➥譯者註:「人工智慧」及「科技防疫」絕對是我們目前面臨COVID-19大流行嚴峻的挑戰時最重要的武器。
無論在中國、韓國、新加坡或是台灣,都可以看到運用人工智慧、大數據運算和各式app應用程式對控制疫情的效益。本文作者群介紹他們開發的一套app程式,能快速、有效率的進行接觸者追蹤,並根據感染的風險給予防疫的建議。如此可以減少必須大規模封城甚至鎖國帶來的衝擊。
SARS-CoV-2病毒引起的COVID-19疫情造成全球大流行,高死亡率,同時也對醫療衛生系統帶來極大的衝擊。在疫苗上市之前,唯一可用的感染預防方法是隔離病例、追蹤和檢疫接觸者、保持社交距離以及良好的衛生習慣。為了在正確的時間點實施正確的措施,了解傳染的路徑和時間至關重要。
本文作者使用更新的程式並帶入流行病傳播的關鍵參數,來估算不同傳播途徑的影響程度,並找出為了阻斷流行所需要的有效鑑別及追蹤的速度和規模。
首先作者建立了傳染性數學模型以估算基本再生數(基本傳染數)R₀,並量化不同傳染路徑的貢獻度。為了參數化該模型,作者分析40對特徵明確的「傳染源-被感染者」,並估算傳染時間(generation times,從感染到繼續傳播的時間)的分佈。傳染時間的中位數為5.0天,標準差為1.9天。根據中國初期流行病學數據,參數中使用的潛伏期(incubation time)中位數為5.2天、流行病倍增時間(epidemic doubling time)為5.0天。
該模型估計在中國此波流行初期的R₀ = 2.0。對R0的貢獻包括尚未出現症狀的病例(presymptomatic)有46%、有症狀的病例為38%、完全無症狀的病例為10%,以及經由污染的環境而傳染的為6%。最後兩條路徑的結果是推測性的。 根據這些估計,作者發現單單光是尚未出現症狀的病例就幾乎足以影響流行幅度的增長。
為了估算能成功進行接觸者追蹤的條件,作者指出將R₀0降低到<1有兩個關鍵參數:「需要被隔離的病例數比例」和「需要被檢疫的接觸者比例」。如果用人工手動方式追蹤接觸者,而造成通知時間延遲了3天,則會導致無法控制疫情的散播。但是,如果有足夠多的人口使用追蹤接觸者的手機app應用程式,就可以立即發出通知並足以遏止疫情。
基於上述需求並運用目前先進的科技技術,作者開發出一套app應用程式,可以即時的追蹤接觸者。如果兩支手機都裝置該app,就會紀錄彼此曾經近距離接觸的事件。
一旦其中一人被確診COVID-19感染,系統會一方面匿名保護此確診者,同時立即自動通知接觸者他們可能被傳染的風險,並根據風險高低建議接觸者保持社交距離,或是要求他們進行14天的自我隔離。一些實務上及邏輯計算上的因子,例如:使用app的人數、涵蓋率及群體中的R₀會決定該app是否能有效控制病毒的散播或是是否需要加入其他防疫措施來降低R₀。
因為SARS-CoV-2具有高度傳染性,傳播的速度快而且還沒出現症狀的病患就有很高的比例會傳播病毒,所以很難運用人工進行接觸者追踪來控制疫情。
如果有夠多的人使用接觸者追踪的應用程式,該app可以自動紀錄人群彼此近距離接觸的事件並立即通知接觸者,如果同時與其他措施(例如:保持距離)結合使用時,就足以阻止流行病的發生。
這種作法當然也衍生了一些包括透明度、個資的保護和使用以及與其他國家共享知識的道德問題。這些都需要被仔細監督。(「財團法人國家衛生研究院」齊嘉鈺醫師 摘要整理 ➥https://forum.nhri.org.tw/covid19/virus/j_translate/j939/ )
📋 Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing (2020/05/08)+中文摘要轉譯
■ Author:
Luca Ferretti, Chris Wymant, Michelle Kendall, et al.
■ Link:
(Science) https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6491/eabb6936
🔔豐富的學術文獻資料都在【論壇COVID-19學術專區】
■ http://forum.nhri.org.tw/covid19/
#2019COVID19Academic
衛生福利部
疾病管制署 - 1922防疫達人
疾病管制署
國家衛生研究院-論壇
同時也有10000部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過2,910的網紅コバにゃんチャンネル,也在其Youtube影片中提到,...
incubation time中文 在 Elecher 一粒车 Facebook 的最佳解答
#deminegara #pleastayhome #lockdown #covid_19 #请呆在家
#spreadkindness
(中文翻译如下)
[ Will you please stay at home? ]
16/3
10pm Superior: we need an extra MO to Permai Hospital urgently.
17/3
7am Received call from superior
7.30am Packing luggage
8.30am Leave to Permai
10.30am Report at Permai
It's my first day reporting myself to Permai Hospital, hospital for Covid patient. And guess what, I was welcomed with the news of first death in Johor literally 5 mins after I was briefed by my team. Yes, if anyone of you are curious about the situation now. It's havoc, it's bad, it's real now.
People are being upset the lockdown of Malaysia. I know you're healthy and think is unnecessary. But on the other side of world that you don't see, we're screening hundreds of people everyday now and having hundreds of confirmed cases daily. And there's people dying, not just the old one, but the young one, leaving young children behind. As young and fit like us.
And one of the most difficult part is to do contact tracing because of the mobility of people. And right now I'm sure there's many infected people who's not diagnosed yet and keep spreading the virus to people surrounding them. Please Malaysian, we need a favour from you. The current lockdown is only 2 weeks, which is the incubation period of the virus and enough for us to identified those who's infected previously if they stop contacting other people from now. And the contact tracing (which is just the family members) will be a lot easier. Please just stay at home, yumcha at home, no more outdoor jogging, opening your shop unnecessary or religious praying together-gether. Can we just please do this for 14 days? If we can adhere to this and identified and isolate all the cases, then the chances of un-lockdown will be higher and sooner.
People have been complaining why are we not screening them when they've symptoms. If we could, we will want to screen everyone. But our manpower and resources are getting limited now that's why there's only people who fulfil the criteria will get screened (but you can always pay to screen at private). So please stay home, will you? I know you're not scare of dying, so do I. That's why here am I working as a frontliner. But my sister cried when she knew I'm going. I was shocked and I told her I'll keep myself safe. Is your love one ready for you to die as well? If not, stay home while you can. (because I can't)
I've received lots of blessings and wishes from friends who know I'm called to be a frontliner. And know what, the biggest blessings to us is to stay healthy, stay safe and stay home. We're not blaming anyone so please let's not blame anyone but be a part of this. I can't save the world, but I am doing my little part to help the situation , and if you're with me, please do your part too and show the Malaysian spirit.
It's a difficult situation, that's why we need more gratitude than grumbles.
Be grateful if you've saved enough to go through this tough time, some people don't and perhaps you can lend a hand
Be grateful if you need to rest from work, some people don't even have job
Be grateful if you're asked to self quarantine, some people are quarantine in the hospital with no one
Be grateful if you're quarantined but still fit, someone just didn't make it today
Be grateful if your family is far but still healthy and fit, some people lost their father today
Be grateful you can stay home with family and have family bonding, some people, us are out there working day in day out in the hospital.
And we're grateful Malaysian can play a part as Malaysian now.
Malaysia need you.
We need you.
16/3 10pm 上司:我们紧急需要一名医生去Permai医院。
17/3 7am 接到上司的电话
7. 30am 收拾行李
8.30am 前往permai
10. 30am 报到
今天第一天去了新冠肺炎的医院值班。迎接我的是柔佛第一宗死亡病例。如果你们好奇现在的状态,很糟糕,很混乱。
很多人对于封国很多意见,因为会影响日常生活,尤其是对于健康的人们,根本没有必要。可是在另一个世界的我们,每天抽取上百个样本,每天上百个肯定病例,攀升速度快得吓人。而且最糟糕的是,有病人离逝了,留下年幼的孩子们。不是老年人,是和你我一样年轻力壮的青年。
而因为人民自由的活动,让我们追踪肯定病例接触过的人 (contact tracing) 遇到了很大的阻力。而照着现在的状态,很有可能很多被感染的人还未被检验。真的,我们医护人员需要你们,请呆在家好吗?在家yumcha,不要出外运动,不要开店不需要离开家祈祷。只是两个星期,让我们能在这两星期把所有感染的病患医治,避免继续互相传染,那么封国就会尽早被取消。
有人不满我们不为所有伤风咳嗽的人抽取样本。如果可以,我们也希望可以为全部人检验,但人力与资源已经逐渐消耗了,我们真的只能为那些高风险的人抽取样本。(真的担心私人诊疗所也有抽样本服务)所以,可以呆在家两个星期吗?
真的不怕死吗?我也不怕死,所以我站在了前线。可是姐姐知道我去了就担心得哭了。真的,家人朋友们也能承受你死吗?不然,请呆在家(因为我不能)。
大家知道我去了前线,给了我很多祝福。真的很感恩很被爱。但是若每一个人都能照顾自己的健康,呆在家,对我们就是最大的祝福。我不能拯救世界,但只是履行我的责任,所以若可以,也希望每个人可以履行人民的责任,我依然相信Malaysia Boleh因为人民的力量。
这个艰难时刻让我们不要再互相责怪了。
若能够有足够的储蓄度过难关,请感恩;有些人再挣扎,或许我们还可以伸出援手
若需要暂停工作,请感恩;有些人连工作都没有
若需要自行隔离,请感恩;有些人在冷冰冰的医院隔离
若隔离的你依然健康,请感恩;有人挨不过今天离逝了
若家人虽然遥远依然健康,请感恩;有人失去了爸爸
若需要呆在家,请感恩;有人,我们,在外连日连夜的再奋斗着
马来西亚需要你们。
我们需要你们。