surrounding police brutality against African Americans, fallen into a disrepute that is sending the world into a globalist terror to come, in the biggest of the big governments.
Now, these conspiracy theories do not need to be true or believed to find where they hit a live nerve in a lot of people. Some people do ask why white people cannot have rallies for themselves without longing for ethic purity. Some people do think that white folks today are being washed away through interracial marriage, but many more who don't mind interracial romance still worry that white people are on the losing end of public sentiment. Lots of people who try to counter this tend to make it worse by appealing to gotcha replies about privilege or other things. I tend to find that too complex.
I recently commented to one of my friends that I don't think of myself as having very many "white" friends. Some of you might balk since many extremely intimate people in my life are, supposedly, white. And of course if we use one way of thinking about what "white" is, that is true. On the same logic, I would be, in certain real scenarios, white as well. But what I meant when I wrote to my friend was that I see my friends of European descent as from where they are. Those who don't know where they are from share with me a genealogical confusion that I can also understand.
Maybe this weirdness is partly because, on the vulgar ethnic analysis I am used to, I am neither white nor Black. And, of course, as many Africans who are neither black nor American will remind you, things become quite complex depending on what rules we are using to count the deck.
My point is this, and if you read nothing else, please read this: There is no such thing as "white people" in history. Most folks who use the expression were not allowed to use it only a few decades ago. The white supremacy of the KKK of old hated Blacks, yes, but also Mexicans, and Catholics, and Jews (of course), and atheists, and more. Depending on how you see it, whiteness was either more or less ecumenical, but just as ideologically religious.
Let me say it again: There will never be a "white ethnostate" based on European culture because the history of Europe is covered in ethnic feuds and wars. If you've never heard of a guy named Napoleon, check him out. I'm being serious. If you think of yourself as being "white" in some serious ancestral way, you're not. You are wearing a name tag your family was GIVEN at some point but never had by its own right. There are no white people in this familial sense. (Settle down critical race theorists, I am well aware of the whiteness that is real, too, but this ain't it.) There is no such thing as a white European culture or of a white heritage in that sense at all.
Again and again: The most scandalously false part of the neo Nazi mentality is as old as its previous, original half baked idea in Hitler's weak mind. The concept of a master race doesn't work for mastery of people nor does it work for figuring out who you really are. We come from places with names and languages and peoples and legacies that are concrete. Some of us lost a lot of memory at the hands of another, and others lost through the same hands. Today we tend to think that the ancestors of slaves, or indigenous peoples, or mixed-up mestizos are the ones who lack a strong identity and the rest have theirs in bold font. Not true. From your family to your soul, you don't really know who you are if you are using ideological pet words to hang the hat of your self.
I'm not a real Mexican and I'm not a real American -- and I'm no Canadian, either. My father was an orphan, so I've taken his bloodless name as my own, a Portuguese word by etymology. I of course will pass as a white guy at a Black family reunion, just as I passed as an indigenous guy today on the pier (until I produced a fishing license instead of a status card), just as I passed as an Iranian at a birthday party last week, and so on. But the real facts of who I am don't work in the abstract.
This is why if you want to find a better substitute for whiteness find a Greek Festival or an Irish Pub or a German Beer Garden or a French Restaurant. This is food and drink, and it is a set of multicultural cliches, but enjoy an Italian family dinner and tell me there is nothing about who someone is at stake there. The point is that the real identity we can and do celebrate is everywhere and it is not necessarily riddled with guilt, even if sometimes it could use some (or far less). None of it calls itself "white." None. If you are using "white" as your only name tag, then I am sorry to say that you've been fooling yourself. You don't have a people by that name. There is no such thing. Your great-great-great grandmother would mostly likely not answer to "white."
Personal history quickly becomes social, national, and regional histories and we find ourselves, again, at Charlottesville. All I can say for now about it, to my dear and beloved friends who I suspect think that they are "white," is this: We cannot have white rallies because there is no such thing as a "white" people. Black Lives Matter is not a movement for everyone who is of one dark color in the world -- it is about the US experience for those living within the legacy of slavery and Jim Crow over the past three years (some Black activist groups are critical of this aspect of BLM, by the way). If you want a "white" identity, then look to the folk expressions of it that we have and should treasure like music, food, and regional folk ways of being. Poetry, dance, dialect, accent, story. These are not safe or sanitary places -- I tend to think this story of a "white people" got made up there, too -- but they also don't pretend like people are any more or less related than they really are.
Donald Trump is a German-American man, not a white man. His whiteness is an entirely different issue that I am disinterested in getting into right now. If you wonder why white people are seen as bad sometimes, it is largely because of this false assumption: that white people exist as a people when they so manifestly do not.
history etymology 在 Point of View Youtube 的精選貼文
อ้างอิง
8 Things You Didn’t Know About Oranges. (2015, December 5). Tastemade. https://www.tastemade.com/articles/8-things-you-didnt-know-about-oranges/
Ewbank, A. (2018, March 1). How Orange (the Fruit) Inspired Orange (the Color). Atlas Obscura. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/orange-fruit-color-origin
Greenberg, Z. (n.d.). The Origin of Oranges. ArcGIS StoryMaps. Retrieved June 11, 2021, from https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/1a88363072674762b95e1ab4e7431fd0
Grovier, K. (2018, February 27). The toxic colour that comes from volcanoes. BBC Culture. https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180227-the-toxic-colour-that-comes-from-volcanoes
Kastan, D. S., & Farthing, S. (2018, July 27). Color or Fruit? On the Unlikely Etymology of “Orange.” Literary Hub. https://lithub.com/color-or-fruit-on-the-unlikely-etymology-of-orange/
Kelk, A., & Watt, D. (n.d.). Which came first - orange the colour or orange the fruit? Do the two concepts share the same word in all languages? Notes and Queries | The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-4756,00.html
Ministry of General Affairs. (2016, October 26). History: Orange and Nassau. Royal House of the Netherlands. https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/orange-and-nassau/history
New research debunks the link between orange carrots and Dutch royalty. (2016, May 12). Dutch News. https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2016/05/90146-2/
orange | Origin and meaning of orange by Online Etymology Dictionary. (n.d.). Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/word/orange#etymonline_v_7106
Ramón-Laca, L. (2003). The Introduction of Cultivated Citrus to Europe via Northern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. Economic Botany, 57(4), 502–514. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4256736
What’s The Difference Between Oranges, Mandarins, Satsumas, Clementines, Tangerines? (2019, November 19). S and J Mandarin Grove. https://www.sandjmandarins.com/whats-the-difference-between-oranges-mandarins-satsumas-clementines-tangerines/
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ติดต่องาน : [email protected] (งานเท่านั้น)
ทางไปซื้อสติกเกอร์ line http://line.me/S/sticker/1193089 และ https://line.me/S/sticker/1530409
ทางไปซื้อ วรรณคดีไทยไดเจสต์ https://godaypoets.com/product/thaidigest-limited-edition/
ติดตามคลิปอื่นๆ ที่ http://www.youtube.com/c/PointofView
ติดตามผลงานอื่นๆได้ที่
https://www.facebook.com/pointoofview/
tiktok @pointoofview
หรือ
IG Point_of_view_th
#PointofView
สีส้ม
00:00 ทำไมเล่า
00:44 ความหมายของสีส้ม
01:57 สีส้มมาจากไหน
04:38 ผลส้ม
08:31 คำว่า orange
12:53 พูดคุย
history etymology 在 Point of View Youtube 的精選貼文
อ้างอิง
- Barry, J. M. (2017, November). How the Horrific 1918 Flu Spread Across America. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/journal-plague-year-180965222/
- Brown, J. (2018, December 18). The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: How Far Have We Come? Scientific American. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/the-1918-influenza-pandemic-how-far-have-we-come/
- Editors of Merriam-Webster. (2019, December 16). Flu Season: The History of ‘Influenza.’ The Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/influenza-flu-word-history-origin
- influenza | Origin and meaning of influenza by Online Etymology Dictionary. (n.d.). Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/word/influenza
- Laoupi, A. (2011, April). Fires from Heaven. Comets and diseases in circum-Mediterranean Disaster Myths. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332710803_Fires_from_Heaven_Comets_and_diseases_in_circum-Mediterranean_Disaster_Myths
- Saul, T. (n.d.). Inside the Swift, Deadly History of the Spanish Flu Pandemic. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/history-spanish-flu-pandemic
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ติดต่องาน : [email protected] (งานเท่านั้น)
ทางไปซื้อสติกเกอร์ line http://line.me/S/sticker/1193089 และ https://line.me/S/sticker/1530409
ทางไปซื้อ วรรณคดีไทยไดเจสต์ https://godaypoets.com/product/thaidigest-limited-edition/
ติดตามคลิปอื่นๆ ที่ http://www.youtube.com/c/PointofView
ติดตามผลงานอื่นๆได้ที่
https://www.facebook.com/pointoofview/
tiktok @pointoofview
หรือ
IG Point_of_view_th
#PointofView
ไข้หวัดสเปน
00:00 ทำไมเล่า
01:28 ที่มาไข้หวัดสเปน
04:47 เจอไข้หวัดสเปนครั้งแรก
12:52 ที่มาของชื่อ
history etymology 在 Point of View Youtube 的最讚貼文
รู้กันไหมคะว่านาซีเคยแปลว่าโง่ และฮิตเลอร์ก็เกลียดชื่อนี้มากๆ จนห้ามใครต่อใครเรียกพรรคตัวเองด้วยชื่อนี้ ว่าแต่...แล้วคำว่านาซีกลายมาเป็นชื่อพรรคของฮิตเลอร์ได้ยังไง?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
อ้างอิง
- “Ignatius. ” [ออนไลน์]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: http://www.theartofnaming.com/2015/05/ignatius.html [2558.] สืบค้น 11 ธันวาคม 2562.
- “Men's Names and Nicknames.” [ออนไลน์]. เข้าถึงได้จาก:” http://usefulenglish.ru/vocabulary/mens-names [ม.ป.ป.] สืบค้น 11 ธันวาคม 2562.
- “Nazi | Origin and meaning of the name nazi by Online Etymology Dictionary.” [ออนไลน์]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.etymonline.com/word/nazi[2562.] สืบค้น 11 ธันวาคม 2562.
- Chapin, Sasha. “Americans Are Confronting an Alarming Question: Are Many of Our Fellow Citizens ‘Nazis’?” [ออนไลน์]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/05/magazine/americans-are-confronting-an-alarming-question-are-many-of-our-fellow-citizens-nazis.html[2560.] สืบค้น 11 ธันวาคม 2562.
- Copping, Jasper. “Why Hitler hated being called a Nazi and what's really in humble pie - origins of words and phrases revealed” [ออนไลน์]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/8843158/Why-Hitler-hated-being-called-a-Nazi-and-whats-really-in-humble-pie-origins-of-words-and-phrases-revealed.html[2554.] สืบค้น 11 ธันวาคม 2562.
- Forsyth, Mark. The Etymologicon: A Circular Stroll Through the Hidden Connections of the English Language. London: Iconbook, 2011.
- Ryan, Edward A. “St. Ignatius of Loyola.” [ออนไลน์]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.britannica.com/biography/St-Ignatius-of-Loyola [ม.ป.ป.] สืบค้น 11 ธันวาคม 2562.
- Tikkanen, Amy. “Jesuit” [ออนไลน์]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jesuits[ม.ป.ป.] สืบค้น 11 ธันวาคม 2562.
- Wallenfeldt, Jeff. “Nazi Party | Definition, Meaning, History, & Facts” [ออนไลน์]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nazi-Party[2562.] สืบค้น 11 ธันวาคม 2562.
-Kalu, Micheal Chimaobi. “Everyone Knows The Word “Nazi” But How Did The Term Come Into Being?” [ออนไลน์]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/the-origin-of-the-term-nazi.html[2562.] สืบค้น 11 ธันวาคม 2562.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ติดต่องาน : chananyatechajaksemar@gmail.com (งานเท่านั้น)
ทางไปซื้อสติกเกอร์ line http://line.me/S/sticker/1193089 และ https://line.me/S/sticker/1530409
ทางไปซื้อ วรรณคดีไทยไดเจสต์ http://godaypoets.com/thaidigest
ติดตามคลิปอื่นๆ ที่ http://www.youtube.com/c/PointofView
ติดตามผลงานอื่นๆได้ที่
https://www.facebook.com/pointoofview/
twitter @pointoofview
หรือ
IG Point_of_view_th
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ฟัง นิทานไทย วรรณคดีไทย สนุกๆ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLfqt6BlTNYnWUtrSsqOEiTjxVsJH_WBJl
ฟังเรื่องเกี่ยวกับ รามเกียรติ์ รามายณะ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLfqt6BlTNYnXfrgoQ5GVLgbjpzgOWplHi
Help us caption & translate this video!
https://amara.org/v/C2te2/