英文學術寫作寶典 3: Compare and Contrast 比較與對比
熱騰騰的學術片語又出爐了! 同學快來下載 ⬇️
By understanding similarities and differences between two things, we can increase our understanding and learn more about both. This usually involves a process of analysis, in which we compare the specific parts as well as the whole. Comparison may also be a preliminary stage of evaluation. For example, by comparing specific aspects of A and B, we can decide which is more useful or valuable. Many paragraphs whose function is to compare or contrast will begin with an introductory sentence expressed in general terms.
透過了解兩者間的異同,可以加深我們的理解並充分了解這兩者;這通常涉及一連串過程的分析,我們比較特定部分以及整個部分在這個過程中。比較也可能是評估的初步階段。例如,藉由比較A和B的特定方面,我們可以確定哪個更有用或更具價值。許多用來比較或對照的段落是從一般術語表達的首句開始。
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英文學術寫作寶典 I: 議題介紹
http://bit.ly/2YeHhVZ
英文學術寫作寶典 II: 解釋因果關係
http://bit.ly/3rinvpd
撰寫英文學術論文的參考寶典 (教學影片) Intro Video
https://youtu.be/t2WfYDQH_9U
完整的片語詞庫大全 Complete Phrasebank:
http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/
精簡版: http://bit.ly/3i5iWuY
詞彙區別: https://bit.ly/2OJETlb
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如何用新聞學習英文: http://bit.ly/3nSvKpQ
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in contrast by contrast區別 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最佳解答
[翻轉視界12] 外籍移工的悲歌
你能想像一周七天每天工作17個小時以上嗎?
音檔: https://www.instagram.com/p/CH85KwdF3GJ/
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Can you imagine working over 17 hours a day, seven days a week? Thousands of foreign domestic workers in Taiwan do it every day, with some being on call 24 hours a day and performing household chores that are not a part of their jobs.
1. foreign domestic worker 外籍家庭傭工
2. on call 24 hours a day 一天24小時待命
3. perform household chores 做家務事
你能想像一周七天每天工作17個小時以上嗎?台灣每天都有成千上萬的外籍家庭傭工如此,其中一些人每天24小時待命,並且要做不屬於他們工作範圍的家務活。
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Foreign domestic workers in Taiwan do not have a weekly mandatory rest day, despite this being a global standard already enforced in Hong Kong and Singapore. According to statistics by the Ministry of Labor (MOL), 34.7 percent of foreign domestic workers did not receive any days off last year.
4. a mandatory rest day 法定休假日
5. day off 休息日
6. the Ministry of Labor 勞動部
台灣的外籍家庭傭工沒有每週的法定休假日,儘管在香港和新加坡已經實施的這項全球標準。根據勞動部(MOL)的統計,去年有34.7%的外籍家庭傭工沒有獲得任何休假日。
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The record is a strike against Taiwan’s achievements in human rights and freedoms for its own citizens, especially stark after the internationally-lauded legalization of same-sex marriage in May, 2019. Compounding the lack of rest days are the long work hours — an average of 17.72 hours a day, according to a separate study commissioned in 2012 by the Executive Yuan’s Research, Development and Evaluation Commission (now part of the National Development Council).
7. a strike against… 對…的打擊、重創
8. human rights and freedoms 人權和自由*
9. internationally-lauded (adj.) 獲國際讚譽的
10. the legalization of same-sex marriage 同性婚姻合法化
11. compound (v.) 使加重,使加劇,使惡化
該記錄是對台灣為自己的公民在人權和自由方面所取得的成就的重擊,特別是在2019年5月國際上稱讚的同性婚姻合法化之後。根據行政院研究,發展和評估委員會(現為國家發展委員會的一部分)在2012年委託進行的另一項研究,外籍移工平均每日工作時數為17.72小時,冗長的工作時數加劇了休息時間的缺乏。
*freedom: https://bit.ly/3nvyjhM
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The lack of rest and even basic privacy can cause mental and emotional strain to workers — effects that have already been reported to the government. A 2013 Control Yuan investigation into human rights issues faced by foreign domestic workers found that the lack of regular days off caused workers to fall into states of anxiety and stress in the long-term, and recommended that employers build “breathing time” for workers into their contracts.
12. basic privacy 基本隱私
13. mental and emotional strain 精神和情感壓力
14. Control Yuan 監察院
15. fall into states of anxiety and stress 陷入焦慮和壓力狀態
監察院
缺乏休息甚至基本隱私都會給工人帶來精神和情感壓力,這種影響已經被通報給政府。 2013年,行政院對外國家庭傭工所面臨的人權問題進行的調查發現,長期缺乏定期休假會導致工人陷入焦慮和壓力狀態,並建議雇主為工人在合同裡建立「透氣時間」。
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On average, foreign domestic workers earn a total monthly salary with overtime amounting to NT$19,927, according to the MOL. In contrast, the average monthly salary for a Taiwanese domestic helper or caretaker in the Taipei area ranges from NT$45,000 to NT$75,000, according to the China Long-term Care Association (中華長照協會).
16. monthly salary 月薪
17. overtime (n.) 加班費*
18. amount (v.) to 達到、總計
19. caretaker 看護人員
根據勞工部的數據,平均來說,外籍家庭傭工的月工資總額為新台幣19,927元。相比之下,根據中華長期照護協會的統計,台北地區的台籍家庭傭工或看護人員的平均月薪在45,000至75,000新台幣之間。
*overtime: https://bit.ly/36MbH60
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About 38 percent of foreign domestic workers in Taiwan have been verbally or physically abused by employers or household members, while less than half seek help, a survey conducted by the Garden of Hope Foundation found.
20. be verbally or physically abused 受到口頭或身體虐待
21. seek help 尋求幫助
希望花園基金會進行的一項調查發現,台灣大約38%的外籍家庭傭工受到雇主或家庭成員的口頭或身體虐待,而不到一半的人尋求幫助。
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About 250,000 migrants work in Taiwanese households, more than 240,000 as caregivers and 1,800 as maids. As shown by 35 percent of respondents, most victims do not seek help after being exploited, physically attacked or even sexually assaulted because they fear losing their job.
22. migrant 移民、移工*
23. caregiver 看護員
24. maid 女傭
25. respondent 受訪者
26. be exploited 被剝削
27. be physically attacked 被人身攻擊
28. be sexually assaulted 被性侵
29. lose one’s job 失去工作
約有25萬移工在台灣家戶裡工作,其中24萬為看護員,1,800為女傭。正如35%的受訪者所表明的,大多數受害者在遭受剝削、人身攻擊甚至性侵後都不會尋求幫助,因為他們擔心失去工作。
*emigration, immigration, migration 的區別: https://bit.ly/36YcP6v
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We need to provide better conditions and treatment for those who come thousands of miles to care for our elderly and the sick. It is the least we can do to thank them for their help.
30. provide better treatment 提供更好的待遇
31. the elderly and the sick 老人和病人
32. the least we can do 我們至少能做到
我們需要為來千里而來照顧我們老人和病人的外籍看護提供更好的條件和待遇。這至少是我們為感謝他們的幫助所該做的。
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資料來源:
https://english.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=2281
http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2019/12/25/2003728138
http://taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/11/23/2003726340
https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2015/02/17/2003611746
https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/majalah-53039490
延伸閱讀:
Why the case of a maid who battled a millionaire has gripped Singapore: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54174598
Domestic slavery, Maid in Taiwan: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2015/02/17/2003611746
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翻轉視界: https://bit.ly/3fPvKUs
in contrast by contrast區別 在 翻譯這檔事 Facebook 的最讚貼文
翻譯原則珠璣語錄
(易讀版連結見留言)
I am somewhat of a ‘literalist’, because I am for truth and accuracy. (我算是個「直譯派」,因爲我求真、求準。)
——Peter Newmark, ‘A Textbook of Translation’, 1988
Translation ‘should be as faithful as possible, and as free as necessary.’ (翻譯應盡可能忠於原文,必要時自由釋意。)
——P. Cauer, ‘Art of Translation’ (‘Die Kunst des Übersetzens’), 1914. 德文原文 ‘So treu wie möglich, so frei als nöthig.’
What is first and most needful is that the translation should be correct, that the thoughts should be rendered by their correspondents, not falsified or mutilated or amplified by extraneous matter. ( 第一要務:翻譯應當正確,原作的思想應當以對應的思想呈現,而非用外來的東西加以篡改、肢解或擴大。)
——J. P. Postgate quoting (perhaps translating too) Friedrich Blass on ‘Die Überselzungen’, Hermeneutik und Kritik, volume I of Iwan Mueller’s ‘Handbuch der klassischen Altertums-Wissenschaft’
當我們說翻譯要「信達恰」時,便是要譯文「先忠於原文,再本身通順,最後還恰到好處」。當我們為一篇譯文打分數時,標準或許可以訂為:60%的信,30%的達,和10%的恰。能滿分的應該沒有,能有50分的信加上20分的達,便是及格而且中上了。
——董崇選,《中英翻譯:從理論到實踐》
By general consent, though not by universal practice, the prime merit of a translation proper is Faithfulness, and he is the best translator whose work is nearest to his original.
——J. P. Postgage, ‘Translation and Translations : Theory and Practice’, 1922
[I]n communicative as in semantic translation, provided that equivalent-effect is secured, the literal [1] translation is not only the best, it is the only valid method of translation. There is no excuse for unnecessary ‘synonyms’, let alone paraphrases, in any type of translation.
——Peter Newmark, ‘Approaches to translation’, 1981
註[1]:此處,Newmark 原文寫 the literal word-for-word translation,我去掉了 word-for-word,因爲我更同意 Wilss 大篇幅論述的一點:literal(字面)不等同 word-for-word(逐字)。見下一個引述。
In contrast to word-for-word translation, literal translation, which is set up bidirectional (not unidirectionally, as is the case with non-literal translation) , is a translation procedure which, under certain circumstances, is totally acceptable stylistically.
——Wolfram Wilss, ‘The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods’, 1981
從翻譯文學史上看,人們對意譯和直譯及其相互關係的認識是逐漸深化的。晚清時代梁啟超所說的“譯意不譯詞”中的“譯意”其意思就是“意譯”。但那時人們還分不清楚“意譯”與“竄譯”的區別。他們所說的“譯意” 或“意譯”就是指對原作隨意加以增刪改動的竄譯,正如把“直譯”也理解為逐字對譯一樣。實際上,翻譯界一直有許多人對“意譯”和“直譯”做了這種理解。有人認為翻譯的基本方法只有兩種,那就是“直譯”與“意譯”。這樣一來,就自然地把“竄譯”包含在了“意譯”中,同時也把逐字硬譯包含在“直譯”中了。這樣做對科學地區分翻譯方法是不利的。應該說,竄譯”是“意譯”的極端,而逐字硬譯是“直譯”的極端;但“竄譯”是以不尊重原作為前提的,不尊重原作首先就是既不尊重原作的“形”與“詞”,也不會尊重原作的“意”,其結果就不可能準確地譯出原作的“意”,因此不能稱之為“意譯”。
——王向遠,《翻譯文學導論》,2004
我們現在其實還沒很超過Postgate五十多年前論翻譯時候所注重的話。 他說:大家都承認,雖然大家不都實行,一個翻譯的基本優點就在乎一個信,誰翻譯的跟原文最近就是誰翻譯的最好。可是遠近旣然還是程度的問題,這話不是又說回頭了嗎?有一個有用的試驗法就是把譯文譯回頭,看是不是另有一個更恰切的原文可以對這譯文。如果有的話,那就是起頭兒翻譯的不夠信。
——趙元任,〈論翻譯中信、達、雅的信的幅度〉
Translation is in essence a compromise, and its course a zigzag. Its deviations from the straight the Translator with singleness of purpose will reduce to a minimum, while the free ‘Verter’ with one eye on the reader and the other more than half on himself will be tempted to extend them till they correspond to the large vistas of Beauty and Truth that these obliquities of vision can command. Such a one may ‘vert’ as much and as freely as he pleases; but if he seeks the humble title of a ‘translator’ he must change his methods or renounce his claim.
——J. P. Postgage, Translation and Translations : Theory and Practice, 1922
in contrast by contrast區別 在 in contrast / by contrast 區別@ 江南style騎馬舞youtube :: 痞客邦:: 的推薦與評價
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in contrast by contrast區別 在 殷凡英文- on the contrary/ in contrast/ on the other... | Facebook 的推薦與評價
by contrast 和in contrast (to/with) 對照之下、與... 成對比,意義相同,都是用來對比兩件事或兩個人之不同處。但他們的用法不盡相同。 ... <看更多>
in contrast by contrast區別 在 [分享] By contrast, In contrast, Contrary to, - 看板TOEFL_iBT 的推薦與評價
By contrast, In contrast, Contrary to, On the contrary的差別
Smith was industrious. By contrast, his brother was lazy.
They went to Texas. In contrast, we went to California.
By contrast 是做"比較compare"完全相反用的,In contrast 是有"注意notice"
difference差異用的。
Contrary to the common belief, pigs are not stupid.
Contrary to N(the common belief), 是名詞the common belief= pigs are stupid與
後面的敘述相反。
On the contrary
用來反駁對方見解、觀點用的
(與此)相反, 正相反, 恰恰相反
You think you are clever; on the contrary, I assure that you are very foolish.
你自以為很聰明, 相反地, 我確信你很傻。
On the contrary he was the most ruthless person I have ever known.
相反,他是我所見過的最冷酷無情的人.
On the contrary, I took up another resolution, which was more safe, though
more laborious.
相反地, 我作了另外一個決定, 雖然比較費勁, 卻比較安全.
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