【一連七集,第五】哈佛知識分享: Trade-offs 如何「取捨」?
你要取得更多,就要捨棄更多。「取捨」is tough, but you have to do it!
股神巴菲特 Warren Buffett 有句名言好影響我:
"The difference between successful people and really successful people is that really successful people say no to almost everything.‘’
成功及非常成功嘅人分別就係非常成功嘅人對絕大部分事情都係 say No.
識我嘅朋友都知道,我經常講:「我乜都唔識、乜都唔買! 我只買幾千萬以下香港嘅街舖。 我唔買樓、唔買工廈、唔買商廈、唔買農地、唔買車位/骨灰龕位、唔買大灣區、英國樓、非洲農地、 火星月球。 全部都唔買,送畀我都唔要。Again … 我只買港幣五六千萬以下香港的街舖仔。 香港有十萬間,買十世我都買唔晒! 呢世我只想買一千間。」
哈佛大學教授 Michael Porter 亦講過: “Strategy is making trade-offs in competing. The essence of strategy is choosing what not to do."
策略就係要以「取捨」去競爭。 策略嘅精髓就係要知道唔做乜!
上一集講過,何謂一個好嘅策略 Good Strategy? 教授 Michael Porter 話要經得起五個 Tests:
A distinctive value proposition 獨特的價值主張
A tailored value chain 度身訂造的企業價值鏈
Trade-offs different from rivals 同競爭對手不同的「取捨」
Fit across value chain 成條企業價值鏈的活動要配合
Continuity over time 持續性、持續性,不能一時一樣
今集同你講第(3) Trade-offs different from rivals 要贏,就要有同競爭對手不同的「取捨」。
What are trade-offs?
"Trade-offs are the strategic equivalent of a fork in the road. If you take one path, you cannot simultaneously take the other." by Michael Porter
「取捨就好似去咗一個交叉路口咁, 你只可以二選其一,唔可以兩條路都行晒。」
做生意,唔係多啲,就好啲。 多啲產品、 多啲服務、多啲客戶, 唔代表你就係好啲。 因為你營業額可能多咗三成, 但利潤反而可能無咗一半。 咁我就情願營業額細啲,利潤多一倍好過。 記住一開始嘅時候我話 Michael Porter 講過:
"Competition is not about being the BEST, not about MARKET SHARE. Competition is about being UNIQUE, about earning PROFITS" by Michael Porter
競爭唔係要做到最好,最大嘅市佔率。競爭係要做到最獨特,同埋賺到錢,長遠地賺錢。
幾年前我講過,香港週街都係髮廊,但點解有間特別唔同?
video …
QB House (Quick Barber) 就係做咗好多「取捨」 trade-offs , 好多嘢唔做,但反而吸引咗一班想「快、靚、正」 ,但又唔想求求其其、 污糟邋遢剪個頭髮嘅繁忙上班一族, most likely 男士們、三四五十歲左近。10 minutes, just cut!
QB House 專注培訓、建立系統,令呢班目標顧客群由原本一兩三個月先剪個頭髮,而家一兩三個星期就去剪轉一轉。 剪快咗、剪多咗,就令QB House 同佢嘅髮型師雖然做少咗嘢,但反而收入及利潤上升。This is what I call "trade-offs", LESS IS MORE!
就係因為 QB House 嘅 Trades-offs 同一般髮廊嘅競爭對手唔同,當初首創新嘅經營模式係日本做到最獨特, 亦都解釋咗點解佢1996年由東京一間開始, 短短幾年間就能夠開到全球幾百間分店,2018年仲係東京証交所主板上市, 依家市值近20億港幣。 雖然有好多人想抄佢,QB House 嘅專注,佢 make 嘅 trade-offs 至今依然令佢每年生意額都上升,到今日都保持住係「速剪」行業嘅領導地位。
我成日都話,「當你乜都做,等如你乜都唔做!」 …. 因為你無樣嘢做得好、無樣嘢做得專。When you please everybody, you please nobody. 做生意要「取捨」,唔放手,唔會得到更多。
可能你會覺得 Just-Cut, QB House 都做咗啦。 做髮廊仲可以點變? 根據 Michael Porter,大把方法變。 最緊要就係,唔係人做你做。Your trade-offs have to be different from your rivals, then you have a strategy.
你嘅「取捨」要同你競爭對手唔同,咁你就有好策略。人哋 Just-Cut, 咁你可唔可以 Just Perm 電髮? Just Color 染髮? Just Blow Dry 吹頭?
唉! Just Blow Dry? 美國加州有間咁嘅髮廊 …
佢就好似係 QB House 嘅翻版,但係 No Cuts No Color, Just Blowouts. 齋吹頭! 美金$40,45分鐘時間,班目標顧客群,即係長頭髮嘅二三四五十歲女士們, 就可以 enjoy 喺個輕鬆嘅環境洗下頭、按下頭、吹下頭、飲杯 champagne、聽下音樂、Relax 下,就有個清神爽利嘅頭見人!
因為做得夠專,懂得運用 Michael Porter 所指嘅 trade-offs ,同一般髮廊競爭對手唔同嘅 trade-offs, 好多女士就個個禮拜去幫襯,relax relax 下。2010年由美國加州第一間店開始, 十年間,全美開超過一百間分店, 擁有超過5000個髮型師, 每次美金$40,每個月幫緊20萬個客人吹頭。 淨係吹頭,依家營業額每年超過一億美金。
全球最大嘅傢俬公司,IKEA, 又係另一個Michael Porter 所指 Trade-Offs 嘅典型例子。佢由產品設計 (自己裝嵌)、產品種類 (簡單得來又多幾樣選擇)、 自己推住架車嘅購物模式、至到客戶服務 (間舖頭永遠唔易搵到人幫手,人客自己搞掂,慳番啲成本,換取平啲價錢),到最後排隊畀錢、自己包裝、抬件貨返屋企 …. 如果唔係送貨要額外收費 (無得免費)。IKEA 成條嘅企業價值鏈 value chain 都係同其他一般嘅傢俬公司好唔同,有好唔同嘅 Trade-offs 取捨。
IKEA 嘅「取捨」,就能夠吸引咗一班 “with a thin wallet" 想價錢平,但又想 good design, 唔介意自己辛苦做多啲, 工餘時間,甚至乎自己花成日裝嵌埋嘅顧客。IKEA 明白佢唔會 serve 晒所有人。 我以前係美國讀大學、 或者啱啱出嚟 New York 做嘢,都好鍾意去 IKEA 買嘢,因為平! 而家? 叫我花成日嵌件傢俬,睬你都傻! I was an IKEA Customer, but not anymore! It's OK, you cannot please everybody! 做生意就係個「取捨」! 賺到錢就得啦。
美國最賺錢嘅航空公司 Southwest Airlines 西南航空都係一樣,No first class, No meals, No assigned seats, No baggage transfer, No planes other than Boeing 737s, No International Flight … so on and so forth.
無頭等、無飛機餐、無預設定座位、無行李轉運 、除咗波音737乜嘢客機都無、無國際航線。 仲有好多都比一般其他航空公司無。
但就係因為「冇」, 運動複雜程度及成本下降,Southwest 就可以專注做以下幾樣嘢特別好,就係「平」、「快」、「準時」、員工做得開心自然服務態度更好。其他乜都無, 但未必個個客人都啱!
於是 Southwest 有個好出名嘅 "Pen Pal" 故事,就有位乘客 Mrs. Crabapple, 經常好唔滿意 Southwest Airlines 乜都冇,無頭等、無飛機餐、無預設定座位、無行李轉運等等等等, 經常寫信去 Southwest 投訴,呢個「筆友」"Pen Pal" 個個客戶服務部同事都怕咗佢, 寫完又寫, 回覆左又寫,投訴完又投訴。 直至客戶服務 部嘅同事們都冇計, 叫當時嘅CEO/創辦人 Herb Kelleher 回覆。佢點寫? 真人真事! 60秒內,佢回覆:
“Dear Mrs. Crabapple. We will miss you. Love, Herb." 即係話,請佢走, 唔好再返來!
聽落好似好搞笑,但Michael Porter 話呢個係一個典型嘅 trade-offs 例子,you cannot please everyone. 記住,一開始嘅時候,我講過:
"Strategy is making trade-offs in competing. The essence of strategy is choosing what not to do." by Michael Porter.
策略就係要以「取捨」去競爭。 取捨嘅精髓就係要知道唔做乜!
"When you try to offer something for everybody, you tend to relax the trade-offs that underpin your competitive advantage." by Michael Porter.
當您嘗試做曬所有嘢去服務每一個人,你嘅「取捨」就會減少, 同時亦都會減少你嘅競爭優勢。
善用 Trade-offs 「取捨」去增強自己競爭力嘅機會隨處都係,爭在你願唔願意「放手」,先能夠取得「更多」。
包括我自己在內, 如果我乜嘢地產項目都投資,有賺錢就買, 甚至乎集資錢多地盤都搞埋, 我只係一個三四流嘅地產發展商。 我點同新鴻基/恒基/長實打呢? 但我專注幾千萬以下嘅香港街舖,我就係一個一流嘅商舖基金公司, 全香港人, 包括所有大嘅地產發展商,係街舖買賣都唔會夠我來。 社運/肺炎後,全香港買賣舖無人夠我哋多,呢個係事實!
"Trade-offs are choices that make strategies sustainable because they are not easy to match or to neutralize." by Michael Porter.
「取捨」會令到策略更有持續性,因為競爭對手 好難去複製或抵消你嘅優勢。特別是你嘅 first mover advantage 先行者優勢。
我係香港第一個商舖基金,就永遠都係香港第一個商舖基金。只我哋專注,未來幾十年,我知道係香港嘅街舖,無人會動搖到我哋嘅領導地位。
即是有人入嚟炒,Michael Porter 話新入嚟嘅 「模仿者」好多時都只係做 Straddling 跨騎, 即係好似「一腳踏兩船」咁, 自己本身嘅本業又做,商舖又做,結果兩邊都做唔「專」。
就係因為有自信我先咁講。因為好似今集一開始咁講,根據 Michael Porter 嘅 "Trade-offs different from rivals", 我哋係放棄咗好多嘅嘢,同競爭對手大大唔同,先能夠建立到我哋今日係香港街舖嘅領導地位。 只要我哋專注,我哋嘅基金投資者會賺錢! I know it. 但如果有一日,我開始搞工廈、搞商廈、搞地盤、搞英國樓、搞埋茶餐廳、 補習社 、 酒樓、酒店等, 就係投資者應該攞錢走嘅時候! 乜都做,就開始等如乜都唔做!
你呢? What are your trade-offs? 你的「取捨」同競爭對手有咩唔同呢? 抑或人做你做,人客想要乜,你就俾佢乜呢?
There is no problem with that! 第一集一開始我就話,99%嘅公司都係咁,養家活兒可能好多年都冇問題, 但根據 Michael Porter,你只係停留係第二個 S - Sustaining 持續緊嘅階段。 做好多年,搵到食,但可能仍然冇人識你,無突破。Survive, Sustain, 但要去到第三個 S, Succeed, I mean Super Successful 好似一支箭咁標上去,等如以上 QB House, DryBar, IKEA, Southwest Airlines 咁,你就要有 strategy 策略。 你嘅「取捨」trade-offs 要同競爭對手截然不同。
李小龍嘅名言,亦都係掛喺我公司office嘅唯一名言: "I fear not the man who has practiced 10,000 kicks once, but I fear the man who has practiced one kick 10,000 times."
李小龍唔怕嗰啲踢過一萬種唔同腳法嘅人。但佢怕嗰啲踢過一種腳法一萬次嘅人。 你嘅腳法又點呢? 有興趣一齊研究下點做? 聽多啲 Michael Porter,就來我星期六嘅早餐會啦! 下集我再同你講 (4) Fit across value chain 成條企業價值鏈的活動,如何配合去增強你的競爭優勢?
。。。。。
My hobby 《星期六早餐會》!
九/十月份早餐會 Topic: Applying "Michael Porter" to your business: How to compete and win!
哈佛分享: 如何應用「米高波特」於你盤生意? 點競爭? 點贏?
講起哈佛策略教授, 無人出名過 Michael Porter. 有幸我2017年在哈佛親身上過他教的課程, 今次早餐會同你分享,希望對你做生意亦有所啟發。
有興趣參加啦 😃 每次限四位 (包括我)。 人多傾唔到計。
9月份,逢星期六早上9時開始,約三小時。地點中環。
對象: 中小企老闆/創業者/公司管理層,連我限4位。
有興趣參加的話,請 whatsapp 你的名片給 Suki (我助手) (+852) 5566 1335。
我唔係靠呢行搵食,免費,我請食早餐 😉 Be friends ..... 有機會到時見你。李根興 Edwin
www.edwinlee.com.hk
www.bwfund.com
聯絡李根興 whatsapp (+852) 90361143
#michael_porter #競爭策略
同時也有3部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過5,140的網紅Ghost Island Media 鬼島之音,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Gwhyneth Chen (陳毓襄) is a world-renowned classical pianist who's set to open the 2020/21 season for the NTSO (National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra) on Au...
「international design competition」的推薦目錄:
- 關於international design competition 在 Facebook 的最讚貼文
- 關於international design competition 在 Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於international design competition 在 Facebook 的最讚貼文
- 關於international design competition 在 Ghost Island Media 鬼島之音 Youtube 的最讚貼文
- 關於international design competition 在 serpentza Youtube 的最佳解答
- 關於international design competition 在 Sharmaine K Youtube 的精選貼文
- 關於international design competition 在 Taiwan International Student Design Competition 臺灣國際 ... 的評價
- 關於international design competition 在 Gallery of Ehrlich Architects Wins International Design ... 的評價
- 關於international design competition 在 International Building Design Competition 2020 - YouTube 的評價
international design competition 在 Facebook 的最佳貼文
恭喜第二屆世界皮革創意設計大賽得獎者!👏👏👏
這次的競賽集結了台灣34所學校的學生參與,利用永續的天然材料「#美國皮革」創造出 540 件時尚服裝、配飾、鞋類、和生活工藝品參賽作品,經過兩階段的激烈評選,於上週揭曉獲獎作品,由美國在台協會農業組組長王睿珂及農業貿易辦事處主任史安莉頒獎!
比賽得獎成果都在 Real Leather - Taipei,歡迎大家去看看哦!
了解更多: https://www.facebook.com/unitedtastes.intaiwan/posts/255982123077397
Congratulations to the winners of the 2021 “Real Leather, Stay Different Design Competition!” Fashion and design students from 34 schools in Taiwan used American leather to create unique clothing pieces and accessories. The competition, sponsored by Leather & Hide Council of America and the Taiwanese International Leather Association and its members, attracted more than 540 entries, nearly double compared to last year. AIT Agricultural Section Chief Erich Kuss and Agricultural Trade Office Director Emily Scott presented awards to the winning designers.
#AmericanLeather #SustainableFashion #RealLeatherStayDifferent #LeatherandHideCouncilofAmerica
international design competition 在 Facebook 的最讚貼文
WINNER/ VISION FOR POST COVID-19 STREETS AND SPACE
COVID-19 對人們的生活及生活方式造成破壞性的影響,當工作、生活及活動區域縮到只剩視線範圍可見時,戶外/自然可能是唯一的嚮往。
此設計案提出自然生態可以以一種平衡的方式被引入各條不起眼的小巷,繁榮而有彈性的街道景觀就在家門外。
回歸大地/ BACK DOWN TO EARTH
剝去柏油及硬空間,利用開拓性的技術來減少城市結構的碳足跡,使城市的居民與自然重新連接起來。
這樣的景觀對於在台灣的你,喜歡嗎?
‘This is the street where we work – an unremarkable street, full of tarmac and cars. It is exactly this type of street where an environmental revolution could take root – responding to post COVID-19 opportunities and the climate emergency, to radically rethink our urban streets, for the sake of humanity.’
Credits
A joint collaboration between the amazingly talented Landscape Architect, graphic designer and artist HILARY BARBER & ADAM GREATRIX, the associate partner from the Gillespies Leeds studio.
更多詳細內容請至
https://competitions.landscapeinstitute.org/transforming-the-urban-landscape/blog/exhibition_entry/back-down-to-earth/
Organization
Landscape institute UK
International design competition
#postcovid19 #postcovidlandscape #newstreetscape #climateemergency #疫情 #好好在家防疫
international design competition 在 Ghost Island Media 鬼島之音 Youtube 的最讚貼文
Gwhyneth Chen (陳毓襄) is a world-renowned classical pianist who's set to open the 2020/21 season for the NTSO (National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra) on August 29 and 30. Born in Taiwan and trained in the U.S., Ms. Chen is a Pride of Taiwan 台灣之光. Ms. Chen recounts performing for the late President Lee Teng-Hui and chats about the value of music, the importance of practice and staying humble, and what she calls “piano kungfu”.
Ms. Chen's album - a recording of a 75-minute mission-impossible of “Etudes d’execution transcendante” by Franz Liszt - has just been nominated for a Golden Melody for Traditional Arts and Music. We feature three numbers from this album: No. 10, No. 1, and No. 8. More on Ms. Chen on her website: http://www.gwhynethchen.net
Today’s episode is hosted by J.R. Wu - Chief of the Secretariat for INDSR (Institute for National Defense and Security Research) in Taiwan. Wu is a former journalist with nearly two decades of media experience in the US and Asia. She has led news bureaus for Reuters and Dow Jones.
Support us on Patreon:
http://patreon.com/taiwan
Follow us on Twitter:
https://twitter.com/ghostislandme
SHOW CREDIT
Emily Y. Wu (Producer / Editing)
https://twitter.com/emilyywu
Sam Robbins (Researcher)
https://twitter.com/helloitissam
Thomas Lee (Brand Design)
Ghost Island Media (Production Company)
https://twitter.com/ghostislandme
www.ghostisland.media
international design competition 在 serpentza Youtube 的最佳解答
It's a serious question! A lot has changed in the Chinese Automotive industry since I bought my Chinese car 8 years ago, come and find out if Chinese cars can now stand up to their international competition.
The automotive industry in China has been the largest in the world measured by automobile unit production since 2008. Since 2009, annual production of automobiles in China exceeds that of the European Union or that of the United States and Japan combined.
The traditional "Big Four" domestic car manufacturers are SAIC Motor, Dongfeng, FAW and Chang’an. Other Chinese car manufacturers are Beijing Automotive Group, Brilliance Automotive, BYD, Chery, Geely, Jianghuai (JAC), Great Wall, and Guangzhou Automobile Group. In addition, several multinational manufacturers have partnerships with domestic manufacturers.
While most of the cars manufactured in China are sold within China, exports reached 814,300 units in 2011. China's home market provides its automakers a solid base and Chinese economic planners hope to build globally competitive auto companies that will become more and more attractive and reliable over the years.
China's automobile industry had mainly Soviet origins (plants and licensed auto design were founded in the 1950s, with the help of the USSR) and had small volumes for the first 30 years of the republic, not exceeding 100–200 thousands per year. Since the early 1990s, it has developed rapidly. China's annual automobile production capacity first exceeded one million in 1992. By 2000, China was producing over two million vehicles. After China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, the development of the automobile market accelerated further. Between 2002 and 2007, China's national automobile market grew by an average 21 percent, or one million vehicles year-on-year. In 2009, China produced 13.79 million automobiles, of which 8 million were passenger cars and 3.41 million were commercial vehicles and surpassed the United States as the world's largest automobile producer by volume. In 2010, both sales and production topped 18 million units, with 13.76 million passenger cars delivered, in each case the largest by any nation in history. In 2014, total vehicle production in China reached 23.720 million, accounting for 26% of global automotive production.
The number of registered cars, buses, vans, and trucks on the road in China reached 62 million in 2009, and is expected to exceed 200 million by 2020. The consultancy McKinsey & Company estimates that China's car market will grow tenfold between 2005 and 2030.
The main industry group for the Chinese automotive industry is the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (中国汽车工业协会).
international design competition 在 Sharmaine K Youtube 的精選貼文
University of Kent, Fine Art Degree Show,
21st – 31st May –2015
An exhibition of 26 exciting emerging artists in Kent
The University of Kent’s School of Music and Fine Art presents the Fine Art Degree Show 2016 in the extraordinary environment of The Historic Dockyard, Chatham, Kent, featuring the work of 26 graduating BA and MA Fine Art students.
Opening with a preview on Saturday May 21st, 1pm-5pm,
with guest speaker, Patricia Bickers, writer, curator and editor of Art Monthly
and music from artist Benedict Drew.
The exhibition is open to all and is free to attend.
Open to the public (10am-5pm):
Sunday 22nd May
Tuesday 24th May - Tuesday 31st May inclusive.
Continuing a tradition of showcasing bold, exploratory exhibitions curated by the University of Kent’s Fine Art students, framed by the stunning backdrop of one of the country’s most iconic locations, the Historic Dockyard Chatham, our visitors will encounter a broad range of artistic styles and media, an explosion of imagination and a celebration of art’s potential for society.
This exhibition offers the public a fascinating insight into contemporary art’s most recent practices and processes such as a ‘Grand Design’ home evolved by a hoarder, an oozing conversation with the earth, a system of tunnels, angry letters about Gillingham’s Samurai sent to Medway council, a Dockyard worker’s fall down a well as sculpture, personal Facebook data becomes food, a dream-like exploration of the car industry, hand movements translated into Fibonacci sound, an autobiographical feature length film made on a mobile phone and a performance where the rules of tennis are applied to an exam.
The Degree Show’s aim is to encourage audiences to explore the potential of Medway as a dynamic hub for art, with the School of Music and Fine Art as a major conduit for these activities, positively impacting on the community and offering imaginative suggestions and visionary strategies for cultural regeneration.
As well as involving students from Kent, and across the UK, this year’s Degree Show exhibitors include student artists from Iran, Thailand, China, Russia, Italy, Cyprus, Mexico, Hong Kong, Isle of Man and Ghana.
The Fine Art Degree Show exhibition catalogue features texts by academics across a range of University of Kent Schools: Emily Rosamond, Grant Pooke, Simon Smith, Howard Griffin and Rebecca Hobbs.
Degree Show visitors can attend a wide range of exciting educational activities. Young people attending can also participate in workshops with some of the exhibiting artists. On Tuesday 24h May and Wednesday 25th May Education Days will be held for local schools and colleges. Attendees will be able to view the Show and hear talks from the artists; they will also be encouraged to produce their own artwork in response to their experience of the Show. If you would like to bring a school, college or university group to this event (all ages welcome) please email mfaadmissions@kent.ac.uk
Visitors to the Degree Show will also be able to visit the Historic Dockyard's thematic exhibition of international contemporary art works, "Of the Sea," a competition (in collaboration with the School of Music and Fine Art) whose jury panel includes Kathleen Palmer (Head of Art, Imperial War Museum), and Victoria Pomery (Director of Turner Contemporary, Margate).
http://www.thedockyard.co.uk/plan/events/art-dockyard/
The Degree Show Address:
The Historic Dockyard, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TY
Entry is at The Historic Dockyard Chatham Visitor Entrance, via The Galvanising Shop (next to the Dockyard’s visitors’ car park on the East Road).
http://www.thedockyard.co.uk/plan/how-find-us
Contact Details:
For further press information and images of the works on display please contact School Reception:
MFAReception@kent.ac.uk
or telephone 01634 888 980.
www.kent.ac.uk/smfa
Twitter: @unikentmfa
Twitter: https://twitter.com/UoKDegreeShow
Tumblr http://degreeshow2016.tumblr.com/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/degreeshow2016/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Uokdegreeshow/
The School of Music and Fine Art was rated within the top ten of Art university departments in the UK (Guardian League Tables, 2015) an accolade supported by a top 20 University which came 3rd for ‘overall satisfaction’ in the National Student Survey, 2014
All members of the Fine Art academic staff are actively engaged as nationally and internationally exhibiting artists and published writers and include Shona Illingworth, Sarah Turner, Dr Andrew Conio, Emily Rosamund, Adam Chodzko, Tim Meacham and Dr Steve Klee.
We have links with many leading arts organisations including; Whitstable Biennale and Turner Contemporary, Margate. We actively engage with collaborations and participation with our local community in Medway.
The department attracts students from all over the world and from a diverse range of backgrounds and experience.
international design competition 在 Gallery of Ehrlich Architects Wins International Design ... 的推薦與評價
Feb 21, 2017 - Image 5 of 5 from gallery of Ehrlich Architects Wins International Design Competition for the Federal National Council's New Parliament ... ... <看更多>
international design competition 在 International Building Design Competition 2020 - YouTube 的推薦與評價
... <看更多>
international design competition 在 Taiwan International Student Design Competition 臺灣國際 ... 的推薦與評價
2021 Taiwan International Student Design Competition 2021臺灣國際學生創意設計大賽Official website:... 42354 中華民国台中市霧峰區柳豐路500號. ... <看更多>