巴黎著名人權和宗教自由律師、學者帕特里夏·杜瓦爾觀察到,當她第一次得知太極門案時,對台灣政府忽視國際批評風險感到驚訝。另一方面,她在法國的經歷告訴她,有時宗教和精神少數派的反對者並沒有考慮到這些風險。杜瓦爾指出,台灣於 2009 年批准並將《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》(ICCPR)和《經濟、社會和文化權利國際公約》(ICESCR)納入其國家法律。這些,正如歐洲人權法院和其他國際司法管轄區所解釋的那樣,包括在稅收和宗教自由決定中,
Patricia Duval, a well-known Paris human rights and religious liberty attorney and scholar, observed that when she first learned of the Tai Ji Men case, she was surprised that the Taiwan government was ignoring the risk of being criticized internationally. On the other hand, her experience in France told her that sometimes opponents of religious and spiritual minorities do not take these risks into account. Duval noted that Taiwan in 2009 ratified and included in its national law the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). These, as they have been interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights and other international jurisdictions, including in tax and religious liberty decisions, should have been applied to the Tai Ji Men case and led to its solution, but they didn’t.
“人權無國界”的聯合創始人兼董事威利·福特(Willy Fautré)表示,台灣是一個民主國家,但沒有一個民主國家是完美的。太極門案讓台灣有機會像照鏡子一樣看到其民主制度的不完善之處。Fautré 說,現在應該立即解決這個問題。
Willy Fautré, co-founder and director of Human Rights Without Frontiers, stated that Taiwan is a democracy, but no democracy is perfect. The Tai Ji Men case offers to Taiwan an opportunity to see, as if in a mirror, what is imperfect in its democratic system. It should now be solved, Fautré said, without delay.
https://bitterwinter.org/scholars-discuss-transitional-justice-tai-ji-men-case/
同時也有54部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過7萬的網紅Co.慶応,也在其Youtube影片中提到,▼ラップで覚える中学歴史とは?▼ https://cokeio.work/lp1 ▼メンバーシップ特典まとめ▼ https://cokeio.work/youtube-membership/ ▼ラップで覚える中学歴史!メンバーシップ申込はこちら▼ https://www.youtube.com/...
law and co 在 本土研究社 Liber Research Community Facebook 的精選貼文
【渾水一片:還原香港海界爭議發展史】 (上篇) #都市化洋謀 #9月專研
過往在香港討論有關海洋邊界爭議,往往是香港以南的南海主權問題。事實上近年的焚船污染、明日大嶼、12人越洋、走私不斷等當下議題,都與海洋空間規劃、定界及海權問題有關,而香港早年殖民期的海界及海權作為各種海洋亂象之源,卻少有人深入探討。
翻查一系列關於香港水域爭議的英國解密檔案,整理過往殖民地時期有關香港「含糊」水域爭議的發展史,揭示牽涉複雜的海洋邊界政治,除了作為當時中英政治角力的前緣,亦有助我們了解現時香港水域範圍的歷史脈絡及源起。
一條海界 兩個表述
殖民地時期早年,香港的水域範圍一直未有公開確實的版本,亦引伸出有兩種不同的界線表述。
於20世紀初,根據《展拓香港界址專條》的香港地圖顯示,香港水域呈「方型」界線(square boundary )。根據一份關於新界邊界及現況的英國解密檔案(1962 CO 1030/1334 Status and boundaries of Hong Kong New Territories),當時中方海關經常巡邏於以大嶼山以西大澳水域一帶(方型界線以外),似乎更視其為中方水域。然而,早在1901年英方已有向港督提及,按照國際上的海洋慣例,一般領海 (normal territorial waters)寬度應為3海里 (three nautical miles),因而,香港領海界線應呈現為「彎曲型」(sinuous),比起「方形」範圍雖然多了大嶼山以西水域,同時卻損失了東南方一大片水域,作為最早期的香港水域範圍的兩個表述。
後續1911年修訂《釋義條例》(Interpretation Ordinance) 時,由於港督的錯誤公告字眼(wording of an incorrect Proclamation),令到香港水域繼續被闡釋為方型。
而這個錯誤的公告去到1950年被修訂。英方於1950年重新檢視與領海相關的條例,表示若沿用1937年英方對於《釋義條例》的闡釋,地圖所顯示的「方形」界線,只是英方租用中方領土的一條分界線(merely a line of delimitation of the area within which all territory was leased) ,並不是租用香港3海里以外的水域範圍(this did not mean that there was a purported lease of any waters outside normal territorial waters),可見,內部確立「彎曲型」的領海範圍。
參考一份1950年關於香港水域的英國解密檔案 (1950 CO 537 6036 Territorial water) 中的英方外交部內閣大臣Jim Griffiths跟港督的電報來往中顯示,因當時中日關係惡劣,為了保持當時英方中立 (neutral) 的立場。英方亦想盡量避免中日雙方於香港水域範圍發生衝突 (Jørgensen N. H. B., 2019),早於1937年至1939年,英方曾經指示香港水域要跟隨國際慣例,將領海寬度收窄至3海里。無獨有偶,1950年修訂《釋義條例》,已有英方法律意見表示當時擔心如果國、共兩軍在新海界(彎曲型)及舊海界(方型)之間的位置發生衝突,將會造成英方外交上尷尬,要盡快修例避免尷尬事件。可見,英方變動水域邊界時明顯有其政治考量。
即使已修例,1952年當時國際法庭 (International Court of Justice) 有關英挪漁業案(Anglo Norwegian Fisheries case)的判決 (Jørgensen N. H. B., 2019),提及使用哪種基線方式來劃定領海的爭議,促使香港律政司重提「方型」領海是否合法地代表香港水域,但建議被英方否決。其後在1958年,即使英國外交部再次表示「方型」範圍只是表示港英領土的一條分界線 (all land within the line thus shown is Hong Kong territory),但同時亦保留方型界線,聲稱為免影響航空航線。
早年香港水域邊界一直未被確實,即使在法律層面上,英方內部確立「彎曲型」領海範圍的合法性。然而,其後英方一直未有公開與中國共產黨政權講述其水域範圍,或擔心會侵犯中國領海主權。可見,香港水域一直受到變動中的海緣政治影響,經常遊走在當時國際上認可海洋慣例(彎曲型)與中英簽訂的《展拓香港界址專條》(方型)之間。
中方圍堵香港水域的預言?
水域範圍、基線劃定的方法及國際航海權一直是國際外交上一個十分敏感的議題。香港作為英國殖民地,卻緊貼住中國的領海範圍,除了香港水域定界,船隻來往香港的航道亦一直是英方十分頭痛的問題,稍有不慎,就會有被冠上侵犯中國海權的「辱華」罪名。
中方於1958年第一次聯合國海洋法公約(United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea),已經單方面將其領海範圍擴展至12海哩,英國宗主國當時內部表明會反對中方單方面的領海宣稱,擔心會發生圍堵香港水域的情況。
根據新界邊界及現況的英國解密檔案(1962 CO 1030/1334 Status and boundaries of Hong Kong New Territories)中的電報來往,當時港英內部評估,認為中方擴展領海將對香港造成「海陸空」影響,除了會收窄飛機的航道、需要重新佈線電纜和無線電纜、亦會限制海軍的演練空間,大大影響香港的船隻來往,來往公海的航道走廊更會收窄到1海里(corridor of international waters could be reduced to about one mile),形容「接近完全圍封香港」 (almost completely envelope Hong Kong)。
隨著國際共識的改變,在1972年第三次聯合國海洋法會議前夕,英方亦打算將國土領海範圍的3海里擴展至12海里。翻查另一份1972年關於香港水域爭議的英國解密檔案 (1972 FCO 21 1024 Territorial waters dispute between China and Hong Kong),當時英方內部考慮這次擴展海界,應否包括香港殖民地,並計劃在香港附近水域進行海道測量 (Hydrographic survey),明顯想放風測試中方反應。
然而,根據英國外交部及港英的內部電報來往,英方雖然一度打算在翌年與中方在第三次聯合國海洋法會議上提及香港殖民地水域擴展,但英方內部亦指出中方定會反對香港的水域擴展至12海里,除了因為香港擴展會跟中國水域重疊,中國亦一直視香港為固有領土,不可視香港為獨立的行政個體 (separate entity),應該維持現狀,限制今次香港擴海界。
呼應早期50年代有關中方圍堵香港水域的擔憂,英方擔心如果掀起討論,更有可能令香港航道問題惡化 (a risk that any such discussion would vitiate the present adequate though limited freedom of passage)。按英國外交部理解,中方只不過默許船隻在不進入擔桿列島5海哩範圍的前提下進入香港;如果中國「執正嚟做」嚴格實踐其12海里的主權宣稱,則連博寮海峽都不能通行 (a 12 mile limit strictly adhered to in this area would make normal surface access to Hong Kong through the Lemma Channel impossible)。最後,英方外交部為免觸動到中方神經,加上「信唔過」中方 (their good will… cannot be relied on a year ahead),建議的對策卻是避免「打草驚蛇」(let sleeping dogs lie),絕口不提香港擴海界。
直到1987年,英國正式將水域擴展到12海哩,但香港並沒有納入被擴展的範圍。在香港前途談判過程中,亦未有正式提及香港水域擴展12海里一事(Jørgensen N. H. B., 2019)。可見,面對中方進取的領海主權宣稱,英方在香港水域邊界問題上,尤其顯得無力。
香港「渾水」邊界的潛規則
面對中國擴海界後將會圍堵香港的擔憂,根據一份有關香港水域及其爭議的英國解密檔案(1968 FCO 21 547 Dispute with China about territorial waters),當中牽涉中英雙方就香港海界爭議鮮為人知的權宜之計(modus vivendi)。
事緣1968年一艘美國貨船於萬山群島近珠江口一帶(Lema Channel in the estuary of the Pearl River)被中方海軍的警告已入侵中方水域,檔案中有一份美國國務院情報與研究局官員Thoms L. Hughes事後對中國共產黨於香港鄰近水域的主權宣稱(Communist assertions of sovereignty over waters in the vicinity of Hong Kong)進行一份內部評估報告,提到中方不時會「放生」來往香港的商船。
於50年代初,船隻可以經萬山群島近珠江口一帶接近香港水域,可謂當時的潛規則(local ground rule)。然而,在中方宣稱12海里領海後,於1959年曾發出達20次警告,外國商船透過萬山群島近珠江口一帶接近香港期間入侵中方水域,並禁止一切外國船隻通往萬山群島近珠江口一帶,評估報告中亦提及多次美國商船及軍艦通往香港遇上中國海軍的事件。
然而,中方不但少有採取實際軍事行動,多是「口頭」表示抗議及警告外國船隻侵犯中國水域,更沒有對外公開批評數次入侵事件。就以上例子,美方評估中國當時並不是新的「強硬路線」宣示領海主權(new harder line from Peking),只是由於過多船隻進入萬山群島內沿而作出的回應(is a reaction to an increasing number of passages through the interior Lema Channel)[萬山群島內沿被中國視為內海]。
而當時美方估計中方「放生」的動機,很可能取決於政經考量,其一為不想失去香港作為(kill the goose)來往外國商船主要來往中國的航道,以及香港為中國帶來的外匯,而另一原因則是避免發生中國海軍與美國軍艦於海上起衝突。
此外,除了英方一直未有公佈香港水域邊界,中方一直並未有公開宣稱香港以西南的珠江通道12海里的精準劃界(public silence regarding the exact limits of its claim)。中英雙方基於政治考量,對於香港水域劃界及航道,更被美方稱靈活的實用主義(flexible pragmatism)。
而美方認為英方亦知悉船隻來往香港的「後路」,根據一份英方未被公開的非正式文件( informal note)顯示,除了船隻背後的註冊國家將成為影響進入香港的政治因素,英方更提及最合適的接近香港水域的航道,是經萬山群島以南以及擔桿頭島五海里以外(keep to the south of the Lima Group and five miles or more off Tam kan Head),港英政府早於五十年代,已廣傳這份文件到商船公司及中方,有共識地默許外國船隻經香港東南方水域,作為當時來往香港的「後路」。
可見,比起香港陸上的邊界,早期香港水域由定界、擴界到圍堵,可謂「渾水一片」。而當中牽涉複雜的海緣政治,亦顯示香港水域並非一條確確實實的邊界範圍,反而是中英雙方的妥協空間。而後來香港水域邊界將如何落實為現時版本?當中牽涉多少談判?而所引伸的一系列有關領海執法權以至政府管轄權的問題,將揭示香港水域日後跨境執法以至逃犯移交的爭議。(下集待續)
參考資料
Jørgensen, N. H. B. (2019). The (Unequal) Relationship between Hong Kong’s Waters and China’s Baselines. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy, 4(1), 1–27.
1950 CO 537/6036 Territorial water
1962 CO 1030/1334 Status and boundaries of Hong Kong New Territories
1968 FCO 21/547 Dispute with China about territorial waters
1972 FCO 21/1024 Territorial waters dispute between China and Hong Kong
1974 FCO 18/154 Hong Kong territorial waters
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law and co 在 吹著魔笛的浮士德 Facebook 的精選貼文
From Automaton & SGI & Twitter
1. 《Cookie Clicker》的 Steam 成就名稱之長,或許是全平台最長的一個?
「There's really no hard limit to how long these achievement names can be and to be quite honest I'm rather curious to see how far we can go. Adolphus W. Green (1844–1917) started as the Principal of the Groton School in 1864. By 1865, he became second assistant librarian at the New York Mercantile Library; from 1867 to 1869, he was promoted to full librarian. From 1869 to 1873, he worked for Evarts, Southmayd & Choate, a law firm co-founded by William M. Evarts, Charles Ferdinand Southmayd and Joseph Hodges Choate. He was admitted to the New York State Bar Association in 1873. Anyway, how's your day been?」(每秒烤 10 sextillion 個餅乾)
2. LEGO 在 Twitter 釋出《Super Mario》的問號方塊影片,或許暗示著未來將與任天堂展開全新合作。
3. 據 Sersor Tower 數據指出,8 月份全球手遊發行商收入榜前 100 名中,中國廠商占 39 位,總收入合計 24.3 億美元。
這 39 位中,前三名為騰訊、網易與米哈游。
4. 牧場生活遊戲《星露谷物語:Stardew Valley》全球銷售量突破 1,500 萬套。
5. Marvelous 本季營收 64.7 億日圓,營業利益 14.6 億日圓,大幅成長 64.4%。雖然音樂影像與線上遊戲事業績效不佳,但本季度靠家用主機遊戲穩住整體營收。
6. 打完疫苗大約 13 小時後,身體內部像是在烈火地獄裡開 Party 一樣難受,大約 36 小時候慢慢回復正常。好險平安度過軔體升級的過程......
law and co 在 Co.慶応 Youtube 的最讚貼文
▼ラップで覚える中学歴史とは?▼
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⚫︎1番(日本国憲法三大原則)
hey yo! pay your attention! One and only law.
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理解しようぜ、堅い言語
まず始めは "三大原則"
天皇は日本国の(象徴)
相当この条文、大事っしょ。
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国民主権 →第1条
(正義)と(秩序)を基調とする
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正確に 言えば 平和主義
憲法通り 戦争放棄 → 第9条
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law and co 在 The Thirsty Sisters Youtube 的最佳貼文
This week, The Thirsty Sisters are back with their thoughts on the recent Population Census 2020 survey, where it was reported for women to be more educated than their male counterparts! Why are people on Facebook angry about this increase? Are women really smarter than men? ? We got Sylvia and Nina to react to all these—tune in to hear all about it!
Link to The Straits Times article: https://str.sg/34Sk
Link to the Facebook post: https://www.facebook.com/129011692114/posts/10157967528802115/?d=n
00:00 Intro
01:39 Topic of the day
03:18 Key statistics from the article
04:23 'Its a women problem'
06:27 Why we are having less children
11:00 How women balance work and family
13:30 Coping with your own and your child's issues
15:19 Are we ready to have children?
18:32 The new vs old mindset on single parenthood
21:34 Supporting women regardless of their decisions
22:50 Women are getting harder to get along with?!
26:42 Men have to pay on dates?
29:58 Not taking these comments at face value
32:46 Conclusion
Sylvia and Nina are not your typical influencers; they give it to you raw and real! Join them as they quench their never-ending thirst for wisdom, trends, success and men.
They explore hot and pressing issues you never thought you needed to know in this extremely in-depth podcast. Sisters, brothers and everyone in between or beyond; jump in and be thirsty!
*Disclaimers*
The legal age for sex in Singapore is 18. While being comfortable with your bodies is a must, please protect yourselves by using protection ?
https://singaporelegaladvice.com/law-articles/legal-age-for-sex-in-singapore/
Our views in this podcast include only our own experiences as heterosexual women in Singapore, we respect everyone’s views regardless of genders, gender identities and sexual orientations.
Follow The Thirsty Sisters on Apple Podcasts, Spotify and Instagram!
https://podcasts.apple.com/sg/podcast/the-thirsty-sisters/id1509379792
https://www.instagram.com/thethirstysisterstts
https://open.spotify.com/show/5yx8txjfb7dMkosumEv6lQ?si=5Ew1dv6wRlCayZ0TQfo-Ug
Featuring:
Sylvia - https://www.instagram.com/sylsylnoc
Nina - https://www.instagram.com/ninatsf
Brand collaborations/features:
sales@noc.com.sg
The Thirsty Sisters TEAM
Co-Founders: Sylvia Chan | Nina Tan
Executive Producer: Sylvia Chan
Crew/Editors: Jade Liew | Winston Tay
Motion Graphics Designers: Bryan Seah | Kher Chyn
Sound Engineers: Nah Yu En | Mabel Leong
Digital Strategist: Winston Tay
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/d3ERZf16n7o/hqdefault.jpg)
law and co 在 The Thirsty Sisters Youtube 的精選貼文
Getting our Tarot Cards Read is all the buzz right now, yes?
The Thirsty Sisters are back with another episode this week, this time with Geraldine—a Tarot Card Reader and we forced Sylvia to have her Tarot Cards read. How does life after the divorce look for her, and has she moved on from it? What about her ex-husband? What do the cards say about it all? Tune in to find out ?
Geraldine has also kindly offered a very HUAT rate of $88 (U.P. $99) exclusively for our TTS community ? This offer is valid till 30 June 2021 or till she's fully booked so fastest fingers first!
Check out Geraldine on Instagram @friendlyneighbourhoodwitchsg
Timestamps
00:00 intro
01:14 Topic of the Day
02:54 Why Nina isn't getting a reading
03:52 Get to know a tarot card reader
07:26 How to prepare before a tarot reading
08:12 Theme of today's reading: Sylvia's divorce
09:18 Sylvia picks her cards
11:28 Was Sylvia's divorce hard to decide?
14:18 Is Sylvia on the right path?
16:00 A difficult decision is on the way?
18:15 Wedding bells for Sylvia?!
21:20 Will Sylvia fully step out from her divorce?
22:12 How good is Sylvia's reading?
24:30 Can Nina ask questions on Sylvia's behalf?
25:41 How does Ryan feel about Sylvia?
28:05 Is Ryan happy with Sylvia?
29:46 Is Mandy happy with Sylvia's body size?
31:38 Questions from the TTS community ?
32:01 Will COVID-19 end this year?!
33:34 Will TTS make any impact?
34:56 Is Nina and Sylvia Chio Bu SG?!
37:10 How does tarot card reading empower us
38:46 Thoughts on the whole experience
42:05 Does Nina want a reading too?
43:07 Surprise for our TTS community
44:15 Shoutout to small female-owned businesses ?
45:22 Conclusion
Sylvia and Nina are not your typical influencers; they give it to you raw and real! Join them as they quench their never-ending thirst for wisdom, trends, success and men.
They explore hot and pressing issues you never thought you needed to know in this extremely in-depth podcast. Sisters, brothers and everyone in between or beyond; jump in and be thirsty!
*Disclaimers*
The legal age for sex in Singapore is 18. While being comfortable with your bodies is a must, please protect yourselves by using protection ?
https://singaporelegaladvice.com/law-articles/legal-age-for-sex-in-singapore/
Our views in this podcast include only our own experiences as heterosexual women in Singapore, we respect everyone’s views regardless of genders, gender identities and sexual orientations.
Follow The Thirsty Sisters on Apple Podcasts, Spotify and Instagram!
https://podcasts.apple.com/sg/podcast/the-thirsty-sisters/id1509379792
https://www.instagram.com/thethirstysisterstts
https://open.spotify.com/show/5yx8txjfb7dMkosumEv6lQ?si=5Ew1dv6wRlCayZ0TQfo-Ug
Featuring:
Sylvia - https://www.instagram.com/sylsylnoc
Nina - https://www.instagram.com/ninatsf
Brand collaborations/features:
sales@noc.com.sg
The Thirsty Sisters TEAM
Co-Founders: Sylvia Chan | Nina Tan
Executive Producer: Sylvia Chan
Crew/Editors: Jade Liew | Winston Tay
Motion Graphics Designers: Bryan Seah | Kher Chyn
Sound Engineers: Nah Yu En | Mabel Leong
Digital Strategist: Winston Tay
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/L4TFKZmGPPI/hqdefault.jpg)