[時事英文] 新冠病毒將如何改變教育？
How will the coronavirus change education?
No one knows for sure, but some schools have begun switching entirely to online programs. Just yesterday, Stanford University announced that it will move all of its classes online.
沒有人確切知道，但一些學校開始全面轉換成線上教學。就在昨天，史丹佛大學宣布將所有課程移至線上。
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The coronavirus has forced at least nine countries, as well as countless provinces, cities and towns, to close schools in an effort to contain the outbreak’s spread. Hundreds of millions of students around the globe are now out of school in China, South Korea, Iran, Italy, Japan, France, Pakistan and elsewhere.
1. in an effort to 致力於
2. contain the outbreak’s spread 控制疫情的傳播
冠狀病毒迫使至少九個國家，以及數不清的省市鄉鎮停課來控制疫情傳播，類似的混亂和干擾在世界各地蔓延。在中國、韓國、伊朗、義大利、日本、法國、巴基斯坦和其他地方，全球有數億學生無法上學。
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It is a grand social experiment with little parallel in the modern era of education. Schools and the school day help provide the structure and support for families, communities and entire economies. And the effect of closing them for weeks and sometimes months en masse could have untold repercussions for children and society at large, transcending geographies and class.
3. a grand social experiment 這是一場宏大的社會實驗
4. with little parallel 幾乎沒有同情況發生過
5. the modern era of education 現代教育領域
6. en mass 一起，全體
7. have untold repercussion 無法估量的影響
8. at large 普遍地，全體地
9. transcend 超越，超過，超出（尤指界限）
這是一場宏大的社會實驗，在現代教育領域可說史無前例。學校和去上學的日子有助於為家庭、社區和整個經濟提供架構和支撐。將學校關閉數週甚至數月，可能會對孩子乃至整體社會產生無法估量的、超越地域和階層的影響。
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Older students have missed crucial study sessions for college admissions exams, while younger ones have risked falling behind on core subjects like reading and math. Parents have scrambled to find child care or to work from home. Families have moved children to new schools in areas unaffected by the coronavirus, and lost milestones like graduation ceremonies or last days of school.
10. crucial study session 重要學習環節
11. college admission exam 大學入學考試
12. scramble to find 爭先恐後地尋找
13. milestones 里程碑
年齡較大的學生錯過了大學招生考試的重要學習環節，年紀較小的學生有可能在閱讀和數學等核心科目上落後。父母們爭先恐後地尋找兒童看護或在家工作。一些家庭把孩子轉學到未受新冠病毒影響地區的新學校，也有的錯過了畢業典禮或最後幾日校園生活等重大事件。
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All of this is compounded for families who do not have the financial means or professional flexibility, forcing parents such as Ms. Gao to take unpaid leave, or leaving students indefinitely without an educational backstop.
14. compound (v) 使加重，使加劇，使惡化
15. financial means 經濟能力
16. an educational backstop 教育支持
對於沒有經濟能力或缺乏職業彈性的家庭來說，這一切都是雪上加霜，迫使高夢賢這樣的父母無薪休假，或者讓學生無限期地得不到教育支持。
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Governments are trying to help. Japan is offering subsidies to companies to help offset the cost of parents taking time off work. France has promised 14 days of paid sick leave to parents of children who must self-isolate, if they have no choice but to watch their children themselves.
17. offer subsidy 提供補助
18. offset the cost 抵銷成本
19. paid sick leave 帶薪病假
20. self-isolate 自我隔離
21. no choice but to... 別無選擇只能...
各國政府正試圖提供幫助。日本向企業提供補貼，幫助抵消父母請假的成本。法國承諾，如果孩子必須自我隔離，而父母別無選擇只能自己照顧孩子時，他們將享受14天的帶薪病假。
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But the burdens are widespread, touching corners of society seemingly unconnected to education. In Japan, schools have canceled bulk food delivery orders for lunches they will no longer serve, affecting farmers and suppliers. In Hong Kong, an army of domestic helpers have been left unemployed after wealthy families enrolled their children in schools overseas.
22. touch every corner of society 觸及社會的各個角落
23. seemingly unconnected 看似無關的
24. cancel bulk food delivery order 取消批量食物配送的訂單
25. no longer serve 不再供應
26. domestic helper 家庭幫傭
但這種負擔是普遍存在的，觸及全社會似乎與教育無關的各個角落。在日本，學校不再供應午餐，因此取消了批量食品配送訂單，影響了農民和供應商。在香港，富裕家庭將子女送到海外學校就讀，大批家佣失業。
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School and government officials are doing their best to keep children learning — and occupied — at home. The Italian government created a dedicated webpage to give teachers access to videoconference tools and ready-made lesson plans. Almost two dozen Mongolian television stations are airing classes. Iran’s government has worked with internet content providers, such as Iran’s version of Netflix, to make all children’s content free.
27. give access to 有管道可以
28. videoconference tools 影片會議工具
29. ready-made lesson plans 現成的教案
30. air (v.) classes 播出課程
31. internet content providers 互聯網內容提供商
學校和政府官員正在盡最大努力讓孩子們在家裡學習，並且有事可做。義大利政府創建了一個專門的網頁，讓教師可以使用影片會議工具和現成的教案。蒙古的20多家電視台進行電視教學。伊朗政府與互聯網內容提供商（比如伊朗版Netflix）合作，免費提供所有兒童內容。
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Even physical education takes place: At least one school in Hong Kong requires students — in their gym uniforms — to follow along as an instructor demonstrates push-ups onscreen, with the students’ webcams on for proof.
32. physical education 體育(課)
33. follow along 跟著做
甚至還有體育課：在香港，至少有一所學校要求學生穿著運動服，跟著螢幕上老師的演示做俯卧撐，並且打開學生的網路攝像頭以提供證據。
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The offline reality of online learning, though, is challenging. There are technological hurdles, as well as the unavoidable distractions that pop up when children and teenagers are left to their own devices — literally.
34. technological hurdles 技術上的障礙
35. unavoidable distractions 不可避免的令人分神的事物
36. leave sb to their own devices 讓（某人）自行決定
37. literally 字面意思上的
然而，在線學習的線下實現情況很有挑戰性。有技術上的障礙，以及當兒童和青少年不受管束地自行使用設備時，也不可避免地會分心。
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The new classroom at home poses greater problems for younger students, and their older caregivers. Ruby Tan, a primary school teacher in Chongqing, a city in southwestern China that suspended schools last month, said many grandparents were helping with child care so that the parents can go to work. But the grandparents do not always know how to use the necessary technology.
38. pose greater problems 造成更大的麻煩
39. caregivers看護者，護理員
家庭教室給年幼的學生和照顧他們的長輩帶來了更大的麻煩。上個月，中國西南部城市重慶一所停課小學的老師露比·譚(Ruby Tan)說，很多家庭是祖父母幫忙照顧孩子，讓父母去上班。但祖父母並不總是知道如何使用必要的技術。
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Entire industries and businesses that rely on the rituals of students going to school and parents going to work are also being shaken. School administrators in Japan, caught off guard by the abrupt decision to close schools, have rushed to cancel orders for cafeteria lunches, stranding food suppliers with piles of unwanted groceries and temporarily unneeded employees.
40. rely on 依賴
41. be shaken 陷入恐慌
42. be caught off guard 使（某人）措手不及；趁（某人）不警惕時（做某事）
43. an abrupt decision 突然的決定
44. rush to 倉促去
45. strand 擱淺；處於困境
依靠學生上學、父母上班這個日常狀態的行業和企業也陷入恐慌。日本的學校行政人員對關閉學校的突然決定感到措手不及，他們急忙取消食堂午餐的訂單，使食品供應商面臨一大堆不需要的食品和暫時不需要的員工。
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To blunt the economic effects of the coronavirus, Japan’s government is offering financial help to parents, small businesses and health care providers. But school lunch officials said they had not heard about compensation for their workers.
46. blunt (v.) economic effects 削弱經濟影響
47. offer financial help 提供財政協助
48. small business owners 小型企業主
49. health care providers 健保提供者
為了抑制冠狀病毒的經濟影響，日本政府正在向家長、小型企業和醫療保健提供者提供財務支持。但是學校午餐官員說，他們還沒有聽說關於他們的工人的補償。
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完整報導: https://nyti.ms/2uZAowG
史丹佛大學改採線上授課: http://bit.ly/3cIaAGk
圖片來源: https://econ.st/2Iui1mO
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保健心智圖: https://goo.gl/seqt5k
保健相關單字: https://wp.me/p44l9b-Tt (+mp3)
時事英文大全: http://bit.ly/2WtAqop
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教育時評: http://bit.ly/39ABON9
indefinitely意思 在 [分享] 句子簡化題FAQ Top 1 by J2 - 看板TOEFL_iBT 的推薦與評價
大家好，我是J2, 這篇文章要解析一個最近很常被問到的一題句子簡化題。
幾乎每個月都有同學問到，因此特別寫這篇文章跟大家分享一下。
However, no group or species can maintain its dominance
indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of
dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago,
mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of
small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species,
including bats and whales, that we know today.
首先，這種題目通常會是一句比較長的句子，所以建議把原句拆成兩部分，
比較好理解，通常拆解兩部分的原則是一個完整概念結束的地方，以這句來
說應該是：
1) However, no group or species can maintain its dominance
indefinitely.
2) and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs
came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began
to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small
terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including
bats and whales, that we know today.
簡單翻譯一下
1) 然而，沒有任何物種可以永遠的主宰地球。
2) 當恐龍時代經過兩億年後在六千五百萬年前驟然結束，哺乳類開始繁盛
起來，從相對物種較少的小型陸地動物演化成好多物種，包含我們現今所知
的蝙蝠跟鯨魚。
然後我們再來看看題目問什麼：
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential
information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
題目問的是best expresses the essential information, 也就是答案敘述
不管再怎麼改變、如何換句話說，核心、最重要的資訊是不可以拿掉的。
再看看附加的一句話：
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave
out essential information.
錯誤的選項會「大大地改變句意、扭曲事實」，或是「漏掉其中一個大重
點。」
同學可以這樣想，簡單來說就是當我看完這個句子，在不逐字重述的情況
下，我要把這個句子重點「轉述」給Ａ聽，當然不能改變扭曲原句的意思，
還有也不能漏掉大重點，相對不重要的細節可以省略。
也就是說，轉述完給Ａ聽完之後，如果Ａ再回頭看原句，不應該有以下反
應：「剛剛這句子有講到XXX這個重點, 你怎麼沒提到？」
大概了解這題目在考什麼後，我們再回來看這題。
我們剛剛已經把這句拆成兩部分：
1) However, no group or species can maintain its dominance
indefinitely.
2) and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs
came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began
to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small
terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including
bats and whales, that we know today.
也就是理論上來說，不管怎麼換句話說，這兩個部分都要有，缺一不可，如
果只提到其中一個部分，就算該部分全部重點都有提到，那話也只有講一
半，仍然是個錯誤的選項。
同學們可以先試著作答看看，再往下看喔！
A) The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago,
at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.
B) Because no group of species can remain dominant forever, mammals
became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.
C) After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years,
the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.
D) The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including bats
and whales, evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been
dominated by dinosaurs.
直接說這題同學最常選錯的選項是A) The dominance of dinosaurs came to
an end 65 million years ago, at which time mammals began to
flourish and diversify. 同學一定會想說，這句話不就確實如原句所說，
「恐龍滅絕之後，就是哺乳類開始蓬勃發展並開始演化出多樣化物種了」
嗎？但是有沒有發現一個重點沒提到，就是我們一開始抓的第一句話“
However, no group or species can maintain its dominance
indefinitely.”所以A選項敘述即使「完全正確」，少了這個重點，就是
題幹說的leave out essential information, 還是不能選的。
B選項是正確答案，但也是同學認為最有爭議的地方，就是因為有個
because. 同學常會說「如果原句沒有因果關係，看到答案選項有因果關係
一定錯，直接刪」，這句話基本上十之八九是沒有錯的，但這邊剛好就故意
給你來一個「原句沒有明顯因果關係，但答案選項有because的。」
其實可以再仔細想一下，原句雖然沒有直接的有because, since, now
that, so等等這種代表因果關係的連接詞，但其實還時可以想想把因果關係
的字放進去，會不會不通順，或是影響句意：
然而，「正因為」沒有任何物種可以永遠的主宰地球，「所以」當恐龍時代
經過兩億年後在六千五百萬年前驟然結束，哺乳類開始繁盛起來，從相對物
種較少的小型陸地動物演化成好多物種，包含我們現今所知的蝙蝠跟鯨魚。
把因果關係的字加上去，是不是發現好像意思也通順，並且也沒有改變句
意？
就算撇開因果關係不談，Ｂ選項也絕對是比A更好的答案，原因是它有提到
no group of species can remain dominant forever, 呼應到原句
However, no group or species can maintain its dominance
indefinitely, 且後半的重點也有講到，以這個題型來說，絕對是比Ａ更好
的答案。
另外給同學一個小小tip, 原句的具體時間、舉例通常都不太重要，選項如
果有，通常是錯的喔！或者反過來說，正確的答案通常都不太會有時間、舉
例這些細節，因為就算這些資訊沒有講到，也不會影響到該句最重要的資
訊。
所以有沒有發現原句的after over 200 million years, the age of
dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, 答案
完全沒有出現。
但也是跟上述的「看到因果關係就刪」這概念一樣，絕對不是百分之百喔，
同學千萬不要解讀成「只要有細節或是數字就錯，」這樣誤會就大啦！
幫同學總結一下，這題非常具代表性，一次解決同學兩個常犯的錯：
1) 此題選答案的首要條件是原句的兩個重點一定都要提到，缺一不可。
2) 非因果關係的句子，換句話說時可能還是可以用because.
之後做句子簡化題時，不妨再把這題拿出來參考喔！
祝大家順利
Cheers,
J2
*****
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